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While offshore wind power has support from countries around the world, studies show that offshore wind farms (OWFs) may affect marine organisms. Environmental metabolomics is a high-throughput method that provides a snapshot of an organism's metabolic state. To elucidate the effects of OWFs on aquatic organisms, we studied, in situ, Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus edulis attached within and outside of OWFs and their reef areas. Our results show that epinephrine, sulphaniline, and inosine 5′-monophosphate were significantly increased and L-carnitine was significantly reduced in both Crassostrea and Mytilus species from the OWFs. This may be related to immune response, oxidative stress, energy metabolism and osmotic pressure regulation of aquatic organisms. Our study shows that active selection of biological monitoring methods for risk assessment is necessary and that metabolomics of attached shellfish is useful in elucidating the metabolic pathways of aquatic organisms in OWFs. [Display omitted] • LC-MS-based metabolomics of shellfish from offshore wind farms and marine ranches. • Crassostrea and Mytilus gill metabolomes similar in the presence or absence of OWFs. • Identification of metabolites discriminating the different area-types. • Crassostrea and Mytilus metabolic pathways significantly different in OWFs and marine ranches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Adverse effects of antifouling compound butenolide were studied using marine medaka. [•] The active ingredient in SeaNine 211, DCOIT, was employed as positive control. [•] Butenolide induced transient, reversible biological effects on marine medaka. [•] Lower toxicity of butenolide on marine biota highlights its promising application. [•] The increased sensitivity of male medaka addresses the gender difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]