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Three biopolymers were tested as rammed earth (RE) stabilizers, evaluating their impact on the hygrothermal behavior from material to building scale. Hygrothermal characterization included the determination of sorption isotherm, water vapor permeability, thermal conductivity at different moisture content, and specific heat capacity. The hygrothermal data were used as input for the simulation at whole-building scale considering combined heat and moisture transfer. The results were evaluated by comparing heating demand, thermal comfort during summer, and the contribution of walls for passively controlling indoor humidity. The results show that hygric properties were only slightly affected by the use of stabilizers, while the thermal conductivity was 33% higher for RE stabilized with lignin, consequently increasing the heating demand at whole-building scale. All RE walls were effective in reducing temperature oscillations in summer. In the particular case of a canicular event, the indoor temperature was reduced by up to 10° compared with the outdoor value. The indoor humidity also benefited from the passive regulation by RE walls, regardless of whether a stablizer was used. • Stabilization of RE with lignin sulfonate increases thermal conductivity by up to 30%. • RE can reduce indoor temperature by up to 10° during canicular events. • The use of paint on RE walls decreases their contribution to controlling indoor humidity. • Uninsulated RE walls represent approximately 50% of the total sensible heat losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-based materials with linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and a high content of thermoplastic starch (TPS) were prepared using the twin-screw extruder. The 25 μm thick films were blown with a Haake Polydrive internal mixer using a temperature profile with three zones: 160 °C, 170 °C and 165 °C. Morphology as well as thermal properties of the materials was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). As revealed by FE-SEM, a good dispersion of the TPS phase in LLDPE matrix was obtained. The DSC result confirmed the remarkable influence of TPS phase on crystallinity of LLDPE. Biodegradation of material in the form of film specimens were determined by weight loss, morphological surface change and mechanical properties. The results show more than 10% of the bio-film's weight is degraded after 5 months in the compost environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Extended hygrothermal characterization of unstabilized rammed earth. • Low influence of density and grain size distribution on sorption isotherm. • High influence of density on thermal conductivity and vapor resistance factor. • Same linear dependency of thermal conductivity on moisture content for different soil compositions. • Vapor transfer resistance factor for a large span of relative humidity. Although hygrothermal properties of rammed earth represent great potential for improving thermal comfort during hot summers, still little knowledge is available about this topic. The literature lacks complete sets of hygrothermal characteristics of rammed earth, although they are fundamental for heat and moisture transfer modeling necessary to predict earthen building performances. The present work reports the results of a large collaboration between four academic laboratories in order to obtain an extended hygrothermal characterization of rammed earth, focusing on the material used in a modern construction in Lyon, France. The aim of the article is to provide for the same kind of soil an extend characterization on a large span of relative humidity to provide complete set of material properties for heat and moisture transfer simulation. The hygrothermal measurements cover adsorption and desorption isotherm, intermediate isotherm loop, specific heat capacity, dry thermal conductivity, moisture-dependent thermal conductivity and water vapor resistance factor for a large span of relative humidity. In addition, the capillary rise test was performed to estimate the liquid transport coefficient for suction and redistribution. The results show that variations in the density of the samples have a low impact on sorption isotherm, while they have a non-negligible impact on thermal conductivity and water vapor permeability. Surprisingly, variations in the grain size distribution do not produce a significant modification in the sorption isotherm, while hysteresis slightly reduces when bigger grains are added to the soil composition. Approximation of empirical model coefficients for the determination of moisture-dependent thermal conductivity is proposed for rammed earth materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]