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As 5G technology advances, so does the prevalence of harmful electromagnetic waves, and as a result, researchers have been progressively interested in developing materials that can absorb microwaves. So, it's become desirable to fabricate unique microwave absorbent materials (MAMs) to mitigate the negative effects of electromagnetic radiation and offer protection to biological beings and electronic data. Herein, we fabricated a novel HoFeO 3 @WSe 2 @SiO 2 composite via the co-precipitation method. The microwave absorption properties of the HoFeO 3 ,WSe 2 , SiO 2 and HoFeO 3 @WSe 2 @SiO 2 (with 25, 35 and 45 wt% loading) were examined in the X-band frequency range. 35 wt% filler loading shows reasonable reflection loss values with the broadest effective absorption bandwidth (EAB). The optimum impedance matching is responsible for the enhanced microwave absorption performance of the HoFeO 3 @WSe 2 @SiO 2 with 35 wt% filler loading. In addition, the best sample is measured using both waveguide and free-space techniques and the results have been compared. The free-space method has been demonstrated to be an effective alternative testing strategy due to its contact-free and non-destructive features. Furthermore, the technique described in this study to design innovative HoFeO 3 @WSe 2 @SiO 2 microwave absorbers can offer significant assistance with a wider absorption band. In this context, HoFeO 3 @WSe 2 @SiO 2 is expected to be used as a highly efficient microwave absorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, achieving NiCo 2 S 4 /AgBr composites is a step in the right direction toward developing efficient microwave absorption fillers. The rough-surfaced NiCo 2 S 4 /AgBr coupled micro-sphere offers a significant enhancement in complex permittivity by changing filler loadings, due to the Debye relaxation process and high conductivity. Moreover, as an efficient wave absorber, the optimal sample demonstrates a decent minimum reflection loss (RL mini) value of −17 dB and its qualifying absorption bandwidth (with RL < −10 dB) astonishingly encompasses the entire X-band (4 GHz). Additionally, the free-space technique was used to analyze the best sample, and the outcomes were compared. Touch-free and non-invasive nature of the free-space methodology has shown it to be a potentially viable testing method. So, comprehensive structural and compositional characterization, along with tunable properties and alternative testing method for preparing superior-quality NiCo 2 S 4 /AgBr samples, paves the way for exciting new microwave absorbents. Hence, NiCo 2 S 4 /AgBr is anticipated to be a very effective microwave absorber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced high-performance microwave absorber development now revolves around achieving better microwave absorption performance and intelligent electromagnetic property control. Effectively adjusting electromagnetic microwave dissipation qualities throughout a wide frequency range has been mostly unexplored, particularly for manufactured absorbers. Innovative and high-performance absorber materials are produced and analyzed in this study. Solvothermal preparation is used to synthesize polygonal-shaped CuCo 2 S 4 particles that are embellished with Cu 2 S particles. The permittivity and permeability of polygonal CuCo 2 S 4 particles decorated with Cu 2 S particles are significantly altered, which further affects the nanocomposite's performance in terms of microwave absorption. At a filler loading of 40 wt percent, the composite exhibits exceptional microwave absorption capabilities, and at a thin thickness of 1.5 mm, its effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) approaches 4.5 GHz, covering the whole X-band frequency range. The produced composite has outstanding dissipation qualities owing to the synergistic effects of numerous attenuation mechanisms and hetero-interfaces, where the ideal microwave dissipation strength is up to −32 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the widespread usage of electronic gadgets, electromagnetic interference and radiation pollution have become urgent problems. To reduce or eliminate electromagnetic pollution and interference, microwave absorption materials (MAMs) are urgently needed. Here, a solvothermal fabrication technique has been used to create a MoSe 2 structure that resembles a flower and a MnFe 2 O 4 @MnO 2 architecture that resembles a rod. To evaluate the properties of microwave absorption, single-layer and bilayer samples have been preapred with loading ratios of 15, 35 and 45 wt percent. When it comes to single-layer samples, a flower-shaped MoSe 2 structured sample with a 35-wt percent loading performs better in terms of microwave absorption. In bilayer absorbing samples, the top layer of the flower-like MoSe 2 structure exhibits high absorption capability. Moreover, samples with a higher loading ratio showed better absorption ability. Findings reveal that the primary reasons for the improvement in microwave absorption performance of bilayer samples are the layered structures are the higher electrical conductivity of Se in M o S e 2 , multiple reflections in the layered structure, and a higher polarization loss. Moreover, in bilayer samples, the thickness of both layers was regulated to tune the microwave absorption properties. The results of this study may be useful in developing advanced single layer and bilayer MAMs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electromagnetic pollution problem, particularly at microwave frequencies, poses a threat to not only sensitive technological gadgets but also to the health of humans. Therefore, there is a great need for lightweight and highly effective microwave-absorbing materials (MAMs). Here, we fabricated a hierarchical flower-like MoSe 2 structure and a rod-like MnFe 2 O 4 @MnO 2 architecture via a solvothermal method. Single-layer and bilayer samples were fabricated to study the microwave absorption feature. In single-layer samples, the flower-like MoSe 2 structure has better microwave absorption properties than the rod-like MnFe 2 O 4 @MnO 2 architecture. And in bilayer absorbing samples, a sample with a flower-like MoSe 2 structure as the top layer shows high absorption performance. Moreover, in bilayer samples, changes were made to the thickness of both layers to find the best parameters. An optimal bilayer sample has been achieved with a flower-like dielectric MoSe 2 structure as a top layer having a 1 mm thickness and magnetic MnFe 2 O 4 @MnO 2 as a bottom layer also with a 1 mm thickness; indicating that a strong absorption can only be attained by balancing dielectric loss and magnetic loss. Moreover, the optimal sample shows decent absorption with an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 5.4 GHz (14.7–9.3 GHz) with a 1 mm thickness of each layer. The simulated results of the optimal sample have also been compared with experimental results. These results suggest a different approach for developing MAMs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feed spacers are incorporated in membrane modules to enhance fluid mixing, thereby enhancing membrane flux. Previous experimental work showed that triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS)-based spacers induce significant improvements in membrane distillation (MD) performance, which was attributed to the suppression of membrane boundary layer, reducing heat and mass transfer resistance. To corroborate those findings, in this study, we assess the performance of TPMS spacers in direct contact MD (DCMD) modules using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Results showed that the Fischer-Koch S TPMS spacer topology achieved twice the flux of the empty channel case and exhibited a 13 % increment in flux compared to the net-type spacer, but this improvement was accompanied by a higher pressure drop in the feed channel. Therefore, a normalized power ratio (NPR) was used to evaluate the overall performance of spacers. For Reynold number (Re) ranging between 200 and 1200, Fischer-Koch S spacer had a 12 % improvement in NPR compared to the net-type spacer and resulted in higher shear stress near the membrane surface, indicating a promising mean for mitigating fouling in membrane distillation. This research highlights the importance of utilizing novel spacers in membrane distillation and showcases the power of CFD tools in optimizing the process. • CFD proves valuable in optimizing DCMD performance. • TPMS spacer enhances DCMD flux by improving fluid mixing. • Shear stress enhancement with Fischer-Koch S spacer can reduce membrane fouling. • Fischer-Koch S excels-2× flux vs. empty channel, 13 % increment over net-type. • Fischer-Koch S spacer shows 12 % NPR improvement over net-type at Re 200–1200. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study aimed to construct an epitope-based vaccine candidate using immunoinformatic techniques. • A. xylosoxidans was isolated from an auto workshop in Lahore, and its identification was confirmed through 16S rRNA amplification and bioinformatic analysis. • Two protein targets with GenBank accession numbers AKP90890.1 and AKP90355.1 were selected for the vaccine construct. • The vaccine construct demonstrated structural stability, thermostability, solubility, and hydrophilicity. • This epitope-based vaccine could serve as the first preventive immunotherapy against A. xylosoxidans infections, addressing this bacterium's health and financial burdens. • The findings demonstrate the value of employing immunoinformatic tools in vaccine development, paving the way for more precise and tailored approaches to combating microbial threats. Achromobacter xylosoxidans is an aerobic, catalase-positive, non-pigment-forming, Gram-negative, and motile bacterium. It potentially causes a wide range of human infections in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis patients. However, developing a safe preventive or therapeutic solution against A. xylosoxidans remains challenging. This study aimed to construct an epitope-based vaccine candidate using immunoinformatic techniques. A. xylosoxidans was isolated from an auto workshop in Lahore, and its identification was confirmed through 16S rRNA amplification and bioinformatic analysis. Two protein targets with GenBank accession numbers AKP90890.1 and AKP90355.1 were selected for the vaccine construct. Both proteins exhibited antigenicity, with scores of 0.757 and 0.580, respectively and the epitopes were selected based on the IC50 value using the ANN 4.0 and NN-align 2.3 epitope prediction method for MHC I and MHC II epitopes respectively and predicted epitopes were analyzed for antigenicity, allergenicity and pathogenicity. The vaccine construct demonstrated structural stability, thermostability, solubility, and hydrophilicity. The vaccine produced 250 B-memory cells per mm3 and approximately 16,000 IgM + IgG counts, indicating an effective immune response against A. xylosoxidans. Moreover, the vaccine candidate interacted stably with toll-like receptor 5, a pattern recognition receptor, with a confidence score of 0.98. These results highlight the potency of the designed vaccine candidate, suggesting its potential to withstand rigorous in vitro and in vivo clinical trials. This epitope-based vaccine could serve as the first preventive immunotherapy against A. xylosoxidans infections, addressing this bacterium's health and financial burdens. The findings demonstrate the value of employing immunoinformatic tools in vaccine development, paving the way for more precise and tailored approaches to combating microbial threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Engineering strategies of vacancies in nanomaterials and types of vacancies for enhancing photothermal activity are summarized. • Fingerprints of defected-based materials are discussed and reviewed. • Challenges and perspectives for synthesis and investigation of defected-based materials for photothermal activity are discussed in the frame of nanomedecine. Upon photo-stimulation, some materials such as semiconductors can result in the generation of heat through the photothermal effect. The heat generated can be used in nanomedicine for example in cancer therapy. The response to photostimulation and the resulting photothermia can be modulated through the addition of defects in the case of semiconductors, at the heart of this review. Based on the observation that the generated nanoheat is used in photothermal catalysis and biomedical photothermia, we present here a summary of recent works in both disciplines on semiconductors that explore nanoengineering of local atomic defects, the most reported ones, to modulate the photothermal activity. We highlight the different synthesis methods and processes for creating such defects from photothermal catalysis and nanomedicine disciplines, their physicochemical and physical fingerprints elucidating their presence, and the impact of such defects on the properties and photothermal activity of such nanomaterials. In general, local defects appear to act like traps for photogenerated electrons after photo-stimulation, increasing the recombination time, and leading to non-radiative recombination and more efficient catalysis and photothermia. We also show an unpredictable optimal concertation of defects for obtaining high heating performances. Moreover, taking into account the great achievements in the field of photothermal catalysis, we translated them to the field of photothermia in nanomedicine and highlighted future perspectives in this field, at different scales for a better understanding of the relationship between the deficient structure-properties-function in heating. We believe this review, independently from the discipline, can help to elucidate aspects of photothermal activity, inspire the engineering of new defect-based materials as well as new detection methods, and bring new connections between the communities of thermal catalysis and nanomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This numerical study investigates the effect of CaCO 3 deposition on the performance of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). It is the first numerical study to directly evaluate the deposition and film thickness of CaCO 3 on the membrane surface. Therefore, a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, which combines momentum, heat, species transport reaction, and the Eulerian wall film model, is used to analyze the CaCO 3 mass deposition rate and scaling deposition thickness on the membrane surface. HSC Chemical Software is used to evaluate the ion compositions and reaction kinetics, including the activation energy (E a) and pre-exponential factor (A r). The CFD model is validated with experimental results. The results reveal that the CaCO 3 deposition rate increases significantly at a high temperature, velocity, and salinity of the solution. The CaCO 3 mass deposition increased by 15 times and scaling deposition thickness increased from 0.05 nm to 1 nm when the temperature was raised from 318.15 K to 348.15 K, whereas an increase of approximately 25 % in deposition was observed with an increase in velocity from 0.17 to 1.38 m/s at a concentration of calcium (Ca+2) ions, 0.03 % and bicarbonate (HCO 3 −) ions 0.004 %. The results also indicate that CaCO 3 deposition decreases the flux and efficiency of the DCMD by 2 % with a low concentration of Ca+2 ions, 0.03 %, and HCO 3 − ions, 0.004 %. The findings indicate that the high feed salinity (75.23 g/l) increases CaCO 3 mass deposition and scaling deposition thickness on the membrane surface due to the high concentration of Ca+2 ions, 0.07 %, and HCO 3 − ions, 0.01 %, significantly reducing the permeate flux by 14 %. The study's model development and implementation can be adjusted to offer guidance for studying the MD process in treating high saline water with fouling issues. • CFD model is developed to evaluate CaCO 3 deposition on the membrane surface • A species transport reaction and Eulerian film models were utilized to evaluate the CaCO 3 deposition on DCMD. • HSC Chemical software evaluates the composition of ions and the Arrhenius constants (E a , and A r). • High feed salinity (75.23 g/l) gives high CaCO 3 deposition and reduces the flux by 14 %. • High temperature strongly affects the CaCO 3 deposition on the membrane surface compared to the high velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The municipal waste is polluting the environment by releasing harmful substances. There is a demand for eco-friendly food packaging with higher shelf life. In this study, a biodegradable nonwoven for food packaging was developed using cotton waste and alginate/chitosan hydrogel. Firstly, needle-punched nonwovens were prepared from two different kinds of cotton waste (comber noil and card-fly) and wool fibers. The prepared nonwovens were immersed in a solution of alginate/chitosan followed by cross-linking with sodium chloride which resulted in formation of layers of hydrogel on/into nonwovens. The developed nonwovens for food packaging were characterized by using FTIR, DSC, SEM, air permeability and water absorbency tests. Moreover, mechanical strength and antibacterial evaluation of prepared nonwovens was also done. The properties of developed packaging materials are dependent on fiber type and concentration of hydrogel. The water absorption rate is highest (1 sec to 25 sec) in the case of wool fiber-based hydrogel nonwoven with tensile strength ranging from 65 N to 90 N. Moreover, all the developed samples of nonwoven alginate/chitosan hydrogel showed good antibacterials and air barrier (360 mm/sec to 620 mm/sec properties). The results indicate that the nonwoven alginate/chitosan hydrogel holds significant promise as an environmentally friendly substitute for food packaging materials. [Display omitted] • Development of alginate/chitosan-based packaging material using cotton and wool. • The material's ability to regulate air and moisture transport is enhanced. • This packaging material is biodegradable, cost-effective, and antibacterial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing a precise model for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is vital to simulate, manage, control, and estimate the optimal parameters accurately. However, the process has some challenges due to the nonlinear nature of fuel cells (FCs) and the missing parameters in datasheet. Also, the reported approaches have some restrictions in their behaviors. This paper proposes a new methodology incorporated exponential distribution optimizer (EDO) to construct PEMFC's equivalent circuit through estimating their parameters with the aid of experimental data. The algorithm is characterized by exploration/exploitation balance that avoids falling in local solutions. Sum square error (SSE) between the measured and estimated terminal voltages is selected as the target to be mitigated. The analysis is performed on four different FCs which are Ballard Mark V 5 kW, BCS-500 W, SR-12 500 W, and NedStack PS6. The proposed EDO is compared to reported approaches of mayfly optimization algorithm (MOA), chaotic mayfly optimization algorithm (CMOA), modified Harris hawks optimizer (MHHO), fractional order modified HHO (FMHHO), hybrid vortex search algorithm and differential evolution (VSDE), and other programmed approaches of sine cosine algorithm (SCA), seagull optimization algorithm (SOA), tunicate swarm algorithm (TSA), and gold rush optimizer (GRO). The best scores are 0.852056, 1.16978E-02, 1.056628, and 2.079166 obtained through the proposed EDO for Ballard Mark V 5 kW, BCS-500 W, SR-12 500 W, and NedStack PS6 cells, respectively. The absolute error ratios of CMOA, MOA, FMHHO, MHHO, VSDE, SOA, SCA, GRO, and TSA attributed to the error obtained by the proposed EDO in case of BSC-500W are 0.17%, 3.49%, 0.62%, 15.50%, 3.78%, 29.12%, 86.30%, 0.90%, and 10.33%, respectively. Despite the nine approaches considered in comparative analysis having some issues with convergence speed, they converged the best solution. Moreover, the dynamic model of PEMFC is established in Simulink and its performance is assessed through applying step load disturbance. The fetched results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed EDO in establishing reliable models of various PEMFCs. • EDO is proposed to estimate the optimal parameters of different PEMFCs. • Comparison to MOA, CMOA, MHHO, FOHHO, VSDE, SCA, SOA, TSA, and GRO is conducted. • The dynamic behavior of the established model is assessed at different demands. • The obtained results demonstrated the efficacy and reliability of the proposed EDO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate crisis is brewing up worldwide and there is an urgent need to develop and adopt products with low carbon footprint. Although the drivers of pollution are numerous, the lack of solid waste management is a key contributor. To tackle this menace of increasing solid waste in the environment three R's of waste management are proposed which includes reduce, recycle, and reuse. In this research, an attempt has been made to reuse solid waste from different sources to fabricate a brick that conforms to the standards laid by international and local building codes. Plastic waste comprising of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) were utilized along with waste foundry sand from steel industry. Waste plastic brick with different dosages of PET, HDPE, and LDPE as well as waste foundry sand were manufactured. Its properties were later investigated and compared with control clay fired brick samples. Test results revealed that waste plastic brick formulation 50:50 i.e. (waste plastic: foundry sand) exhibited the optimal mechanical performance. Its compressive strength was 8.23 MPa which was comparable to second class clay fired brick. Its splitting tensile strength was 1.35 times and flexural strength was twice compared to second class clay fired brick. From durability perspective, waste plastic brick does not show any sign of efflorescence and has water absorption ten times less than conventional clay fired bricks. Waste plastic brick is a better thermal and electrical insulator than second class clay fired brick and also possesses adequate bond strength with mortar. From the test results it is evident that waste plastic brick formulation 50:50 has adequate structural performance and can serve as replacement of conventional clay fired bricks in masonry structures. Utilizing waste plastic brick in masonry structures would be a giant leap forward towards a sustainable construction sector while addressing environmental concerns simultaneously. [Display omitted] • Waste plastic brick is fabricated from waste plastic and foundry sand. • Waste plastic brick formulation 50:50 has optimal physico-mechanical properties. • Flexural Strength of waste plastic brick is twice the conventional clay fired brick. • Waste plastic brick has better insulation properties than clay fired brick. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Seed coating developed with the synthetic consortium of beneficial microbes. • Effectively suppressed Fusarium wilt disease of pea plants. • Improved the seedling growth and performance of pea plants under Fusarium wilt disease. • Increased production of defense-related biochemicals and enzymes. • Improved plant growth attributes. Fusarium wilt disease of the pea crop caused by the infection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi (FOP) is a serious soilborne disease. In this study, we developed a seed coating containing a synthetic consortium of beneficial Bacillus microbes to manage the fusarium wilt disease. Three bacterial strains IS1, IS6, and IS7 isolated from the rhizosphere of different healthy-looking crop plants, were selected for the seed coating based on antagonism against the FOP shown during in-vitro studies, and suppression of fusarium wilt disease when applied as seed priming in preliminary pot trials. The strains were identified as B. subtilis (IS1), B. amyloliquificiens (IS6), and B. fortis (IS7) by 16 s rRNA gene sequencing. The seed coating with the consortium of all three bacterial strains showed a significant positive effect on seed germination, seedling height, and biomass accumulation of pea seedlings. Upon exposure to FOP, a > 50 % reduction in disease index was seen in pea plants raised from coated seeds than the pathogen control along with the ameliorative effect on plant growth attributes. Besides, the coating of consortium induced significant up-regulation of total phenolic compounds and enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathways. Additionally, the non-targeted metabolomic analysis indicated a large number of perturbations in amino acids, sugars, carbohydrates, and phenylpropanoids in pea plants raised from consortium-coated seeds and subsequently challenged with FOP. Based on the findings, consortium coating of Bacillus spp. on pea seeds may have the potential to develop a bio-based remedy for the management of wilt diseases in pea plants and improvement in growth attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Syngas-Diesel dual-fuel engine's combustion characteristics are investigated using H 2 -CO-rich flue gases. • Waste gases from the steel industry are used with an ignition source, diesel for IC engines for power plants. • Diesel_14 chemical kinetic set and the Gri-mech 3.0 sets are merged and reduced to capture the combustion process. • Diesel is injected with the same quantity for all types of fuels to investigate the performance of the engine. • BOFG offers short CD, higher IMEP, and output power, lower UHC and CO emissions with high NOx emission than the BFG and OBFG. This study aims to utilize H 2 -CO-rich waste gases as an alternative energy source for power generation in a dual-fuel engine setup, where diesel is used as an ignition source. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is developed and validated against experimental data using synthesis gas compositions containing H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and N 2. A chemical kinetics model is integrated to enhance combustion accuracy, combining the diesel_14 and Gri-mech 3.0 sets to compute reactions involving diesel and synthesis gas/flue gases. Following validation, the study analyzes the dual-fuel engine's performance using H 2 -CO-rich waste gases: Blast Furnace Gas (BFG), Blast Oxygen Furnace Gas (BOFG), and Oxygen Blast Furnace Gas (OBFG) under various inlet temperatures. BOFG with diesel combustion results in higher peak pressure and heat release due to its significant combustible content (75.4 %). When considering BFG with diesel, the SOC occurs at 1⁰ bTDC, whereas for the BOFG and OBFG, ignition commences at 0 TDC. Also, the BOFG's short combustion duration led to an IMEP of 0.88 MPa, enhancing engine capacity than the OBFG and BFG. The exit amount of CO and UHC is higher in the case of BFG compared to the other fuels. Also, BFG exhibits lower MPRR from 0.33 to 0.5 MPa/deg, attributed to its prolonged combustion duration. Higher combustion temperatures increase NOx emissions, notably for BOFG, due to elevated in-cylinder temperatures. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of H 2 -CO-rich waste gases in dual-fuel engines for power generation, highlighting BOFG's performance advantages while addressing emissions concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of multilayers and filler content has been utilized as an effective technique to acquire excellent microwave absorption performance. MoS 2 @MXene nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized after exfoliation of the MXene and MoS 2 particles were embedded on its surface. MoS 2 @MXene achieved the minimum Reflection Loss (RL) of −51 dB with 30% ratio in wax. The involved mechanisms are discussed in detail including the synergetic effect between MXene and MoS 2 particles which improved the dielectric loss of the MoS 2 @MXene composites as a result of multiple reflections in the layered structure of MXene, abundant functional groups on the MXene surface and positive effect of the increase in surface area. Moreover, the radar cross-section reduction performance has also been confirmed by using simulation technology. The obtained MoS 2 @MXene composite proved as an excellent microwave absorbing material for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Transient analysis of thermal energy storage. • 15.6 kWh energy was stored during 6-hour charging. • 33% energy was recovered during discharging period. • EPBP comparison of SAH and SAH-TES for drying. • EPBP was 0.70 years for hybrid SAH-TES system. The integration of thermal energy storage (TES) system with solar air heater holds an immense potential for optimising the energy management in drying application. In this pioneer research, a transient thermodynamic model of conical shaped rock bed TES has been developed, and the economic analysis of hybrid V-groove double pass solar air heater (SAH)-TES has been studied, offering a unique perspective on the feasibility and economic viability of hybrid SAH-TES for drying application. By considering the time dependent dynamics of energy demand, the model predicts energy stored and released by the system during charging and discharging with a considerable error of 9.9%, as validated with a pilot scale experimental setup. The numerical and experimental results showed that the stored and recovered energy is highly dependent on the inlet temperature and flow rate of air. Notably, the optimised conical shaped TES has the capacity of storing 15.6 kWh of energy during six-hour charging period enabling the recovery of 33% of the stored energy to power the dryer during the discharge period. Moreover, the pressure drop across the TES observed to be 1306.37 Pa/m at 0.050 kg/s, which quantify the power required for fan to overcome such pressure drop to be 4.22 kW Furthermore, the economic assessment showcased remarkable reduction in energy payback period, dropping from 0.7 years to 0.5 years using hybrid SAH-TES dryer compared to SAH dryer. This demonstrates the superior economic value of the hybrid SAH-TES dryer paving the way for the scalability and widespread adoption of low-carbon drying industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Better understanding of macrophyte tolerance under long exposure times in real environmental matrices is crucial for phytoremediation and phytoattenuation strategies for aquatic systems. The metal(loid) attenuation ability of 10 emergent macrophyte species (Carex riparia , Cyperus longus , Cyperus rotundus , Iris pseudacorus , Juncus effusus , Lythrum salicaria , Menta aquatica , Phragmites australis , Scirpus holoschoenus , and Typha angustifolia) was investigated using real groundwater from an industrial site, over a 90-day exposure period. A "phytobial" treatment was included, with 3 plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial strains. Plants exposed to the polluted water generally showed similar or reduced aerial biomass compared to the controls, except for C. riparia. This species, along with M. aquatica, exhibited improved biomass after bioaugmentation. Phytoremediation mechanisms accounted for more than 60% of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb removal, whilst abiotic mechanisms contributed to ∼80% removal of Fe and Zn. Concentrations of metal(loid)s in the roots were generally between 10–100 times higher than in the aerial parts. The macrophytes in this work can be considered "underground attenuators", more appropriate for rhizostabilization strategies, especially L. salicaria, M. aquatica, S. holoschoenus, and T. angustifolia. For I. pseudacorus, C. longus , and C. riparia; harvesting the aerial parts could be a complementary phytoextraction approach to further remove Pb and Zn. Of all the plants, S. holoschoenus showed the best balance between biomass production and uptake of multiple metal(loid)s. Results also suggest that multiple phytostrategies may be possible for the same plant depending on the final remedial aim. Phytobial approaches need to be further assessed for each macrophyte species. [Display omitted] • Macrophyte tolerance under long exposure is key for assessing phytoremediation. • Macrophyte tolerance with real contaminated groundwater provides useful data. • Metal(loid)s in the roots exceeded 10-100 concentrations in aerial parts. • L. salicaria , M. aquatica , S. holoschoenus , T. angustifolia , rhizostabilization. • C. riparia , C. longus , I. pseudacorus , potential for phytoextraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous elevation in temperature of photovoltaic (PV) panels results in the decline of PV electric power production. This paper presents the experimental methodology tested outdoors in Taxila, Pakistan to lower PV temperature with the simultaneous use of nanofluid (graphene/water) and phase change material (RT-35HC). Performance of this hybrid PVT system in terms of PV temperature, electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency and overall efficiency, is compared with PVT/PCM system integrated with water flowing through tubes inside PCM, PV/PCM system and conventional PV. Effects of varying volume concentrations (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%) of graphene nanoparticles as well as flowrates (20, 30, 40 LPM) are also examined and it is found that the best performance is achieved with 0.1 vol% nanoparticle concentration and 40LPM flowrate. From the experimentation results, maximum reduction in PV temperature is observed to be 23.9 °C, 16.1 °C and 11.9 °C with nanofluid-based PVT/PCM system, water-based PVT/PCM system and PV/PCM system respectively, with maximum enhancement in electrical efficiency of 23.9%, 22.7% and 9.1% respectively as compared to conventional PV. It is also found that nanofluid-based hybrid PVT/PCM system shows 17.5% higher thermal efficiency as compared to water-based hybrid PVT/PCM system, and overall efficiency enhanced by 12%. Thus, results ensure the best performance with hybrid PVT system integrated with nanofluid and PCM simultaneously. • Novel solution for thermal management of PV using nanofluid and PCM simultaneously. • Nanofluid-PCM system was most effective followed by water-PCM and PCM alone systems. • At 0.1 vol% conc. and 40LPM flowrate, nanofluid-PCM system showed best performance. • PV electrical efficiency enhanced by 23.9% as compared to conventional PV. • Nanofluid-PCM PVT system showed 12% higher overall efficiency than water-PCM PVT system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth based pyrochlores have attracted a massive interest in the modern research areas owing to their structural tenability and variety of physical properties. The structural variation and its consequent effects on dielectric relaxation have been presented in this work by synthesizing a series of La-mediated Bi 2-x La x Mg 2/3 Nb 4/3 O 7 (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25) ceramics using sol–gel auto-combustion technique. Coexistence of fluorite and cubic pyrochlore phases in the parent composition and gradual enrichment of pyrochlore phase with increase of substitution contents was observed from the structural analysis. Distortion of spherical symmetry of grains with reduced grain size from 950 to 500 nm was revealed by field emission scanning electron microscope. The presence of required constituent elements with their correct proportion was analysed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Complex impedance study and frequency dependent dielectric dispersion analysis was performed to check ac -conductivity and to explore potential of material for energy storage applications. With the help of complex modulus analysis, the range of carrier transportation inside the material was distinguished in different frequency regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Two validated CFD models were developed to simulate FS and HF modules. • Two-level full factorial design and analysis tool was utilized. • Influence of four DCMD operating parameters were investigated. • FS membrane module showed better performance than the HF membrane module. • Flow in permeate channel is critical to enhance permeate flux in the HF module. Abstract The effects of select system parameters on the performance of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD), in terms of permeate flux (J) and temperature polarization coefficient (TPC), were investigated and compared for flat-sheet (FS) and hollow-fiber (HF) modules. Three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models were developed and validated using experimental data. Then, a two-level full factorial design tool was used to design the simulation runs to investigate the effects of four selected process parameters on flux and TPC. These are: feed inlet temperature (T f), permeate inlet temperature (T p) and Reynolds number on the feed (Re f) and permeate (Re p) sides. The effect of each factor and the interactions thereof were assessed based on data obtained from the CFD models. Although all four parameters showed a significant influence on flux and TPC , their interactions had different effects on the HF and FS modules. For instance, since the permeate stream temperature increases much faster along the permeate channel in the HF module than in the FS module, Re p has a more substantial impact in the HF module. At higher Re p values, higher T f results in further enhancement in permeate flux in the HF module. Furthermore, the CFD model results indicate that the FS module generally showed better performance, in terms of permeate flux, than the HF module under the same DCMD process conditions. In the CFD model runs which yielded the highest flux in both HF and FS modules, the permeate outlet temperatures from the HF and FS modules were 21.72 °C and 18.53 °C, respectively, under the same operating conditions. Generally, the HF module exhibited about 21% lower flux than the FS module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives Grid therapy is a radiation therapy technique for the treatment of bulky tumours. The high dose gradients and non-uniformity of dose distributions within the target lead to a challenge in the dosimetry of the Grid radiation fields. The aim of this study is to perform a precise EBT3 Gafchromic film dosimetry for Grid therapy fields using a commercially available flatbed colour scanner. Methods In this project, samples of the EBT3 Gafchromic films are exposed to Grid radiation fields. The irradiated EBT3 films were read using a flatbed Microtek scanner. The responses of these films (i.e. films from the same batch) as functions of the absorbed dose values are calibrated by irradiation under a fixed standard technique (i.e. 10 × 10 cm2 filed, 100 cm SSD, and depth of the maximum dose). These films are also read with the same scanner using the red, green, and blue channels. Four different approaches were used to evaluate film dosimetry for the Grid therapy applications: 1) single channel film dosimetry method (SCM), 2) dual channel film dosimetry method (DCM), 3) linearized dose-response curve method (LRCM), and 4) triple channel film dosimetry method (TCM). A dose of 20 Gy was delivered to the point along the central axis of the grid hole at the depth of maximum dose (dmax) for a 20 × 20 cm2 Grid field size. Beam profiles and percentage depth dose distributions of the Grid radiation have been measured in water-equivalent phantom material, using EBT3 films. The accuracy of the relative and the absolute dosimetry of the films were examined by comparison of the TLD measured data with the Monte Carlo simulated values. Results The results of these investigations show that for a gamma index criterion of 5%/3 mm, the agreements between the MC calculations dose profiles and the SCM, DCM, LRCM, and TCM film dosimetry approaches the passing rates of 91%, 92%, 95%, and 95%, respectively. A much closer agreement was observed for using a linearized dose-response curve and triple-channel methods. Conclusions Selection of an appropriate methodology in Gafchromic film dosimetry may lead to an accurate dose-response in a high dose gradient radiation field such as Grid therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The critical factors and interactions which affect the module-level performance of permeate gap membrane distillation (PGMD) were investigated. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed for the PGMD configuration, and the model was validated using experimental data. The realizable k- ε turbulence model was applied for the flow in the feed and coolant channels. A two-level full factorial design tool was utilized to plan additional simulation trials to examine the effects of four selected parameters (i.e., factors) on permeate flux and thermal efficiency, both of which represent performance indicators of PGMD. Permeate gap conductivity (k gap), permeate gap thickness (δ gap), module length (L module), and membrane distillation coefficient (B m) were the selected factors for the analysis. The effect of each factor and their interactions were evaluated. B m was found to be the most influential factor for both performance indicators, followed by k gap and δ gap. The factorial analysis indicated that the influence of each variable depends on its interactions with other factors. The effect of k gap was more significant for membranes with higher B m because the gap resistance becomes dominant at high B m. Similarly, δ gap is inversely proportional to the permeate flux and only significant for membranes with high B m. Highlights • A validated CFD model was developed to model PGMD configuration. • Realizable k- ε turbulence model was applied in the feed and permeate channels. • Two-level full factorial design and analysis tool was utilized. • Effect of four PGMD configuration parameters were investigated. • Membrane distillation coefficient has the most important effect on PGMD performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper introduces a 9-bit time-based capacitance-to-digital converter (T-CDC). This T-CDC adopts a new design methodology for parasitic cancellation with a simple calibration technique. In T-CDCs, the input sensor capacitance is first converted into a delay pulse using a capacitance-to-time converter (CTC) circuit; then this delay signal is converted into a digital code through a time-to-digital converter (TDC) circuit. A prototype of the proposed T-CDC is implemented in UMC 0.13 μm CMOS technology. This T-CDC consumes 8.42 μW and achieves a maximum SNR of 45.14 dB with a conversion time of 1 μs that corresponds to a figure of merit (FoM) of 16.4 fJ/Conv. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On October 3rd, 2021, cyclone Shaheen made landfall on the northeast coast of Oman as a first-category cyclone after crossing the Sea of Oman. It is the first time in more than 130 years that a storm has made such extraordinary landfall on the northeast coast of Oman. This study intends to examine the effects of cyclone Shaheen on ocean cooling and biological response in the Sea of Oman (SO) and the the Arabian Sea (AS) using satellite remote sensing data, an Argo float, and the HYCOM model. The validation analysis of the HYCOM model and the Argo float showed strong correlations between vertical temperature profiles (R = 0.99) and vertical salinity profiles (R = 0.89). Furthermore, winds during the cyclone caused mixing and upwelling leading to Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) dropping 2.5 °C along southern Iranian coastlines, decreasing 5 °C along northern Oman's coastlines, and rising 1 °C across the Arabian Sea. As a result of the exitance of the cyclonic eddies in the Sea of Oman, a significant drop of 5 °C in SST was observed along the coastline of Oman caused by cold upwelled water from southern Iranian coastlines. Cyclone Shaheen's heavy rainfall caused the Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) in the Sea of Oman to drop from 36.7 to 36.8 psu. According to the results, Ekman pumping and upwelling processes predominated along the southern Iranian coast resulting in nutrient uplift and phytoplankton blooms (3 mg/m3). In contrast, strong stratification near the coast of Oman prevented nutrient uplift and led to low Chl-a concentrations. Due to the unique nature of cyclone Shaheen, it is essential to examine the complex dynamic and interaction between the ocean and atmosphere in the Sea of Oman and the Arabian Sea. • Shaheen is the first tropical cyclone to hit Oman's northern coasts since 1890. • Shaheen induced upwelling and Ekman pumping along the southern Iranian coasts. • Coastal Oman observed a 5 °C drop in SST, and the Arabian Sea warmed by 1–2 °C. • Southern Iran coast observed a slow drop in SST (∼ 2.5 °C). • Southern Iranian coasts saw significant phytoplankton blooms after the cyclone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a rigorous mathematical formulation for topology optimization of a macro structure undergoing ductile failure. The prediction of ductile solid materials which exhibit dominant plastic deformation is an intriguingly challenging task and plays an extremely important role in various engineering applications. Here, we rely on the phase-field approach to fracture which is a widely adopted framework for modeling and computing the fracture failure phenomena in solids. The first objective is to optimize the topology of the structure in order to minimize its mass, while accounting for structural damage. To do so, the topological phase transition function (between solid and void phases) is introduced, thus resulting in an extension of all the governing equations. Our second objective is to additionally enhance the fracture resistance of the structure. Accordingly, two different formulations are proposed. One requires only the residual force vector of the deformation field as a constraint, while in the second formulation, the residual force vector of the deformation and phase-field fracture simultaneously have been imposed. An incremental minimization principles for a class of gradient-type dissipative materials are used to derive the governing equations. Thereafter, to obtain optimal topology to enhance the structural resistance due to fracture, the level-set-based formulation is formulated. The level-set-based topology optimization is employed to seek an optimal layout with smooth and clear boundaries. Sensitivities are derived using the analytical gradient-based adjoint method to update the level-set surface for both formulations. Here, the evolution of the level-set surface is realized by the reaction–diffusion equation to maximize the strain energy of the structure while a certain volume of design domain is prescribed. Several three-dimensional numerical examples are presented to substantiate our algorithmic developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed and validated to estimate the liquid entry pressure (LEP) of hydrophobic membranes used for membrane distillation (MD). The volume of fluid (VOF) approach was employed to model the pore wetting process at pore-scale. As a result, the water/air interface could be identified at the pore entrance and then monitored through the pore in the course of gradually increased liquid water pressure at the feed side of the membrane. The contact angle ( θ ), pore length (L), pore entrance sharpness ( r s ) and pore throat geometry were studied for their effects on wetting using the CFD model. Additionally, the impact of applying permeate-side vacuum on the LEP was assessed, in comparison to feed-side-only trans-membrane pressure. An accurate LEP estimation with a high-resolution capillary effect monitoring strategy was achieved using the CFD tool. Pore throat geometry variation, θ , r s and L were all found to have a significant effect on LEP. Air-mixed layer formation was observed in the case of superhydrophobic membranes. Permeate-side vacuum resulted in earlier wetting, compared to atmospheric pressure outlet, but only for one pore geometry. The results of this work provide an insight for understanding the wetting progress through a membrane's micropore, enabling better mitigation of premature wetting in MD membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of GZO ultra-thin films were investigated using XRD (X-ray diffraction), FE-SEM (field emission electron microscopy), in situ EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray) spectroscopy, UV–VIS-IR spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) respectively. Morphological analysis reveals the noodle, seed and particle like structure of GZO for GaN, sapphire and Si substrates respectively with average grain size ranging from 5 to 20 nm. An effective mass model (EM-Model) for particle in a cylindrical wave function of e–h pair was correlated with experimental results. The reduction in FWHM value (from 31 nm to 13 nm) of NBE (near-band-edge) emission peak and enhanced NBE intensity have been achieved with small grain size. Blue shift in optical band gap is explained in term of grain radius by EM-model. Improved optical and structural properties were found in relation with quantum confinement effect. The current study states that grain size plays vital role in order to tailor optical properties of GZO thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation oncology has been rapidly improved by the application of new equipment and techniques. With the advent of new complex and precise radiotherapy techniques such as intensity modulated radiotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, and volumetric modulated arc therapy, the demand for an accurate and feasible three-dimensional (3-D) dosimetry system has increased. The most important features of a 3-D dosimeter, apart from being precise, accurate and reproducible, include also its low cost, feasibility, and availability. In 2004 a new generation of solid plastic dosimeters which demonstrate a radiochromic response to ionizing radiation was introduced. PRESAGE ® plastic dosimeter lacks the limitations of previous Ferric and polymer plastic 3-D dosimeters such as diffusion, sensitivity to oxygen, fabrication problems, scanning and read out challenges. In this decade, a large number of efforts have been carried out to enhance PRESAGE ® structure and scanning methods. This article attempts to review and reflect on the results of these investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A radiation treatment delivery technique, intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), has found widespread use in the treatment of cancers. One of IMRT implementing methods is IMRT compensator based, which the modulation are done by high Z materials. When photons with energies higher than 8 MV interact with high Z material in path, Photoneutrons are produced. In this study, the effect of compensator on photoneutron production was investigated. The Monte Carlo code MCNPX was used to calculate the neutron dose equivalent as a function of the depth in phantom with and without compensator. Measurements were made using CR-39 track-etched detectors. CR-39 detectors, were cut in dimensions of 2.5×2.5 cm 2 by laser, placed in different depths of slab phantom and then irradiated by 18 MV photons. Same procedure was performed with the compensator present and absent. The measured data were compared with MCNP calculations. In both experimental and simulation results, neutron dose equivalent when compensator used, was less than non-compensator field. The calculated neutron dose equivalent was maximum at surface and decreased exponentially by increasing depth, but in experimental data, the neutron dose equivalent reached a maximum at approximately 3 cm depth in the phantom and beyond which decreased with depth.CR-39 calibration was carried out in air, by considering that neutron energy spectrum changes toward thermal neutrons by depth in phantom increasing, it is suggested that for measuring equivalent neutron dose at phantom depth, should have proper neutron calibration in terms of energy spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromium (Cr) is considered a serious environmental pollutant due to its wide industrial use. Toxicity of Cr to plants depends on its valence state. Cr(VI) is highly toxic and mobile whereas Cr(III) is less toxic. Cr accumulation in plants causes high toxicity in terms of alterations in the germination process, reduction in the growth of roots, stems, and leaves, which may affect total dry matter production and yield. We performed a pot experiment to investigate chromium (50 mg kg −1 ) induced phytotoxicity in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and to reduce its phytoavailability by amending the contaminated soil with chromium reducing bacteria (CRB) and 1% or 5% biochar. For the phytotoxicity assay, wheat was grown at different concentrations of chromium (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg L −1 ). After 3 weeks a subsequent reduction in root and shoot length, fresh and dry biomass, percentage germination, total chlorophyll, and carbohydrates was observed. Our results showed reduction in phytotoxic effects of Cr(VI) mainly due to a reduction of toxic Cr(VI) to Cr(III). Highest reductive transformation of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) was observed in T9 (5% biochar with bacterial consortia) in all three matrices i.e. soil (99%), root (98%) and shoots (97%). The highest (90%) Cr retention within soil was also observed in T9 with the addition of 5% biochar and bacterial consortia. Of the remaining 10% Cr retention (entering into the plant), 3 mg kg −1 and 1.3 mg kg −1 was found in roots and shoots (on dry weight basis), respectively. Soil inoculation with consortia showed 33% higher stabilization than individual strain application. Soil amendment with biochar and bacteria showed an improvement in plant height, biomass production, seed germination, chlorophyll, protein, and carbohydrate content ( p < 0.05). Findings of this study may help to reduce food chain availability of potentially toxic Cr by employing cost-effective bioremediation amendments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on teacher written feedback in Second Language (L2) contexts have not given adequate attention to learners’ emotional responses towards teacher written feedback. Thus, this study examined the relationship between emotional responses of EFL university students towards teacher written feedback and students’ success of revisions. Data were collected using think-aloud protocols, students’ written texts, and semi-structured interviews. To obtain students’ emotional responses towards teacher written feedback, grounded theory was employed to analyse think-aloud protocols and semi-structured interviews. Teacher written feedback was tabulated and categorised using a coding scheme which was developed based on Straub and Lunsford (1995) and Ferris (1997). Students’ success of revisions was analysed using an analytical scheme based on Conrad and Goldstein (1999). The results revealed that EFL university students’ emotional responses include acceptance of feedback, rejection of feedback, surprise, happiness, dissatisfaction, disappointment, frustration, and satisfaction . Some emotional responses could be attributed to harsh criticism, negative evaluation, and miscommunication between teachers and their students. The study also revealed that emotional responses can affect students’ understanding and utilisation of teacher written feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, to monitor the concentration of carbidopa in an aqueous solution, an analytical approach based on electrode surface modification by Pt/SWCNTs as a sensor has been proposed. Pt/SWCNTs was synthesized by polyol strategy and characterized by the TEM method. Results confirmed spherical Pt nanoparticles with a diameter of about 10 nm decorated at the surface of SWCNTs with good distribution. The carbon paste electrode modified (CPEM) with Pt/SWCNTs was fabricated by mixing 12% of nanocomposite as an optimum condition with graphite powder in the presence of paraffin oil as a binder. Carbidopa's oxidation signal was enhanced by about 2.73 times when using the CPEM/Pt/SWCNTs, and its oxidation potential was decreased by about 110 mV. Additionally, the sensor demonstrated a linear dynamic range of 1.0 nM–120 M with a detection limit of 0.5 nM at pH = 7.0 as the ideal condition for monitoring carbidopa. Therefore, carbidopa in water and dextrose saline can be detected using CPEM/Pt/SWCNTs with an acceptable recovery range. [Display omitted] • High sensitive electroanalytical monitoring of Carbidopa catechol based drug. • Pt/SWCNTs as new electro-catalyst for fabrication of drug sensor. • Electrochemical monitoring of Carbidopa in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In the event of mass suction and presence of strong resistive force velocity of HFF decline dramatically. Whereas suction decrease temperature profile. • Prandlt number, thermal radiation, decrease temperature profile under suction/blowing impact. • Increased Nusselt number and reduced shear stress rates are achieved with strong mass suction effect. • Mixture base fluid transport conveying magnetic nano-particles in highly influenced by the mass suction, partial slip, thermal radiation effect in the event of stretching. This study is aimed to examine thermal slip flow of mixture based hybrid ferro-fluid with shape effect of nano-particles and partial slip under the constant influence of Stefan suction/blowing impacts. Thermal slip flow is magnetized with applied time-dependent magnetic force in transverse direction of flow. Partial slip impact is considered on magnetized hybrid ferro-fluid. Additionally, spherical shaped nano-particles have been accounted to constitute the desired hybrid ferro-fluid whereas distinct shape nano-particle effect is analyzed and discussed for heat transfer efficiency. The flow governing highly nonlinear equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transform. Furthermore, motion and temperature profile for spherical shaped nano-particles of hybrid ferro-fluid are analyzed and discussed under the impression of suction and blowing effect. It is observed that in the event of mass suction S = 1 and partial slip 0.2 ≤ S f ≤ 0.6 reduced shear stress rates and high rates of heat transfer are obtained. It is concluded that high Lorentz force under suction/blowing effect contract thermal boundary of flow. Laminar shape nano-particle increase temperature profile when compared with other shapes of nano-particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Strain Hardening Cementitious Composites (SHCC) was used for strengthening RC corbels. • The test parameters were; the thickness of the SHCC jacket, the jacket's reinforcement configuration and the partial/full jacketing. • The use of the SHCC jacket increased the load-carrying capacity as well as the ductility of the strengthened corbels. • A design model was proposed for the prediction of the shear capacity of the strengthened corbels. This work aims to investigate the structural response of Reinforced Concrete (RC) corbels strengthened with Strain Hardening Cementitious Composites (SHCC) jackets. Ten specimens of double-sided corbels with a shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d) of 1.0 were constructed and tested. The test parameters included; (a) the thicknesses of the SHCC jackets which were 20, 30, and 40 mm, (b) the jacket's reinforcement configuration, three configurations were studied, namely, horizontal only, vertical only, and both vertical and horizontal, (c) the partial/full jacketing, when three corbels were partially strengthened with vertical SHCC stirrups of 30 mm thickness, these stirrups were applied at the middle of the shear span, the examined ratios were 33, 50 and 67 %. Based on the experimental findings, the SHCC strengthening has proved its capability to enhance the shear strength, cracking behaviour, and ductility of the tested corbels. In addition, providing internal steel reinforcement in the SHCC jackets improved the post-cracking performance of the tested corbels. In terms of the cost-to-value, based on the experimental outcomes, the minimum SHCC stirrup width ratio to have rather a similar efficiency to the full jacketing was 67 %. A shear strength model was proposed to predict the shear capacity of the fully jacketed corbels. The proposed model gave a good prediction for the shear capacity with sufficient accuracy when compared with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of apitherapy and natural herbal medicines for combating toxoplasmosis has garnered major attention from many researchers. However, there is no available information regarding the potential use of a combination of propolis and wheat germ oil (WGO) in the treatment of toxoplasmosis. In the present study, the potential effects of propolis, WGO, and their combination in the treatment of chronic toxoplasmosis in Swiss albino mice were investigated. Following induction of chronic toxoplasmosis, the potential antiparasitic effects of these substances were evaluated by parasitological assessment and by counting of Toxoplasma cysts. Additionally, the effects of the treatments on parasite loads were analyzed using TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR targeting the Toxoplasma P29 gene followed by investigation of the major histopathological changes in the brain, uterus, and kidney. Interestingly, the combination of propolis and WGO significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased the parasite burden in experimental animals compared with burdens seen in groups treated with propolis or WGO alone. Furthermore, the quantification of the DNA concentrations of Toxoplasma P29 gene after the treatment with propolis and WGO revealed a reduction in parasite load in treated groups versus the control group (infected untreated animals). Importantly, the severity of histopathological lesions was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved following treatment with propolis and WGO. Collectively, the present study indicated a potential novel role for propolis and WGO as an active apitherapy and natural herbal medication for treating chronic toxoplasmosis, combat the disease, and which could also help overcome the side effects of chemical drugs. • We investigated the effects of Propolis and Wheat germ against chronic toxoplasmosis. • Parasitological assessment and parasite load were quantitated using real-time PCR. • The major histopathological changes in brain, uterus, and kidney were recorded. • The combined use of both substances revealed promising activity against toxoplasmosis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Preliminary solution study shows the selectivity of di-tert-butylazodicarboxylate (TBADC) toward Fe(III) ions. Due to this selectivity, it was applied as an ionophore for construction of a Fe(III) sensor. The proposed sensor exhibits a wide linear response range with a Nerstian slope of 19.4±0.4mVdecade−1 and detection limit of 4.8×10−8 molL−1. The sensor response is pH independent in the range of 2.3–3.4 and has a fast response time of <10s. It also shows very good selectivity to Fe(III) ion over many mono-,di- and trivalent transition and heavy metal ions. The life time of the electrode was at least 10weeks. The application of the TBADC-based sensor to analysis of Fe(III) ion in a pharmaceutical formulation, and also to the monitoring of Fe(III) ion in mixtures of two, three and four different ions showed satisfactory results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Bacterial photophysiology was previously limited to photoautotrophs. The discovery of bacteriophytochromes in non-photoautotrophs raised a question whether these non-photoautotrophs are affected by the presence or absence of light? In this research work for the first time, bacterial hydrocarbon degradation and biomass production was studied under the influence of nutrients, illuminance (light flux) and time. An experimental model was designed, with six isolated bacterial strains ( Pseudomonas poae BA1, Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae BP3, Bacillus thuringiensis BG3, Acinetobacter bouvetii BP18, Pseudomonas proteolytica BG31 and Stenotrophomonas rhizophila BG32) under four different conditions of nutrient media and illuminance at three time intervals of 15, 30, and 45 days without shaking. All strains showed statistically higher hydrocarbon degradation under nutrient rich, dark conditions. Highest biodegradation (80.8, 79.4, and 78.7 mg) was observed in BG31, BG17 and BG3 respectively. Nutrient rich media along with dark conditions improved the biomass production, and when media was nutrient deprived, higher biomass was produced in the presence of light. This work proved that light and nutrients significantly affect bacterial populations and hydrocarbon degradation. The optimal use of these parameters could facilitate to achieve the goal of remediation of hydrocarbon contaminated sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active tuned mass damper (ATMD) systems have been used extensively to reduce vibrations in machines. The motivation of this study is attenuating the vibrations in a Free-Piston Stirling Engine/Linear Alternator (FPSE/LA) for a frequency band of 47–53 Hz using an electromagnetic ATMD that employs a linear Voice Coil Motor (VCM) for periodic excitation rejection. To the authors’ knowledge, however several approaches to minimize vibrations in Stirling machines have been patented, the technique proposed in this research differs from other patented work by the simplicity of the proposed control law which aims to attenuate the engine vibrations at the fundamental operating frequency. The proposed control system features a zero-placement technique that utilizes both relative or absolute position and velocity feedback from the system response as well as a feedthrough measurement of the disturbance frequency that is used to determine the position gain online. The performance of the control system with the ATMD was evaluated both theoretically and experimentally. A test rig emulating the vibration behavior of the Stirling engine, featuring an electrodynamic shaker and an ATMD was developed and a model of the rig is presented and validated. A novel experimental procedure of identifying unknown stiffness and unknown dynamic mass of a spring–mass system is also presented. Similarly, another experimental procedure of determining the damping coefficient in the electromagnetic ATMD is shown. The implementation findings illustrate that the proposed active controller succeeds in broadening the attenuation band from 50±0.5 Hz to between 45 Hz and 55 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saquinavir mesylate (SM) is a protease inhibitor with activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and is available in tablet form, which has three major problems. First, the drug undergoes extensive first pass metabolism. Second, the drug has a poor aqueous solubility. And third, it has low GIT permeability and absorption. These constrains lead to decrease oral bioavailability (4% only) and administration of large doses which increase the incidence of occurrence of the side effects. The aim of this research was to utilize nanotechnology to formulate (SM) into a nasal in situ nanosized microemulsion gel (NEG) to provide a solution for the previously mentioned problems. The solubility of (SM) in various oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants was estimated. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were developed and various nanosized microemulsion (NE) were prepared, and subjected to characterization, stability study, and droplet size measurements. Gellan gum was used as an in situ gelling agent. The gel strength, critical ionic concentration, gelation characteristics, in vitro release, and ex vivo nasal permeation were determined. The pharmacokinetic study was carried out in rabbits. Stable NEs were successfully developed with a droplet size range of 25–61 nm. A NEG composed of 17.5% Labrafac PG, 33% Labrasol, and 11% Transcutol HP successfully provided the maximum in vitro and ex vivo permeation, and enhanced the bioavailability in the rabbits by 12-fold when compared with the marketed tablets. It can be concluded that the nasal NEG is a promising novel formula for (SM) that has higher nasal tissue permeability and enhanced systemic bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a selective complexation of N′-(2-oxo-1,2-di(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene)furan-2-carbohydrazide (L) with Gd(III) ions, it was used as a selectophore in construction of a Gd(III) selective PVC membrane sensor. Different compositions for the membrane were tested. The o -nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) was used as suitable plasticizer, and a mixture of sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaTPB) and oleic acid (OA) as anion excluders. The proposed sensor displayed a Nernstian behavior with the slope of 19.9 ± 0.6 mV decade − 1 in concentration range of 1.0 × 10 − 6 to 1.0 × 10 − 2 mol L − 1 . Detection limit was 4.2 × 10 − 7 mol L − 1 and response time was ~ 10 s. Applicable pH range of the electrode was 4.2–8.0. Lifetime of the sensor is at least 10 weeks. Analysis of certified reference materials confirmed the accuracy of the proposed electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic absorbent materials have received significant attention, recently, due to the growing concern about microwave contamination caused by widespread electronic devices. So, a lot of work has been done to develop advanced absorbing materials with excellent performance. Here, B i 2 S 3 decorated L a C o O 3 nanocomposite has been fabricated via a solvothermal method. To study the microwave absorption properties, L a C o O 3 @ B i 2 S 3 nanocomposites with 5, 15, 25, 35 and 40 wt% loadings were prepared. With optimal microwave absorption performance, a 35 wt% sample has decent minimum reflection loss (RL mini) with qualified frequency bandwidth (RL > 10 dB) covering nearly the whole X-band. Enhancements in microwave absorption efficiency of 35 wt% sample are ascribed to the highest dielectric loss, highest magnetic loss, maximum attenuation constant, as well as optimal impedance matching value. Furthermore, the optimal sample is tested via two measurement techniques; waveguide and free-space methods. A Comparison has been drawn between the variation of reflection loss measured by both methods. The free-space approach proves a good alternative measurement technique with contact-free and non-destructive benefits. Our findings may be useful in the design and fabrication of L a C o O 3 @ B i 2 S 3 nanocomposites for efficient microwave absorbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting the performance of a full-scale direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) module based on experimental lab-scale results is rather difficult, since the DCMD performance is dependent on many different process parameters. Hence, there is a need for a methodology to perform DCMD system up-scaling based on lab-scale experimental results. In this study, we devise an approach to scale up the performance of DCMD systems by using the Buckingham's Pi theorem to group the DCMD process parameters into eight relevant dimensionless groups. Experimental data obtained from literature at various module dimensions were used to evaluate the developed dimensionless groups. An experimentally validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was also developed and used to extend the coverage of operational parameters beyond the available experimental data. Then, two empirical dimensionless correlations were created, using multiple nonlinear regression analysis, and then validated, to enable the prediction of flux and pressure drop in DCMD systems at any scale. • Buckingham Pi-theorem used to model DCMD performance with dimensionless parameters. • DCMD process performance represented by eight dimensionless groups • Reliability of predicted relationships confirmed with experimental and CFD data. • Generated correlations predicted MD performance for small and large-scale modules. • Proposed approach can be extended to other MD configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of smart city research, finding patterns in crime data to explore trends in crime and to locate the presence of crime has been an exciting research field. Our aim in this paper is optimizing the location of police substations within the jurisdiction of a police station so that law enforcement agencies could work efficiently. These substations are placed near by road in order to immediately respond to nearby crimes. We attempt to optimize the average minimum distance to a crime from its nearest substation. This distance is found by the underlying road network. We are locating these substations in an infinitely large set of points in the given region. Case study has been done on real-world crime data from Lahore, Pakistan to show the efficiency of these methods. We also explored what are trends in crime data with respect to years, seasons and day/night and where to place substations accordingly. We evaluated the placement of substation by our model through comparing the average time taken to report to a crime against random substations placed within the same area. Last but not the least, the analytical insights provided by this study be useful for policy making and smart city research for the inclusion of sustainable cities and communities. • We explore the problem of placing police substations to respond to crimes in a smart city context efficiently. • We show that police substations' optimized locations could help law enforcement agencies for effective policymaking. • The proposed methods can also be extended for traffic workforce distribution in urban populations. • Data-driven smart policymaking is effectively useful in the context of smart cities research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of small field sizes is increasingly becoming important in radiotherapy particularly since the introduction of stereotactic radiosurgery and intensity-modulated radiation therapy techniques. The reliable measurement of delivered dose from such fields with conventional dosimeters, such as ionization chambers, is a challenging task. In this work, methacrylic and ascorbic acid in gelatin initiated by copper polymer gel dosimeters are employed to measure dose in 3 dimensions. Field sizes of 5 × 5mm2, 10 × 10mm2, 20 × 20mm2, and 30 × 30mm2 are investigated for a 6-MV x-rays. The results show an agreement with Gafchromic film, with some variation in measured doses near the edge of the fields, where the film data decrease more rapidly than the other methods. Dose penumbra widths obtained with gel dosimeters and Gafchormic film were generally in agreement with each other. The results of this work indicate that polymer gel dosimetry could be invaluable for the quantification of the 3-dimensional dose distribution in small field size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this research, we report a new Ho3+-PVC membrane electrode based on N-(4,5-dimethyl-2-(picolinamido)phenyl)picolinamide (H2Me2bpb) as a suitable ion carrier. Poly vinylchloride (PVC)-based membrane composed of H2Me2bpb with oleic acid (OA) as anionic additives, and o-nitrophenyloctyl ether (NPOE) as plasticized solvent mediator. The sensor exhibits a Nernstian slope of 20.1±0.2mV decade−1 over the concentration range of 1.0×10−6 to 1.0×1−2 molL−1, and a detection limit of 5.0×10−7 molL−1 of Ho3+ ions. The potentiometric response of the sensor is independent of the solution pH in the range of 3.5–9.4. It has a very short response time, in the whole concentration range (<10s), and can be used for at least eight weeks. The proposed electrode shows a good selectivity towards Ho3+ ions over a wide variety of cations, including alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. To assess its analytical applicability the proposed Ho3+ sensor was successfully applied as an indicator electrode in the titration of Ho3+ ion solutions in certified reference materials, alloy samples and for the determination of the fluoride ion in two mouthwash preparations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new ion-selective electrode for Sm3+ ion is described based on the incorporation of N,N′,N″-tris(4-pyridyl)trimesic amide (TPTA) in a poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) matrix. The membrane sensor comprises nitrobenzene (NB) as a plasticizer, and oleic acid (OA) as an anionic additive. The sensor with the optimized composition shows a Nernstian potential response of 19.8±0.5mV decade−1 over a wide concentration range of 1.0×10−2 and 1×10−6 molL−1, with a lower detection limit of 4.7×10−7 molL−1 and satisfactor applicable pH range of 3.6–9.2. Having a short response time of less than 10s and a very good selectivity towards the Sm3+ over a wide variety of interfering cations (e.g. alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions) the sensor seemed to be a promising analytical tool for determination of the Sm3+. Hence, it was used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of samarium ion with EDTA. It was also applied to the direct samarium recovery in binary mixtures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A novel Dy(III) ion-selective PVC membrane sensor was made using a new synthesized organic compound, 3,4-diamino-N′-((pyridin-2-yl)methylene)benzohydrazide (L) as an excellent sensing element. The electrode showed a Nernstian slope of 19.8±0.6mV per decade in a wide concentration range of 1.0×10−6–1.0×10−2 molL−1, a detection limit of 5.5×10−7 molL−1, a short conditioning time, a fast response time (<10s), and high selectivity towards Dy(III) ion in contrast to other cations. The proposed sensor was successfully used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Dy(III) ions with EDTA. The membrane sensor was also applied to the F– ion indirect determination of some mouth washing solutions and to the Dy3+ determination in binary mixtures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]