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Winter deicing salt application has led to water quality impairment as stormwater carries salt ions (Na+ and Cl−) through watersheds. Green infrastructure (GI) is a promising urban stormwater management practice, but its efficacy in managing salt is unknown. GI is not yet designed to remove salt, but may have potential to mitigate its loading to surface waters. Two roadside infiltration-based GI practices in Northern Virginia (bioretention and bioswale) were monitored year-round over 28 precipitation events to investigate the transport of salt through modern stormwater infrastructure. Stormwater runoff volumes and concentrations of salt ions entering and exiting each GI were monitored to determine reductions of salt ions. Both the bioretention and bioswale significantly reduced effluent surface loads of Cl− and Na+ (76% to 82%), displaying ability to temporarily retain and infiltrate salts and delay their release to surface waters. Changes in bioretention soil chemistry revealed a small percentage of Na+ was stored long-term by ion exchange, but no long-term Cl− storage was observed. Limited soil storage along with groundwater observations suggest the majority of salt removed from stormwater by the bioretention infiltrates into groundwater. Infiltration GI can buffer surface waters from salt, but are also an avenue for groundwater salt loading. Unlabelled Image • Salt transport monitored year-round through infiltration-based green infrastructure. • Green infrastructure displayed significant surface effluent salt load reduction. • Majority of inlet salt load transferred from surface to groundwater. • Soil stored some Na+ but no Cl− long-term. • NaCl induced cation exchange in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategies to mitigate watershed nitrogen export are critical in managing water resources. Green infrastructure (GI) has shown the ability to remove nitrogen from stormwater, but the removal mechanism is unclear. Denitrification removes nitrate from water permanently, making it the most desirable removal mechanism. The year-round field performance of a roadside infiltration GI practice (bioretention) in Northern Virginia was monitored to investigate the transport of nitrogen and the occurrence and contribution of denitrification. Stormwater runoff volumes, nitrogen concentrations, and nitrate isotope ratios (δ15N-NO 3 − and δ18O-NO 3 −) were measured at the inlet and outlet of the bioretention during 24 storm events over 14 months. Nitrate concentration reductions (inlet vs. outlet) displayed seasonal trends, with higher reductions happening during warmer events and lower reductions or increases occurring during colder events. Cumulative bioretention nitrate and total dissolved nitrogen load reductions were 73% and 70%, respectively. Two out of 24 monitored events displayed denitrification isotope trends, indicating that although bioretention has denitrification potential, it is infrequent and other nitrogen removal mechanisms (i.e. infiltration and plant uptake) are primarily responsible for nitrogen surface effluent reductions. Only approximately 1.4% of the total reduced nitrate surface effluent load over the monitoring period was attributable to denitrification. Denitrification occurred during two of the largest monitored events, suggesting increased hydraulic retention time (HRT) promotes denitrification. Future GI designs should consider increasing HRT to encourage the important ecosystem service denitrification provides. Unlabelled Image • Nitrogen transport monitored year-round through bioretention. • Bioretention displayed surface effluent nitrogen load reduction. • Denitrification was infrequent and only a minor nitrate reduction contributor. • Infiltration and plant uptake major nitrogen bioretention pathways. • Bioretention acts as both a nitrogen source and sink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]