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The main objective of this article is measuring the relationship and spatial changes of the income, population, use the car to go to the workplace, employment and distance from the city center of Melbourne from 2001 to 2011. In order to, calculated the change of mentioned variables in 78 statistical units (SU) based on Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) by multiple, linear regression and Neural Network in Matlab and ArcGIS software. Results showed that the overall population growth in this period was equal to 14.5%. Also average growth was 7.4%. In order to, the average income change, median employment change and ratio of car usage were respectively 57.7%, 1.19% and 12.43%. Over the period (2006–2011) the car usage to work has decreased from 67.02% to 66.31% too. Compacting Melbourne, need not only employment, but also providing other facilities for stabilizing the population. The results of this research show that in spite of a 10-year strategic plan focused on the compactness of Melbourne, efforts have not been successful. Finally, presented some solve ways using strategic plan to more compactness of Melbourne in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Magnetic composite fibers with α-Fe2O3/SiO2 core–shell structure were prepared by the electrospinning and sol–gel method. The α-Fe2O3 ceramic nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning of solution of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and Fe(NO3)3·9H2O composite nanofibers followed by calcinations. Controlled hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) caused a dense silica layer deposit on the surface of α-Fe2O3 nanofibers with a desired thickness using the sol–gel method (denoted as α-Fe2O3@SiO2). The products were characterized with scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDX), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The α-Fe2O3@SiO2 core/shell fibers showed a high value of specific saturation magnetization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Selective oxidation of amines was studied. [•] Trichloroacetonitrile–hydrogen peroxide system was a selective system for oxidation. [•] Trichloromethylperoxyimidic acid is an active reagent for the oxidation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The intensity of centralization and imbalance are the characteristics of polar growth policy in the developing countries. According to the necessity of integrated regional development, analyzing the dependence of human's settlement in the border regions are the foundation issue in every planning. The optimal distribution of population, social and economic development process is the ultimate goal of regional systems. Such as reducing deprivation and inequality and their political and economic consequences is both important and considerable issue. In addition, achieving pervasive progress and development involves recognizing the specific situation in each region. In order to, the applied methodology is based on qualitative and quantitative methods with point on social indicators to adjusting the level of settlements in the spatial system of the regions and reduction and removal of the existing inequalities among these regions. Results showed that in 2009 Zahedan county ranked 1 and Konarak county ranked 10th among 10 counties of Sistan and Baluchistan (the distribution coefficient was 6%), including a sharp difference and the intensity of the inequalities in obtaining the benefits of development. Therefore, the dominant paradigm over the spatial structure of Sistan and Baluchistan follows the central-peripheral paradigm. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Superparamagnetic tungstophosphoric acid supported on silica-encapsulated γ-Fe2O3 was used as an efficient catalyst for the direct oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. The catalyst could be recycled up to four times without significant loss of activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Trifluoroethanol was used as a reusable catalyst and medium for the ring opening of epoxides using aliphatic and aromatic amines as nucleophile under mild conditions to give the corresponding β-amino alcohols in high yields and regioselectivity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridine, polyhydroquinoline and 1,8-dioxodecahydroacridines derivatives were synthesized in excellent yields in trifluoroethanol (TFE). The solvent (TFE) can be readily separated from reaction products and recovered in excellent purity for direct reuse. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Trifluoroethanol is found to be an efficient and recyclable medium in promoting one-pot, three-component coupling reactions of aldehydes or ketones, amines and trimethylsilyl cyanide or trimethyl phosphite to afford the corresponding α-amino nitriles or α-amino phosphonates in high yields. This protocol does not require the use of an acid or base catalyst. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the presence of a catalytic amount of H3PMo12O40 (2mol%) ketene silyl acetal react with aldehydes or imines (generated in situ from aldehydes and amines) to yield the corresponding coupling products in good yield. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A selective and direct access to secondary amines and a regioselective procedure for 1,2-reduction of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones with sodium borohydride activated by guanidine hydrochloride (5mol%) in water is described. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The commercially available heteropoly acid H3PW12O40 (0.5mol%) is a very efficient and environmentally benign catalyst for N-tert-butoxycarbonylation of amines (primary, secondary) with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate at room temperature in short reaction times (<10min). No competitive side products such as isocyanates, ureas, N,N-di-tert-butoxycarbonyls, O-Boc and oxazolidinones were observed. Chiral α-amino alcohols and esters afforded the corresponding N-Boc derivatives chemoselectively in excellent yields. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A novel, one-pot reductive mono-alkylation method of amines (primary and secondary), 1,2-phenylenediamine, O-trimethylsilylhydroxylamine, and N,N-dimethylhydrazine was developed using LiClO4 (5mol%) as a source for in situ generation of imine, iminium ion, oxime, and hydrazone, and zirconium borohydride–piperazine complex as reducing agent. This condition is especially useful for situations in which it is not practical to use the amine in excess (as is typically the case under acid-catalyzed conditions) or for acid-sensitive compounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A simple and convenient procedure for direct reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones with sodium borohydride is described. The reaction has been carried out in methanol in the presence of a catalytic amount of H3PW12O40 (0.5mol%). α,β-Unsaturated aldehydes and ketones can be easily converted into the corresponding allyl alcohols by reaction with H3PW12O40 (0.5mol%)/NaBH4. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • The detailed investigation of mechanism for organocatalytic generation of p-QDM. • The effect of substituents on the ε-functionalization were examined. • The optical properties of different p-QDM derivatives were discovered. • The role of NHC-catalyst and in-situ generated HCO 3 – base were assessed. • Rational tuning of chemical reactivity and optical properties of p-QDM compounds. Recently, Ye and his co-worker reported a fascinating work that proposed a procedure for generation of p-quinodimethane (p-DQM) via N -heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis for use in the organic synthesis. The remarkable point of this method is related to its capability for ε-functionalization. In this work, the detailed mechanism of NHC-catalyzed production of p-DQM and its ε-functionalization with different trifluoromethyl ketone (TFMK) derivatives were investigated using density functional theory (DFT). Indeed, the role of different substituents on the NHC part of p-QDM on the chemical reactivity and optical properties of this compound was examined. The optical properties and charge transfer indexes were evaluated using TD-DFT method. The results indicated that the chemical reactivity and optical properties of p-QDM compounds can be rationally controlled by the variation of different substituents on the NHC part of them. This computational study paves the way for rational applications of NHC-catalyzed p-QDM in organic synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]