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The surge in fructose consumption is a major factor behind the rapid rise of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in modern society. Through flux and genetic analyses, we demonstrate that fructose is catabolized at a much higher rate than glucose, and triose kinase (TK) couples fructolysis with lipogenesis metabolically and transcriptionally. In the absence of TK, fructose oxidation is accelerated through the activation of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and serine biosynthesis, accompanied by increased oxidative stress and fructose aversion. TK is also required by the endogenous fructolysis pathway to drive lipogenesis and hepatic triglyceride accumulation under high-fat diet and leptin-deficient conditions. Intriguingly, a nonsynonymous TK allele (rs2260655_A) segregated during human migration out of Africa behaves as TK null for its inability to rescue fructose toxicity and increase hepatic triglyceride accumulation. Therefore, we posit TK as a metabolic switch controlling the lipogenic potential of fructose and its dietary tolerance. • Triose kinase constrains fructose oxidation in favor of lipogenic metabolism • Tk deficiency causes oxidative stress and dietary fructose intolerance • Hyperglycemia activates fructolysis through TK to stimulate hepatic lipogenesis • Tk polymorphism demarcates the routes of human migration out of Africa Fructose consumption is heavily implicated in the development of metabolic syndrome, while dietary fructose intolerance is also prevalent among the general population. Liu et al. show that the dual association of fructose with metabolic syndrome and intolerance is controlled by triose kinase (TK) through the metabolic bifurcation of fructose toward oxidative versus lipogenic routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrients stimulate the anabolic synthesis of proteins and lipids, but selective insulin resistance in obesity biases the anabolic program toward lipogenesis. Here, we report the identification of a DNAJB9-driven program that favors protein synthesis and energy production over lipid accumulation. We show there are two pools of DNAJB9 cochaperone. DNAJB9 in the ER lumen promotes the degradation of the lipogenic transcription factor SREBP1c through ERAD, whereas its counterpart on the ER membrane promotes the assembly of mTORC2 in the cytosol and stimulates the synthesis of proteins and ATP. The expression of Dnajb9 is induced by nutrients and downregulated in the obese mouse liver. Restoration of hepatic DNAJB9 expression effectively improves insulin sensitivity, restores protein synthesis, and suppresses food intake, accompanied by reduced hepatic steatosis and adiposity in multiple mouse models of obesity. Therefore, targeting the anabolic balance may provide a unique opportunity to tackle obesity and diabetes. • DNAJB9 adopts a dual topology to promote SREBP1c degradation and mTORC2 assembly • DNAJB9's dual-activity biases cellular metabolism against energy deposition • The development of obesity is accompanied by hepatic DNAJB9 downregulation • Hepatic DNAJB9 re-expression improves whole-body energy homeostasis Sun et al. show that DNAJB9 promotes SREBP1c degradation and mTORC2 assembly to stimulate protein synthesis and ATP production at the cost of lipogenesis. The anabolic biasing function of DNAJB9 drives cellular metabolism toward energy expenditure, and it provides a paradigm for tackling hyperphagia, obesity, and fatty liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kidney ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is an acute kidney injury associated with high number of mortality. We have examined the molecular mechanism and found that oxidative stress and hypoxia leads to induction of autophagy. In IRI induced autophagy, TFEB translocated to nucleus in response to IRI and induced a number of target genes of Coordinated Lysosomal Expression and Regulation (CLEAR) network. Real-time PCR analyses result showed IRI dependent increase in mRNA level to lysosomal hydrolases (Ctsa, Psap), lysosomal membranes (Lamp1), lysosomal acidification (Atp6ap1) non-lysosomal proteins involved in lysosomal biogenesis (M6pr, Nagpa) and autophagy (Becn1, VPS11). Overall, both lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy pathways were induced. Two key players of TFEB dependent proteins in autophagy, LAMP1 and BECN1 were verified by protein analyses. Pretreatment with urolithin A promoted autophagy and attenuated renal injury in kidney IRI and thus inverse relationship existed between TFEB–CLEAR pathway and kidney injury. Urolithin A also attenuated IRI induced pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL1β, MIP1α and MIP2 mRNA and associated kidney injury. Overall, our results explored the understanding of autophagy and CLEAR network to kidney IRI and those insights may help to develop new therapeutic strategies to protect against IRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] In response to the problem of asynchronous fermentation between lignocellulose and perishable materials in compost, the combined technology of low-temperature hydrochar and compost has been studied. Hydrochar was prepared through low-temperature hydrothermal reactions and applied to aerobic fermentation. The response relationship between lignocellulose content, electron transfer capability, and microbes was explored. The results showed that a pore structure with oxygen-containing functional groups was formed in hydrochar, promoting electron transfer during composting. With the rapid increase in composting temperature, the lignocellulose content decreased by 64.36 mg/g. Oceanobacillus , Cerasibacillus , Marinimicrobium , and Gracilibacillus promoted the degradation of lignocellulose and the carbon/nitrogen cycle during aerobic fermentation, and there was a significant response relationship between electron transfer capability and functional microbes. The combined application of hydrochar and aerobic fermentation accelerated the degradation of lignocellulose. This study provides technical support for the treatment of heterogeneous organic waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synergistic effects between sulfurized-nanocrystallized 316L stainless steel and molybdenum dithiocarbamates (MoDTC) additive under boundary lubrication were investigated in this paper. The tribological behaviors of the treated steel were investigated on a ball-on-disc SRV tribometer. The chemical analysis of tribofilms was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the sulfurized-nanocrystallized sample exhibited the lowest coefficient of friction (0.060) and the lowest wear rate under MoDTC lubrication. The sulfurized ultrasonic cold forging technology (UCFT) composite treatment provided a strong support to the soft FeS layer and prolonged its service time. The MoS 2 decomposed by MoDTC can achieve the lowest coefficient of friction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, 316L stainless steel (316LSS) is treated by a ultrasonic cold forging technology (UCFT) which is one of the methods of surface nanocrystallization. The tribological properties of UCFT sample are investigated by a SRV tribometer under lubrications with MoDTC and ZDDP. The chemical analysis of tribofilms is performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the UCFT sample exhibits the lowest coefficient of friction (0.066) under MoDTC lubrication and the lowest wear rate under ZDDP lubrication, indicating that surface nanocrystallization has synergistic effects on low friction and antiwear performances of both MoDTC and ZDDP. The obviously synergistic effects between UCFT steel and MoDTC/ZDDP may be attributed to the higher hardness and surface reactivity of the UCFT surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) is usually added in low viscosity engine oils to improve its ability to reduce friction. However, increasing the amount of MoDTC added results in unwanted sulfated ash increases and other adverse effects. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the optimization of the amount of MoDTC added. The current work investigates this topic in terms of the Mo concentration in the lubricant. Seven different Mo concentrations with the same additive package are tested, whose tribological properties and chemistry of the tribofilm are investigated. For the selected operating conditions in this study, the critical concentration of Mo is determined to be ≈ 350 ppm due to its ability to reduce the friction to ≈ 0.04 under a constant and varying lambda ratio by forming the required threshold thickness of MoS 2 within the tribofilm matrix, dominated by zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) species. In general, increasing the Mo concentration increases the formation rate of MoS 2 in the initial stages of the traction, directly forming a thicker MoS 2 layer within the tribofilm up to a specific Mo concentration. Induction time also decreases with increasing Mo concentration, and increasing the Mo concentration from 350 to 1000 ppm does not negatively impact the wear generated. • Optimization Mo concentration in a new low viscosity engine oil is investigated. • Mo's critical concentration is determined to be ≈ 350 ppm as it reduces the friction to ≈ 0.04. • Increasing Mo concentration increases the MoS 2 formation rate and decreases induction time. • Increasing Mo concentration from 350 to 1000 ppm does not negatively impact wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The interactions and synergistic tribological effects between plasma nitrided 52100 steel and molybdenum dithiocarbamates (MoDTC) additive under boundary lubrication were studied in this work. The tribological behaviors of plasma nitrided and untreated steels under lubrication with different MoDTC concentrations were examined on a four-ball friction and wear tester. The results showed an obvious synergistic effect between plasma nitrided steel and MoDTC additive. The synergistic effect indicated a lower friction coefficient without an induction phase and a higher wear resistance, which was attributed to more amount of MoS2 and absorbed carbon were formed in the tribofilm of the nitrided surface. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Low temperature ion sulfuration technology was used to obtain sulfurized layer on W doped diamond-like carbon (W-DLC) coating. The tribological behaviors of the pure W-DLC and sulfurized W-DLC coatings were investigated under PAO and MoDTC lubrication conditions. It shows that sulfurized W-DLC coatings can obviously improve their tribological performances under PAO with MoDTC lubrication. The primary reason is due to the formation of WS x on the surface of sulfurized W-DLC coating, the decomposition of additives for formation a higher ratio of Mo sulfide/Mo oxide and the graphitization for a high ratio of sp2/sp3. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]