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Generation and characteristics of internal fire whirl (IFW) in a shaft model under microgravity are studied using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The shaft model has two diagonally opposite corner slits with an open roof and a 10-cm diameter heptane pool fire inside. Acceleration due to gravity is varied from normal value of g to 0.0125 g . Numerical simulation indicates that even under low gravity of 0.0125 g , circular air motion would still bring fuel to a high level to give a larger flame height in the shaft model, compared with that in free space under the same gravity environment, the ratio in flame height being about 1.5 except at very low gravity value. For IFW generated in the shaft model, the heat release rate, the maximum tangential velocity and the maximum axial velocity decrease slowly as gravity decreases when gravity is above 0.1 g . Below 0.1 g , these quantities decrease rapidly as gravity decreases. Reduction in gravity also changes the flame shape of IFW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the Vreman subgrid-scale model was proposed, different types of flow fields have been used to research the applicability of this model. However, the applicability of the model to a flashover heat flow field simulation and the optimal model coefficient for room fires have not been reported. In this paper, the flashover room fire experiments of different opening sizes (ventilation factor) are conducted in an experimental room of size similar to ISO9705, and the room temperature at typical locations is measured. On the same numerical simulation platform, the room temperature field is simulated numerically using the large eddy simulation based on the Vreman and Smagorinsky subgrid-scale models. When the ventilation factors are 1.932 and 2.178, a Vreman subgrid coefficient of 0.02–0.04 is more applicable to the simulation of the temperature field. Overall, the simulation results of the maximum temperature based on the Vreman subgrid-scale model are slightly better than that of Smagorinsky subgrid-scale model. Moreover, the simulation result of the temperature change according to the time from the Vreman subgrid-scale model is similar to the experimental result. However, near the corner of the door in the room, the numerical simulation results underestimate the maximum flow field temperature in the room’s upper part. When the Vreman subgrid-scale model simulates the temperature field in the room with a subgrid coefficient of 0.04 and a ventilation factor of 2.263, the simulation results are better than the results from the Smagorinsky subgrid-scale model with a subgrid coefficient of 0.2. However, when the ventilation factor is 1.397 and the opening is relatively small, the large eddy simulation result based on the Vreman subgrid-scale model with a subgrid coefficient of 0.04 is worse than the results based on the Smagorinsky subgrid-scale model with a subgrid coefficient of 0.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Elevated resting heart rate (RHR) has been shown to be a risk marker for cardiovascular disease. Results from studies on the effects of RHR in large arteries are limited to the functional changes of those arteries, while the association between RHR and aortic diameter remains largely understudied. Methods This was a cross sectional study of hypertensive Chinese adults from rural areas. The maximum infrarenal aortic diameter (maxIAD) from renal arteries to the iliac bifurcation was obtained by ultrasound. MaxIADs in different RHR groups were compared in males and females separately because of the significant differences between sexes. Multiple regression analysis was used to determinate the correlation between RHR and maxIAD. Further interactions between three factors (BMI, smoking, and anti-hypertensive regimens) and RHR for maxIAD were examined using subgroup analysis. Results 19,200 subjects were enrolled in the study, with an average age of 64.8±7.4 years and 61.6% females. Only 22 cases (0.11%) were detected with AAA, with males ( n = 17) presenting a higher AAA incidence than females ( n = 5). In subjects ≥65 years, there were 18 (0.19%) AAA, and 15 (83.3%) had a history of smoking. In the total subjects, the mean maxIAD ranged from 15.7±2.1 mm to 15.2±2.2 mm as RHR changed from the lowest quartile to the highest (≥84 bpm) in males, with a similar tendency observed in females. The correlation coefficient of RHR on maxIAD was −0.17 in males and −0.12 in females. Further subgroup analysis revealed that smoking exaggerated the correlation between RHR and maxIAD, but only in females. Conclusions A low AAA incidence was observed in this hypertensive Chinese population. There was a negative association between RHR and maxIAD, potentially exaggerated by smoking, especially in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of a ceiling jet of an inclined tunnel in a fire will be studied and reported in this paper. Scale modeling experiments on a ceiling jet in a model tunnel of length 3.0 m, width 0.8 m and height 1.0 m inclined at different angles of 0°, 10°, 20° and 30° were carried out. Numerical studies by large eddy simulation were then performed. Both experimental observation and numerical simulation indicated that the characteristics of the temperature and velocity fields near the upper tunnel are different from those obtained using the empirical equations reported in the literature. Another set of empirical equations for gas temperature and flow velocity along the tunnel were fitted by experimental data. These derived empirical equations are useful for estimating the temperature and flow velocity patterns for the ceiling jet in an inclined tunnel with an angle within the range 0–30°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semaphorin3A (Sema3A) is a major inhibitory factor of optic nerve (ON) regeneration post-injury. Many microRNAs (miRNAs) are expressed specifically in the mammalian brain and retina and are dynamically regulated during development, suggesting that this group of miRNAs may be associated with neural development. We found that microRNA-30b (miR-30b) bound to the three prime untranslated region (3′ UTR) of Sema3A and inhibited the expression of Sema3A mRNA. The mRNA expression level of miR-30b and the protein expression levels of Sema3A, Neuropilin1 (NRP1), PlexinA1 (PlexA1), phosphorylated p38MAPK (p-p38MAPK), and active caspase-3 were all upregulated in retinas from rats with a damaged ON relative to those with an intact ON. Transfection of cultured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) with an miR-30b mimic led to decreased levels of Sema3A, NRP1, PlexA1, p-p38MAPK, and active caspase-3 protein expression, as well as axon elongation and reduced levels of apoptosis. These findings provide evidence that miR-30b inhibits Sema3A expression. Decreased Sema3A expression promotes axon outgrowth in RGCs due to reduced levels of Sema3A binding to NRP1 and PlexA1 and simultaneously reduces apoptosis by inhibiting the p38MAPK and caspase-3 pathways. Our findings provide the first evidence that miR-30b-mediated Sema3A downregulation may serve as a new strategy for the clinical treatment of ON injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the neuroprotective effect of extract of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms against MPTP-induced mice model of Parkinson's disease and its mechanism. The Parkinson's disease mice model was induced by 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Hydrochloride (MPTP-HCl, 30mg/kg daily for 5 days). High dose group and low dose group were medicated with extract of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms for 20 days, dose amounted to 182mg/kg and 45.5mg/kg daily respectively. The behavioral testing of mice was assessed using pole-climbing test. The levels of Dopamine (DA) and Homovanillic acid (HVA) in striatum were determined by Ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ToF-MS). The levels of dopamine receptor 1 and 2 in striatum were assayed simultaneously with the help of immunohistochemical method. The level of Caspase-3 protein in substantia nigra was analyzed by Western Blot. From Day 5 during the administration of extract of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms, pole-climbing time in low and high dose group were significantly less than model group (p<0.05). Compared with model group, the DA level of striatum in low dose group was significantly higher (p<0.01), the number of dopamine receptor 1 and dopamine receptor 2-positive cells in low and high dose group were significantly less (p<0.05), the Caspase-3 protein level of substantia nigra in low and high dose group were significantly less (p<0.05). The neuroprotective effect of extract of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms may be able to protect C57BL/6 mice against MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuronal damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Microglial activation has been implicated as one of the causative factors for neuroinflammation in various neurodegenerative diseases. The sphingolipid metabolic pathway plays an important role in inflammation, cell proliferation, survival, chemotaxis, and immunity in peripheral macrophages. In this study, we demonstrate that sphingosine kinase1 (SphK1), a key enzyme of the sphingolipid metabolic pathway, and its receptors are expressed in the mouse BV2 microglial cells and SphK1 alters the expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in microglia treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS treatment increased the SphK1 mRNA and protein expression in microglia as revealed by the RT–PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence. Suppression of SphK1 by its inhibitor, N, N Dimethylsphingosine (DMS), or siRNA resulted in decreased mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS and release of TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-activated microglia. Moreover, addition of sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P), a breakdown product of sphingolipid metabolism, increased the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS and production of TNF-α and NO in activated microglia. Hence to summarize, suppression of SphK1 in activated microglia inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines and NO and the addition of exogenous S1P to activated microglia enhances their inflammatory responses. Since the chronic proinflammatory cytokine production by microglia has been implicated in neuroinflammation, modulation of SphK1 and S1P in microglia could be looked upon as a future potential therapeutic method in the control of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This investigation was undertaken to ascertain the antinociceptive activity of Caragana microphylla Lam. seeds and isolate and characterize the constituents. Antinociceptive activity was screened using acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction in ICR mice. The 75% ethanol extract and some fractions showed analgesic activity, but the antinociceptive activity of chloroform fraction was the strongest and was more productive than other fractions. Seven compounds were isolated from it and identified as: (1) machaeric acid, (2) β-sitosterol, (3) stigmasterol, (4) pratol, (5) dehydrocavidine, (6) formononetin and (7) sucrose. Caragana microphylla Lam. seeds showed analgesic activity, with the chloroform fraction showing the strongest analgesic activity among the fractions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A numerical study of steady-state and transient 3-D Marangoni convection and heat transfer in electrostatically levitated droplets. The analysis is based on the Galerkin finite element solution of the Navier–Stokes and energy equations. Numerical aspects for the computation of surface driven flows in general curvilinear coordinate system are discussed within the framework of finite elements and differential geometry. Results show that for practical microgravity conditions under which the deformation is small, the single and double beam heating arrangements, when placed at the poles or equator plane, produce an approximately axisymmetric flow profile and temperature distribution with the axis of symmetry defined by the line passing through the centers of the laser beam and the droplet. Thus, an axisymmetric model could provide a reasonably good description, and an exact one when the laser beam is placed at a pole or one beam is placed at both poles. When a tetrahedral or octahedral heating arrangement is applied, complex 3-D flow structures occur, which result from interaction of flow motions associated with each laser beam. For the case studied, the tetrahedral heating arrangement does not seem to produce a significant reduction in internal velocity, in contrast to perception, but the temperature is more uniform. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that the 2- and 4-beam arrangements result in a surface temperature gradient of approximately the same magnitude. The six-beam heating placement produces, however, a much more significant reduction in both velocity and temperature non-uniformity. The transient decaying during cooling is characterized by the evolution of both temperature and velocity fields evolve in a rather complex fashion, with the initial stage dominated by the pronounced thermal and flow mixing on the surface layer of a droplet. The strong surface mixing quickly brings out a surface temperature distribution of axisymmetry, while a 3-D structure still prevails inside until much later. The flow reversal is also observed in the droplets that have been heated by 4- or 6-beam lasers during the decay, and there is a spike in velocity and temperature at the time when the flow reversal occurs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A model is proposed for the calculation of the irradiation induced changes of the martensitic transformation temperatures of shape memory alloys. It considers the transition temperatures being determined by a chemical and a non-chemical term in the Gibbs free energy that can be affected by the irradiation induced changes of the vacancy density and the chemical ordering of the crystal structures. Numerical simulations for TiNi SMAs have shown that upon irradiation the austenite finish temperature Af can be raised slightly at the beginning stage. After that, both Af and the martensite start temperature Ms will decrease strongly and reach some stable values after extensive irradiations. Both the dose rate and the temperature of irradiations will affect the changes of Ms and Af. According to the simulation, the increase of Af at the beginning of irradiations is resulted from the irradiation induced point defect production that increases mainly the non-chemical term in the Gibbs free energy change of the martensitic transformation. The irradiation induced chemical disordering reduces both the chemical and non-chemical terms in the Gibbs free energy change and leads to the strong decreases of Ms and Af. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A hot electron bolometer (HEB) for terahertz (THz) radiation detection is proposed based on GaAs/AlGaAs bipolar inversion channel field-effect transistor (BICFET). The 2DEG distribution temperature rise due to THz radiation will enhance the thermionic emission of the electrons from the quantum well, and appreciable collector current increase is expected. The detection mechanism is analyzed. The responsivity of the bolometer is expected to be 5 A/W. The noise of the detector is also analyzed. It is shown that shot noise and the 2DEG temperature fluctuation noise dominate the sensitivity of the detector. This THz detector has the advantage of being able to integrate with post-processing circuits on the same chip. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Mg matrix surface composites reinforced with HEA particles were successfully produced by multi-pass FSP at different tool transverse speeds. • Improvement of distribution of HEA reinforcements and elimination of lamellar structure were obtained with the decrease of tool transverse speed. • A significant decrease in the grain size of the SZ was occurred from 2.39 mm for the as cast Mg to 1.6 µm for the Mg/HEAs-25. • Hardness was increased from 34 HV for the as cast Mg to 113 HV for the Mg/HEAs-25 with a 232% enhancement. • Tensile strength was enhanced from 46 MPa for the as cast Mg to 114 MPa for the Mg/HEAs-25 with improving of 147 %. • A especial improvement rate of hardness was achieved with adding HEA particles as compared with other reinforcements. In this study, multi-pass friction stir processing (FSP) was used to produce magnesium (Mg) matrix composites reinforced with CoCrFeNiMoTi high entropy alloy (HEA) particles. The effect of the HEA reinforcements on microstructure evaluation, mechanical properties (hardness and tensile) and wear performance was investigated. The composites were produced with similar pass number (three passes) and tool rotation speed (1250 rpm) and different tool transverse speeds (25 and 50 mm/min) and compared with the Mg matrix without reinforcing particles. XRD results indicated no significant reaction at the interface of the HEA and the matrix during FSP. Microstructure results showed the distribution improvement of the HEA reinforcements and elimination of lamellar structure (inhomogeneous structure) with the decrease of the tool transverse speed from 50 to 25 mm/min. Microstructures of all specimens illustrated four microstructural regions including stirring zone, thermo-mechanical affected zone, heat-affected zone and base metal. The average grain size of the stir zone reduced significantly from 12 µm for the Mg-50 to 2.5 µm and 1.6 µm for the Mg/HEAs-50 and Mg/HEAs-25 composites. The hardness value was increased from 34 HV for the base alloy to 113 HV for the FSPed composite at 25 mm/min (232 % improvement). The maximum yield and tensile strengths were obtained as 86.4 MPa and 114 MPa for the FSPed composite at 25 mm/min which presented enhancement of 92 % and 43 %, respectively as compared with the FSPed Mg alloy. The wear resistance results showed the reduction of the friction coefficient and wear rate with the addition of the HEA reinforcements with a considerable decrease in wear debris, groove depth, micro-cracks and delamination. Comparative plots confirmed that the hardening and strengthening effects of the HEA reinforcements were significantly higher than other reinforcements in Mg matrix composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates numerically the post-bifurcation evolution of ellipsoidal or spherical balloons subject to internal pressure, where the primary N -shaped curves of pressure vs. principal stretch and the corresponding bifurcated branch, i.e. pear-shaped deformation, are captured quantitatively. We quantify and discuss the range of pear-shaped bifurcation intervals of ellipsoids and the associated critical points. For rugby-shaped ellipsoidal balloons, we find that there exists a threshold for the aspect ratio of the major and minor axes that leads to pear-shaped bifurcation, which is detected by the finite element method. When the rugby shape becomes sufficiently slender, the nonlinear response of the ellipsoidal balloons is well approximated by the deformation of a tube with localized bulging instead of pear-shaped configuration. We obtain the nonlinear evolution of the localized bulging of rugby-like ellipsoids numerically. Furthermore, we examine the influence of various aspect ratios for rugby-shaped balloons on the localized bulging response. We find that pumpkin-shaped ellipsoids can always bifurcate into pear shape. Lastly, we provide a unified phase diagram on instability mode selection of various aspect ratios of ellipsoidal balloons, with diverse representative deformed configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Photochromic liquid crystal elastomer was recently reported to be able to deform largely and bend under illumination. In this paper, considering the opto-chemical process and the nematic–isotropic phase transition, we introduce the light and temperature into the constitutive relation of the liquid crystal elastomers, and propose a model for the light-induced bending. The dynamic deflection curve equation of the light-induced bending is derived based on the Hamilton principle. In the equation, the effect of light is introduced as an effective optical bending moment, which is caused by the inhomogeneous light-induced strain and Young''s modulus. Several simulation examples are given to show the light-induced bending under different boundary conditions and various illumination or temperature controlling. Under the condition of deep nematic phase and weak enough illumination, the approximate analytical expression of the effective moment and the stress distribution can be obtained. Rich nonlinear behaviors are found in this model. The effective moment is a non-monotonic function of time, thickness ratio, and light intensity when the thickness ratio is not very large. The stress distribution through the thickness is nonlinear with two or three zero-stress planes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Activation of microglial cells, the resident immune cells of the CNS causes neurotoxicity through the release of a wide array of inflammatory mediators including proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and reactive oxygen species. In this study, we have investigated the expression of NG2 (also known as CSPG4), one of the members of transmembrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans family, in microglial cells and its role on inflammatory reaction of microglia by analyzing the expression of the proinflammation cytokines (interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)), chemokines (stromal cell-derived factor-1α and monocyte chemotactic protein-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). NG2 expression was not detectable in microglial cells expressing OX-42 in the brains of 1-day old postnatal rat pups and adult rats; it was, however, induced in activated microglial cells in pups and adult rats injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vitro analysis further confirmed that LPS induced the expression of NG2 in primary microglial cells and this was inhibited by dexamethasone. It has been well demonstrated that LPS induces the expression of iNOS and proinflammatory cytokines in microglia. However in this study, LPS did not induce the mRNA expression of iNOS and cytokines including IL-1β, and TNF-α in microglial cells transfected with CSPG4 siRNA. On the contrary, mRNA expression of chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) was significantly increased in LPS-activated microglial cells after CSPG4 siRNA transfection in comparison with the control. The above results indicate that NG2 mediates the induction of iNOS and inflammatory cytokine expression, but not the chemokine expression in activated microglia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: RIN data are analyzed to obtain values of spontaneous emission rate R sp. The values are compared with a new theoretical prediction and agreement is obtained without the use of fitting parameters. In addition to the agreement with experiment, the new theoretical expression is distinct from existing expressions since no empirical parameters are involved. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Arterial stiffness may affect antihypertensive response to antihypertensive treatment. However, sufficient clinical evidence is lacking. This longitudinal study aimed to evaluate the effect of baseline arterial stiffness measured by the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) on response to short-term and long-term enalapril-based treatment in 3310 hypertensive adults from the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT). Blood pressure (BP) measured at three months (short-term) in 2780 subjects, and the time-average on-treatment BP in 3310 subjects during a median of 4.5-year follow-ups (long-term) were analyzed in the study. After short-term antihypertensive treatment, every 1 m/s increase in baPWV denoted a 7% and 6% decreased chance of achieving systolic BP (SBP) control (odds ratio (OR), 0.93; 95% CI 0.90, 0.96; P < 0.001) and BP control (OR, 0.94; 95% CI 0.91, 0.97; P < 0.001), respectively, after adjustment for age, gender and other variables. After long-term treatment, every 1 m/s increase in baPWV posed an 7% and 6% greater risk of failing to attain SBP control (OR, 0.93; 95% CI 0.90, 0.95; P < 0.001) and BP control (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.92, 0.96; P < 0.001), respectively, not regarding for DBP control after both short- and long-term treatment. Higher baseline baPWV significantly decreased SBP reduction both after three months and the median 4.5-year treatment, while increased DBP reduction after the median 4.5-year treatment. Elevated baseline baPWV significantly decreased BP response to short-and long-term treatment in adults with primary hypertensive. Arterial stiffness improvement may be an essential target to achieve adequate BP control. • The baseline baPWV is an independent predictor of adequate SBP and BP control. • Higher baseline baPWV predicts less SBP reduction in a dose response manner. • There was no significant association between baseline baPWV and DBP control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The ZK60 Mg alloy was successfully processed by forward shear normal extrusion process in the temperature range of 200 °C to 350 °C. • Shear failure behavior of deformed specimens was studied through the shear punch testing in the temperature range of 250 °C to 250 °C. • The 350 °C deformed specimen presented the superior shear properties at room temperature and 250 °C due to a fairly uniform fine grain microstructure. • The highest stability in mechanical properties was obtained in the 350 °C deformed specimen during shear punch testing depending on its microstructure characteristic. The shear punch test (SPT) of ZK60 Mg alloy hot deformed by a novel sever plastic deformation technique called the forward shear normal extrusion (FSNE) was carried out at room and elevated temperatures, and the influence of FSNE process temperature on shear deformation behavior was clarified. FSNE of Mg alloy was carried out at temperatures of 200 °C, 250 °C, 300 °C and 350 °C and then SPT behavior of deformed samples was studied at temperature range of 25–250 °C. The results demonstrated that the deformation behavior and mechanical properties during SPT were significantly affected by the initial microstructure owning to different temperatures of the FSNE process. The microstructures in 200 °C, 250 °C and 300 °C FSNE processed specimens were composed of coarse deformed grains and ultra-fine DRXed grains with a near fully DRXed structure in the highest temperature (350 °C). Basal plane intensity was the maximum value in the 200 °C FSNE processed specimen, whiles with increasing FSNE process temperature, the random crystallography orientation was gradually dominated. Mechanical properties results showed that the 350 °C processed specimen presented the superior RT shear properties with the ultimate shear strength (USS) of ∼ 159 MPa and peak shear strain (PSS) of 81% as well as the highest thermal stability. Shear failure surface was mainly composed of rollover, burnished, fractured and burr areas. The percentage of burnished area in punching-out specimens was affected by initial microstructure and strength and for the specimens having high strength, the percentage of this area was low. In each SPT process temperature, higher peak strain postponed rapture and resulted in higher burr area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Deficits in social memory, cognition, and aberrant responses to stimulants are common among persons affected by schizophrenia and other conditions with a presumed developmental etiology. We previously found that expression changes in the adenosine metabolizing enzyme adenosine kinase (ADK) in the adult brain are associated with deficits in various cognitive domains. To distinguish between developmental and adult functions of ADK, we used two transgenic mouse lines with widespread disruption of ADK expression in the adult brain, but differences in the onset of ADK deletion. Specifically, we compared Nestin-Cre+/-:ADK-floxfl/fl (ADKΔBrain) mice with global loss of ADK in the whole brain, beginning in mid-gestation and persisting for life, with Gfa2-Cre+/-:ADK-floxfl/fl (ADKΔAstro) mice that have normal ADK expression throughout development, but lose astrocyte-specific ADK-expression in young adulthood. Because ADK-expression in adulthood is generally confined to astrocytes, adult ADKΔAstro mice show a similar expression profile of ADK in key areas of the brain related to neuropsychiatric behavior, compared to adult ADKΔBrain mice. We sought to determine a neurodevelopmental role of ADK on the expression of psychiatric behaviors in adult male and female mice. Adult ADKΔBrain mice showed significant deficits in social memory in males, significant contextual learning impairments in both sexes, and a hyper-responsiveness to amphetamine in males. In contrast, ADKΔAstro mice showed normal social memory and contextual learning but hypo-responsiveness to amphetamine in males. Our results demonstrate a key developmental role of ADK in mediating behaviors in adulthood related to neuropsychiatric disease and support the greater prevalence of these disorders among males. Highlights • Perturbation of adenosine kinase expression during development results in behavioral deficits, predominately in male mice. • There were prominent sex differences in behavior, in line with clinical populations, in adenosine kinase deficient mice. • Adenosine homeostasis may play a role during development in determining susceptibility to later neuropsychiatric disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]