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Objectives: A previous study demonstrated that N-acryloyl aspartic acid (N-AAsp) aqueous solution is useful as a self-etching primer for dentin adhesion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether N-AAsp solution can be used for enamel etching, when compared with phosphoric acid.Methods: N-AAsp was synthesized by the reaction of DL-aspartic acid and acryloyl chloride. The experimental self-etching primers were prepared by dissolving N-AAsp in water at various concentrations up to 20 wt%. The tensile bond strength of resin to bovine enamel was measured after the enamel was treated with the N-AAsp primers. The 40 wt% H3PO4 was used for comparison. The treated enamel surfaces and the resin–enamel interfaces were also observed with a scanning electron microscope.Results: The tensile bond strength to enamel increased linearly with the increasing N-AAsp concentration and reached the same value as that to enamel etched with 40 wt% H3PO4 when N-AAsp concentration was 20 wt%, even though the etching ability of 20 wt% N-AAsp was inferior to 40 wt% H3PO4. Regardless of the concentration of N-AAsp, the bond strength to enamel was the same as that to dentin reported in our previous study.Significance: The 20 wt% N-AAsp aqueous solution showed enamel bonding equivalent to 40 wt% H3PO4 in addition to the advantage of eliminating the rinse step with water. Based on the results obtained in this study along with those obtained in a previous study, it was concluded that 20 wt% N-AAsp aqueous solution is a promising self-etching primer to simultaneously treat enamel and dentin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives. To evaluate the viscoelastic properties of demineralized dentin matrix. Stress–relaxation studies were done on matrices in tension and strain elongation or creep studies were done in both tension and compression.Methods. Mid-coronal dentin disks were prepared from extracted unerupted human third molars. Disks were 0.5 mm thick for stress–relaxation or tensile creep experiments and 0.2–0.3 mm thick for compressive creep studies. ‘I’ beam specimens were prepared from dentin disks and the middle region was demineralized in 0.5 M EDTA (pH 7) for 4 days. The specimens were held in miniature friction grips in water and pulled at 100 μm s−1 to strains of 5, 10, 15 or 20% and then held for 10 min to follow the decay of stress over time. Creep was determined on demineralized dentin immersed in water in tension and in compression. Compressive creep was measured using an LVDT contact probe with loads of 0.02–0.5 N. Strain data were converted to compliance–time curves (strain/stress) and expressed as total compliance (Jt), instantaneous elastic compliance (Jo), retarded elastic compliance (JR) and viscous response (t/η) or creep.Results. The dentin matrix exhibits both stress–relaxation and creep behavior. Stress–relaxation and tensile creep were independent of strain but compressive creep rates were inversely related to compressive strain. Creep values were about 10% at low compressive strains, but fell progressively to 1% at high strains. Compliance–time curves fell with stress and came closer together. However, tensile creep was about 3% regardless of the strain.Significance. The dentin matrix exhibits viscoelastic properties, but is not linearly viscoelastic. The relatively high creep rates of the matrix under low compressive loads may cause viscous deformations in poorly infiltrated hybrid layers in resin-bonded teeth under function. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]