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Hypersensitive response (HR) stimulated by lesions in a single accelerated cell death gene (ACD2) in mutant thaliana plants does not require pathogen exposure. Rapid cell death is caused by HR. The HR features are exhibited within the necrotic tissue and the cell walls of the plants. Genetically programmed HR is negatively regulated by the ACD2 gene.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the individual and combined effects of covert primng and overt labeling on memory and impressions. Results showed that overt labeling improved recall of items incompatible with a given concept. On the other hand, covert priming resulted in improved recall of items compatible with the concept. Combination of the two further improved the recall of incompatible items. These results indicate that different memories and impressions are formed depending on the presentation of the concept.

Abstract Soil-transmitted helminths infect 1.5 billion people worldwide. Treatment with anthelminthics is the key intervention but interactions between anthelminthic agents and the gut microbiota have not yet been studied. In this study, the effects of four anthelminthic drugs and combinations (tribendimidine, tribendimidine plus ivermectin, tribendimidine plus oxantel-pamoate, and albendazole plus oxantel-pamoate) on the gut microbiota were assessed. From each hookworm infected adolescent, one stool sample was collected prior to treatment, 24 h post-treatment and 3 weeks post-treatment, and a total of 144 stool samples were analyzed. The gut bacterial composition was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Tribendimidine given alone or together with oxantel-pamoate, and the combination of albendazole and oxantel pamoate were not associated with any major changes in the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota in this population, at both the short-term post-treatment (24 h) and long-term post-treatment (3 weeks) periods. A high abundance of the bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes was observed following administration of tribendimidine plus ivermectin 24 h after treatment, due predominantly to difference in abundance of the families Prevotellaceae and Candidatus homeothermaceae. This effect is transient and disappears three weeks after treatment. Higher abundance of Bacteroidetes predicts an increase in metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of B vitamins. This study highlights a strong relationship between tribendimidine and ivermectin administration and the gut microbiota and additional studies assessing the functional aspects as well as potential health-associated outcomes of these interactions are required. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Tribendimidine in combination with ivermectin modulate the gut microbiota. • Bacteroidetes phylum is more abundant 24 h after treatment. • B vitamins biosynthesis pathways are over-represented 24 h post-treatment. • Tribendimidine/ivermectin effect is transient and disappears within 3 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Teens beginning to drive independently are at significant increased risk of motor-vehicle crashes relative to their other life stages. There is, however, little guidance for parents as to how best to supervise learning to drive. Method This study sought to undertake an informed approach to development and implementation of a Parent Guide . We included a multi-stage development process, using theory, findings from a Delphi-study of young driver traffic-safety experts, and parent focus groups. This process informed the development of a Guide that was then evaluated for feasibility and acceptability, comparing a group that received the Guide with a control group of parent and teen dyads. Both members of the dyads were surveyed at baseline, again at the approximate time teens would be licensed to drive independently (post-test), and again three months later. Results We found no difference in the proportion of teens who became licensed between those given the new Guide and control teens (who received the state-developed booklet); that is the Guide did not appear to promote or delay licensure. Teens in the Guide group reported that their parents were more likely to use the provided resource compared with control teens. Responses indicated that the Parent Guide was favorably viewed, that it was easy to use, and that the logging of hours was a useful inclusion. Parents noted that the Guide helped them manage their stress, provided strategies to keep calm, and helped with planning practice. In contrast, control parents noted that their booklet helped explain rules. Among licensed teens there was no significant difference in self-reported risky driving at the three-month follow-up. We discuss the challenges in providing motivation for parents to move beyond a set number of practice hours to provide diversity of driving practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preventive chemotherapy is the current strategy to control soil-transmitted helminth infections (caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Trichuris trichiura). But, to improve efficacy and avoid emerging resistance, new drugs are warranted. Tribendimidine has shown good anthelmintic efficacy and is therefore a frontrunner for monotherapy and combination chemotherapy.Methods: We did a randomised, controlled, single-blinded, non-inferiority trial on Pemba Island, Tanzania, and in Côte d'Ivoire. We recruited adolescents aged 15-18 years from four primary schools on Pemba, and school attendees and non-schoolers from two districts in Côte d'Ivoire. Only hookworm-positive participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to single, oral doses of tribendimidine 400 mg plus placebo (tribendimidine monotherapy), tribendimidine 400 mg plus ivermectin 200 μg/kg, tribendimidine 400 mg plus oxantel pamoate 25 mg/kg, or albendazole 400 mg plus oxantel pamoate 25 mg/kg. Randomisation was done via a computer-generated list in block sizes of four or eight. Participants were asked to provide two stool samples on 2 consecutive days at baseline and again 14-21 days at follow-up. The primary outcome was the difference in egg-reduction rates (ERRs; ie, the geometric mean reduction) in hookworm egg counts between treatment groups, measured by the Kato-Katz technique. Differences in coadministrated treatment groups were assessed for non-inferiority with a margin of -3% to albendazole plus oxantel pamoate based on the available-case population, analysed by intention to treat. Safety was assessed 3 h and 24 h after treatment. This study is registered with ISRCTN (number 14373201).Findings: Between July 26, and Dec 23, 2016, we treated 636 hookworm-positive participants, and outcome data were available for 601 participants (151 assigned to tribendimidine monotherapy, 154 to tribendimidine plus ivermectin, 148 to tribendimidine plus oxantel pamoate, and 148 to albendazole plus oxantel pamoate). Tribendimidine plus ivermectin was non-inferior to albendazole plus oxantel pamoate (ERRs 99·5% [95% CI 99·2-99·7] vs 96·0% [93·9-97·4]; difference 3·52 percentage points [2·05-5·65]). Likewise, tribendimidine plus oxantel pamoate was non-inferior to albendazole plus oxantel pamoate (ERRs 96·5% [95% CI 94·9 to 97·6] vs 96·0% [93·9 to 97·4]; difference 0·48 percentage points [-1·61 to 2·88]). 3 h after treatment, headache (n=50 [8%]) and vertigo (n=37 [6%]) were the most widely reported symptoms; 24 h after treatment, 50 (8%) patients reported vertigo and 41 (7%) reported headache. Mainly mild adverse events were reported with peak numbers (n=111 [18%]) at 24 h after treatment. Three participants had moderate adverse events 3 h after treatment: two (<1%) had vertigo and one (<1%) had headache, and two had moderate adverse events 24 h after treatment: one (<1%) had vomiting and one (<1%) had vomiting plus diarrhoea.Interpretation: Tribendimidine in combination with either ivermectin or oxantel pamoate had a similar, non-inferior efficacy profile as albendazole plus oxantel pamoate, hence tribendimidine will be a useful addition to the depleted anthelmintic drug armamentarium.Funding: Swiss National Science Foundation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) technique has been applied to pilot-scale solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) of polyphenols from Lettuce sativa . Following the dictates of green extraction and with the aim to save time and energy, the lab-scale knowledge on SFME was exploited for the development of a pilot-scale process. The investigation entailed the optimization of all main parameters (temperature, time, extracted water volume, etc.) and we showed that the polyphenols composition profile under SFME was similar to the classic methods though a bit lower in total content. The energy consumption in the optimized procedure (30 min) was 1 W/g of fresh matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Modifications of plant immune complexes by secreted pathogen effectors can trigger strong immune responses mediated by the action of nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat immune receptors. Although some strains of the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae harbor effectors that individually can trigger immunity, the plant’s response may be suppressed by other virulence factors. This work reveals a robust strategy for immune suppression mediated by HopZ3, an effector in the YopJ family of acetyltransferases. The suppressing HopZ3 effector binds to and can acetylate multiple members of the RPM1 immune complex, as well as two P. syringae effectors that together activate the RPM1 complex. These acetylations modify serine, threonine, lysine, and/or histidine residues in the targets. Through HopZ3-mediated acetylation, it is possible that the whole effector-immune complex is inactivated, leading to increased growth of the pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Fractionated extracts from varieties of mango were analysed by mass spectrometry. [•] Gallic acid substituted compounds were the principal components observed. [•] Flavonoids and fatty acids and their glucosides were also detected. [•] Compounds present in mango peel and flesh are likely subject to genetic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Hardbottom and sedimentary habitats in the nearshore are continually affected by natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Currently used monitoring practices rely on visual techniques, aerial and underwater photography, which are conducted on an annual basis. These practices do not allow for rigorous assessment of the effects of human-induced or natural events on the distribution and composition of these habitats. We investigated the use of an acoustic ground discrimination system (RoxAnn) to determine changes in benthic habitats in the nearshore area of northern Indian River County, FL where hardbottom outcrops occur. It was determined that this method was precise and repeatable when deployed in a highly variable surf zone environment. Multiple surveys assessed temporal and spatial changes in bottom types. Spatial distributions of several bottom types were identified: bare rock surfaces, Sabellarid worm reef, sponge covered rock, and rock covered with two dominant algal species. Short-term (weekly) changes in the distribution of sand coverage were detected during a relatively calm hydrodynamic period. At one site (R-15), there was an increase of 11% in sediments, which attributed to approximately 2 750 m2 of coverage; 2.1 km south (R-22) there was a 6% decrease in sediments in six days. The latter equates to a change of almost 1 500 m2 of available habitat. These results suggest that the current practice of annual surveying is limited for assessing the magnitude and impact of episodic disturbances on benthic habitats. Based on these data, acoustic ground discrimination systems provide an unbiased, technology-based data collection method to distinguish benthic habitats in the surf zone. Employing this method will benefit researchers and coastal resource managers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: The Checkpoints program (Checkpoints) uses a Parent-Teen Driving Agreement (PTDA) to help parents monitor teens' driving, and has shown efficacy in increasing parental restrictions on teens' driving and decreasing teens' risky driving. In previous trials, research staff administered Checkpoints. This study examined the effectiveness of Checkpoints when delivered by driver educators. It was hypothesized that Checkpoints would result in more PTDA use, greater PTDA limits on higher risk driving situations, and less high-risk driving. Methods: Eight trained driving instructors were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups in a group randomized trial. Instructors enrolled 148 parent-teen dyads (intervention = 99, control = 49); 35% of those eligible. Intervention parents joined teens for a 30-minute Checkpoints session during driver education. The session included a video, persuasive messages, discussion, and PTDA initiation. Teens completed four surveys: baseline, licensure, and 3- and 6-months post-licensure. Results: Intervention teens were more likely to report that they used a PTDA (OR= 15.92, p = .004) and had restrictions on driving with teen passengers (OR = 8.52, p = .009), on weekend nights (OR = 8.71, p = .021), on high-speed roads (OR = 3.56, p = .02), and in bad weather (b = .51, p = .05) during the first six months of licensure. There were no differences in offenses or crashes at six months, but intervention teens reported less high-risk driving (p = .04). Conclusions: Although challenges remain to encourage greater parent participation, Checkpoints conducted by driver education instructors resulted in more use of PTDAs, greater restrictions on high-risk driving, and less high-risk driving. Including Checkpoints in driver education parent meetings/classes has potential to enhance teen driver safety. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: Teenage risky driving may be due to teenagers not knowing what is risky, preferring risk, or the lack of consequences. Elevated gravitational-force (g-force) events, caused mainly by hard braking and sharp turns, provide a valid measure of risky driving and are the target of interventions using in-vehicle data recording and feedback devices. The effect of two forms of feedback about risky driving events to teenagers only or to teenagers and their parents was tested in a randomized controlled trial. Methods: Ninety parent-teen dyads were randomized to one of two groups: (1) immediate feedback to teens (Lights Only); or (2) immediate feedback to teens plus family access to event videos and ranking of the teen relative to other teenage drivers (Lights Plus). Participants' vehicles were instrumented with data recording devices and events exceeding .5 g were assessed for 2 weeks of baseline and 13 weeks of feedback. Results: Growth curve analysis with random slopes yielded a significant decrease in event rates for the Lights Plus group (slope = −.11, p < .01), but no change for the Lights Only group (slope = .05, p = .67) across the 15 weeks. A large effect size of 1.67 favored the Lights Plus group. Conclusions: Provision of feedback with possible consequences associated with parents being informed reduced risky driving, whereas immediate feedback only to teenagers did not. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: Violence is a leading cause of death for adolescents in inner–city settings. This article describes violent behaviors in relation to other risk behaviors (e.g., substance use) among adolescents screened in an urban emergency department (ED). Methods: Patients aged 14–18 years were approached to self–administer a computerized survey assessing violent behaviors (i.e., physical aggression), substance use (cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana), and weapon carriage. Results: A total of 1128 adolescents (83.8% participation rate; 45.9% male; 58.0% African–American) were surveyed. In the past year, 75.3% of adolescents reported peer violence, 27.6% reported dating violence, and 23.5% reported carrying a weapon. In the past year, 28.0% drank alcohol, 14.4% binge drank, 5.7% reported alcohol–related fighting, and 36.9% smoked marijuana. Logistic regression analyses predicting violent behaviors were significant. Teens reporting peer violence were more likely to be younger, African–American, on public assistance, carry a weapon, binge drink, and smoke marijuana. Teens reporting dating violence were more likely to be female, African–American, carry a weapon, binge drink, screen positive for alcohol problems, and smoke marijuana. Teens reporting alcohol–related fighting were more likely to carry a weapon, binge drink, screen positive for alcohol problems, and smoke marijuana. Conclusions: Adolescents presenting to an urban ED have elevated rates of violent behaviors. Substance use (i.e., binge drinking and smoking marijuana) is an important risk factor for violent behaviors among urban adolescents. Universal screening and intervention protocols to address multiple risk behaviors, including violent behaviors and substance use, may be useful to prevent injury among adolescents presenting to the urban ED. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study examined the association between psychosocial maturation and problem driving behavior in young adulthood. Psychosocial maturation is the process of adopting adult roles, attitudes and behaviors and completing developmental tasks associated with becoming an adult. Past research has demonstrated that individuals’ participation in health-risk behaviors decreases as psychosocial maturity increases. Not surprisingly, decreases in driving risk that occur over the first years of driving have often been assumed to result in large degree from general maturation; however, no research has tested this assumption. This study used data from a telephone survey of young adults to begin addressing this gap in the literature by testing three hypotheses: (1) indicators of higher psychosocial maturity are associated with lower problem driving behavior; (2) the association between the level of psychosocial maturity and problem driving behavior is cumulative; and, (3) these associations are moderated by sex. Problem driving behavior was evaluated by assessing three measures: high-risk driving, drink/driving, and drug/driving. Results supported all three hypotheses. Participants with greater psychosocial maturity had lower levels of problem driving behavior than participants who were less psychosocially mature. Second, problem driving behavior was lower with higher psychosocial maturity. Third, these associations between psychosocial maturity and problem driving behavior were moderated by sex. The primary contributions of this study are: (1) initial evidence that psychosocial maturation may play a role in improvements in the safety of young drivers; and (2) the generation of questions and hypotheses that provide direction for future research on the role of maturation in observed declines in risk among young drivers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Unintentional injury from motor-vehicle crashes is the number one cause of death among teenagers in the United States. Increasingly, jurisdictions have adopted three-stage graduated driver licensing (GDL) systems for young novice drivers. Since a previous review of U.S. GDL evaluation results, many more U.S. states and Canadian provinces have implemented GDL and/or had enough time pass that additional evaluation results are now available. Twenty-one studies of GDL within 14 individual jurisdictions, and six studies of GDL in the U.S. nationwide, were collected, reviewed, and summarized. Positive results (usually crash reductions) of varying degrees were reported from nearly all the studies. Given differences in approaches, study goals, methods, and analyses, the results are surprisingly consistent. Overall, GDL programs have reduced the youngest drivers'' crash risk by roughly 20 to 40%. Research on teen driving and comprehensive GDL enhancements could further reduce teen drivers'' motor-vehicle crashes, injuries, and fatalities. Impact on Industry: Policy-makers, as well as the motor vehicle, insurance, and other industries have been involved in teen driving safety and could enhance and coordinate their roles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: This article examines adolescent psychosocial and problem behavior characteristics as predictors of traffic offenses from licensure to early young adulthood. Methods: Data for this study were from a school-based sample that was surveyed in 10th and 12th grades, and again in early young adulthood. In addition, state driver history records were obtained for each participant in the study and provided a complete traffic offense history. Results: Models adjusted for driving exposure showed varying patterns of prediction for men and women across three types of ticketed moving violations (offenses): minor offenses, serious offenses, and alcohol offenses. Although which predictors were significant varied across gender and type of offense, results suggested that more positive psychosocial adjustment predicted lower numbers, greater decreases, and a lower likelihood of increases in offenses from licensure through the early 20s. Conclusions: Based on this research, implications for intervention include providing parents with the tools and knowledge needed to effectively supervise their teens’ driving during the first years of licensure. Also potentially important for their broad positive effects on problem behaviors, including problem driving, are programs that strengthen adolescents’ bonds to conventional social institutions and increase their attachment to the people who represent those institutions. Future research should examine the longitudinal sequencing of associations among psychosocial and problem behavior variables, including problem driving. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: To investigate the perceived health care needs, foregone care, barriers to care, and associated risk factors in a non-urban population of adolescents.Methods: Tenth-grade students attending school and 15–17-year-old youth not attending school in a Midwestern county were surveyed or interviewed. Eighty-six percent provided usable data (n = 1948, 134 of whom were not in school). Nine focus groups (71 participants; 28 were not in school) were conducted in follow-up. Quantitative analysis included descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and logistic regression. Qualitative analysis of taped focus groups identified themes and interpreted findings.Results: Although 91% had seen a physician in the past 2 years, 44% reported foregoing needed care in the last year. Barriers for specific health needs were: cost of care and lack of insurance coverage for injuries and illnesses; lack of knowledge, distrust, and stigma for depression; embarrassment and transportation for birth control and sexually transmitted infections (STIs); and not knowing where or how to access care for drug and alcohol use. Youth most likely to have foregone care included those involved with dangerous activities under peer pressure (1.8, CI: 1.44–2.13), sexual intercourse (1.4, CI: 1.25–1.67), marijuana use (1.4, CI: 1.17–1.67), anticipating parenthood before age 20 years (1.2, CI: 1.04–1.33), male gender (2.5, CI: 1.89–2.86) and perceiving good health (1.7, CI: 1.45–1.85).Conclusions: Nearly half of this non-urban population (both in and out of school) reported foregoing needed care in the last year. The barriers to care include lack of information, lack of access, poor insurance coverage, parenting issues, and concern about confidentiality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

: PurposeTo examine the effects on early high-risk driving behavior of changes over time (trajectories) in adolescent alcohol use, friends’ support for drinking, susceptibility to peer pressure, and tolerance of deviance.: MethodsStatewide driving data were obtained for 4813 subjects who had completed at least two previous school-based questionnaires. The self-administered questionnaire data provided predictor measures from 5th through 10th grades. Trajectory information on predictor measures was summarized using each measure’s slope over time and level at the 10th grade data collection (last value). Regression models used serious offenses, alcohol-related offenses, serious crashes, and alcohol-related crashes as outcomes, trajectory measures as predictors, and produced parameter estimates adjusted for demographic measures. Probabilities of having a serious offense or serious crash for five sample trajectories on each measure were obtained from the estimated regression models.: ResultsAll four predictor measures were important, particularly in predicting serious offenses, alcohol-related offenses, and alcohol-related crashes. The highest probabilities for young adult high-risk driving were found among those with consistently high or increasingly high trajectories of friends’ support for drinking, susceptibility to peer pressure, and tolerance of deviance.: ConclusionsPrograms to prevent adolescent risk behavior should take into account environmental and personality influences. Prevention efforts need to emphasize preserving low levels, preventing increases, and promoting decreases over time of adolescent risk factors for unhealthy behaviors, such as high-risk driving. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Many bacterial pathogens cause disease by injecting virulence proteins (effectors) into host cells via the specialized type III secretion system. Recently, exceptional progress in identifying effectors was made in the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae using a novel genetic screen and bioinformatic approach. These studies, along with localization experiments, suggest that most P. syringae effectors function by targeting the plasma membrane, chloroplasts or mitochondria of host cells. The type III secretome of P. syringae is highly variable and dynamic, a lesson gleaned from a comparative genomic analysis. Variation in the effector repertoire is likely to facilitate the adaptation of P. syringae to different hosts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Presents information on a study regarding fluid intake of elders residing in long-term-care facilities in the United States. Actual fluid intake in a group of residents based on a three-day diet record; Comparison of the results with other standards of fluid intake; Assessment of dehydration symptoms and the effect of physical and mental dependency factors.

Determines whether or not nutrition support team (NST) management of enterally fed patients is cost beneficial. Primary outcomes of care between team and nonteam management; Association of financial benefits with nutrition support team management of enterally fed hospital patients.

High intakes of iron, zinc, or manganese can interfere with copper absorption. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether the amounts and chemical forms of iron, zinc, manganese, and copper added to food products and nutritional supplements might pose a threat to copper status. More than 25% of the vitamin and mineral supplements examined contained no copper, 40% contained the poorly absorbed cupric oxide, and < 30% contained a highly bioavailable form of copper such as cupric sulfate or cupric chloride. Nearly 40% of the prenatal supplements examined contained both iron and zinc without a nutritionally significant amount of copper. More than 80% of the infant formulas examined had ratios of iron to copper exceeding 20:1, which is higher than the recommended ratios of 10–17:1. None of the 40 ready-to-eat breakfast cereals examined were fortified with copper or manganese although 50% of these cereals contained ≥25% of the reference daily intake for both iron and zinc. Copper availability could be improved by reformulation of several food products and supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies changes in serum cholesterol, other serum lipids and apolipoprotein (apo) concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men consuming caprenin (Cap)-rich diets after either baseline diets enriched in palm oil/palm-kernel oil or butter. Clinical profile and diets; Serum lipids and apolipoproteins; Incorporation of 22:0 into red blood cell membranes.

A 4-6 mo study was conducted to examine effects of a very-low-calorie, high-protein diet and realimentation on energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and serum thyroid hormones of obese women aged 30-54 yr. Fifteen healthy women, ≥126% ideal body weight, were placed on the diet (420 kcal/day) and lost an average of 1.1 kg/wk until a predetermined goal weight was attained. RMR, triiodothyronine (T3), and reverse T3 decreased significantly (p <0.05). Thyroxine remained unchanged. Upon gradual realimentation onto solid foods, all metabolic parameters increased significantly within 5 wk toward pre-diet baseline values, but RMR (kcal/h) and T3 values remained significantly below pre-study values. Estimates of mean energy expenditure, utilizing a technique based on energy intake and body composition changes, averaged 1719 kcal/day during the diet period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of a very-low-calorie (420 kcal/day), high-protein diet (70 g/day) and realimentation on weight and body composition of 15 obese, middle-aged women were examined in a 4-6 mo study. Mean weight loss was 20.5 kg (1.1 kg/wk). Fat accounted for 83% and lean body mass (LBM) for 17% of total body weight loss. Multiple regression equations estimated from anthropometric measures were developed to predict the body density of obese individuals both before and after weight loss. Best predictors of body density in obese women before and after weight loss were circumference measurements in the trunk area. Nine previously published population specific and generalized equations for predicting body fat in women were not strongly enough correlated with body fat values obtained by densitometry in this study to be of use clinically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]