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• The images were subjected to detail transformation to improve low-light and weak-textured areas. • For microscopic images, a curvature-based method was proposed to evaluate the sharpness level at each position in the image. • Noise in depth maps was classified and modeled, and different methods were used to process different types of noise to obtain accurate depth maps. Shape from focus (SFF) is a technique for reconstructing the 3D shape of a scene from a sequence of multi-focus images. The quality of the shape reconstruction depends on the accuracy of the initial focus volume (FV) and the optimization of the initial depth map. The initial FV is calculated by the focus measure (FM) operator. Traditional FM operators perform poorly in preserving structural edges and weak texture areas. In depth map optimization, strong smoothness constraints are mainly used for improvement, but this relies on the accuracy of the initial depth map. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a complete SFF method framework. We suggest performing detail transformation on the images to enhance texture information, especially in weak texture areas. For micro-images, a curvature method is proposed to evaluate the sharpness level of the images. Noise in the initial depth map is divided into two types and optimized using spatial clustering and static guided filtering methods. Experiments have been conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method using both synthetic and real objects. Compared with existing methods, the proposed method achieves excellent results in accurately reconstructing 3D shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • TBI causes oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in brain tissue, which in turn causes ferroptosis. • DFO can reduce oxidative stress and iron death levels after TBI. • GSNO reduces TBI-induced neurodegeneration and aids in functional recovery. • DFO can reduce NF-kb pathway expression after TBI, which in turn reduces pyroptosis and attenuates neuroinflammation. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important reason of neurological damage and has high morbidity and mortality rates. The secondary damage caused by TBI leads to a poor clinical prognosis. According to the literature, TBI leads to ferrous iron aggregation at the site of trauma and may be a key factor in secondary injury. Deferoxamine (DFO), which is an iron chelator, has been shown to inhibit neuron degeneration; however, the role of DFO in TBI is unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore whether DFO can ameliorate TBI by inhibiting ferroptosis and neuroinflammation. Here, our findings suggest that DFO can reduce the accumulation of iron, lipid peroxides, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulate the expression of ferroptosis-related indicators. Moreover, DFO may reduce NLRP3 activation via the ROS/NF-κB pathway, modulate microglial polarization, reduce neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, and inhibit the release of inflammatory factors after TBI. Additionally, DFO may reduce the activation of neurotoxic responsive astrocytes. Finally, we demonstrated that DFO can protect motor memory function, reduce edema and improve peripheral blood perfusion at the site of trauma in mice with TBI, as shown by behavioral experiments such as the Morris water maze test, cortical blood perfusion assessment and animal MRI. In conclusion, DFO ameliorates TBI by reducing iron accumulation to alleviate ferroptosis and neuroinflammation, and these findings provide a new therapeutic perspective for TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Block processing is applied to focus measurement to eliminate the influence of blur diffusion. • The diffusion of image sequence along the optical axis is extracted as clues for shape recovery. • The heat-diffusion refinement is proposed to get a refine depth map. • The proposed strategy recovers more details and distinguishes tiny height difference. Shape from focus (SFF) is a method of recovering the three-dimensional shape of objects from the image sequence through various focusing measurement operators, and is widely used in the fields of medical diagnosis, PCB inspection, industrial manufacturing, and robotic operations. In SFF, the wrong focus measurement causes an inaccurate reconstruction of the object. Generally, to improve the accuracy of focusing measurements, many focus measure (FM) operators are proposed, which is a method that improves the focus volume (FV) performance. However, due to the influence of blur diffusion, which refers to the overlapping of blur circles between different regions, the calculation results of the FM operator in the local window often do not meet the stability requirements of complex scenarios. It is difficult to provide high-precision reconstruction results in practical applications. To overcome this limitation, we proposed an SFF framework based on block processing and heat-diffusion refinement to obtain a refined depth map (RDM). The acquisition of an RDM is mainly divided into two steps. First, the image is divided into blocks to reduce the effect of blur diffusion, and the FM operator is used to calculate the focus measurement value of each block to form the FV. The initial depth map (IDM) is obtained by searching for the best focus position in the FV. The second step is to refine the IDM based on the heat-diffusion principle to obtain the best focus position for all pixels in each block and derive the RDM. The results of experiments conducted on synthetic and real objects demonstrate the superiority of our method in terms of accuracy and its high stability in different application scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chitosan treatment disrupts mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea. • Chitosan treatment improves antioxidant enzyme activity in grape fruits. • Chitosan treatment inhibits the damage of Botrytis cinerea to grape fruit. • Chitosan regulated the signal transduction and metabolite synthesis of grape fruit. Chitosan has a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and has been used to control or delay postharvest decay of fruit. In this study, transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses were used to evaluate the effect of chitosan treatment on the resistance to Botrytis cinerea of two grape varieties ('Kyoho' and 'Shine Muscat') that differ in their resistance to this pathogen. Meantime, the effect of chitosan treatment on B. cinerea mycelium growth was analyzed by scanning electron microscope. The physiological indicators of disease and antioxidant enzyme activities of grape fruit after chitosan treatment were also measured. The results showed that chitosan treatment inhibited the damage of B. cinerea to grape fruit. At same time, chitosan could destroy the mycelium of B. cinerea and increase the antioxidant enzyme activities of grape fruit. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from treated or non-treated samples with chitosan were mainly enriched in the recognition of fungal diseases, plant hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction, and secondary metabolism. We detected a large number of secondary metabolites using the metabolome that were different in 'Kyoho' and 'Shine Muscat', such as epigallocatechin gallate, catechin, resveratrol etc. In conclusion, chitosan treatment improved disease resistance of grape fruit, and we established a possible model for chitosan regulating disease resistance of 'Kyoho' and 'Shine Muscat'. We found that the expression of DEGs in disease perception, plant hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction, and secondary metabolism differ between 'Kyoho' and 'Shine Muscat' after chitosan treatment, which helps to clarify the possible mechanism of chitosan providing tolerance to B. cinerea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]