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This paper identifies and evaluates interventions for addressing the structural conditions in food systems that contribute to food waste. Within the food waste literature, an emerging strand of research is focusing on how food waste has structural causes that are embedded within the fundamental characteristics of food supply chains. This paper draws upon empirical research examining the causes of food waste in the Australian horticulture industry as a context from which to advance understandings of how to dismantle mechanisms of waste creation inherent in food systems. Identifying appropriate interventions to alter the dynamics of food waste production is an important part of addressing food waste as a structural issue, yet such interventions are subject to system resistance to transforming the normal operation of incumbent food systems. Guided by socio-technical transitions theory, this paper investigates ways to increase regime pressure to overcome systemic resistance through the frames of "creative regime destabilisation" and "alternative niche support". A theoretical integration of socio-technical transitions with systems thinking provides deeper insights into the transformative potential of diverse interventions through the identification of 'deep leveraging points', proposing a tangible transition agenda for industry, policy and research. • Systemic food waste solutions are interventions to escape food system 'lock-in' to surplus and waste creation. • Systemic solutions represent responsive policy mixes of multiple concerted interventions that change system dynamics. • Interventions must have sufficient leverage to destabilise prevailing industry entitlements of waste creation. • Government leadership is essential to accept food waste solutions as an indispensable part of any coherent climate strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Animal cell-cultured meat has been discursively positioned as the solution to global food systems issues. • This has impacts on regulatory scope and responses. • Current problematizations serve the dominant ideology maintaining the intensive use of animals in food systems. • There is a need for animal-centered perspectives in policy and regulatory debates around animal cell-cultured meat. This paper draws attention to how 'problems' were constructed at the USDA-FDA Joint Public Meeting on Use of Animal Cell Culture Technology in 2018 and the implications of these discursive constructs for the governance of animals in food systems. The findings demonstrate what problems animal cell-cultured meat has been positioned as the solution to, and what problems emerge from this new technology that regulators are expected to respond to. The problem representation and the solutions posed reproduce understandings that normalize and promote high and increasing levels of animal flesh consumption and related intensive uses of animals. With relevance for various academic disciplines, and policy-making and activist communities, this analysis offers insight from a critical animal studies lens into the role discourse plays in the governance of food systems that in turn shape the lives and bodies of animals in this emerging regulatory space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) produces the superoxide anion radical (O2-), which has functions in both cell signaling and immune defense. NOX2 is a multimeric-protein complex consisting of several protein subunits including the GTPase Rac. NOX2 uniquely facilitates an oxidative burst, which is described by initially slow O2- production, which increases over time. The NOX2 oxidative burst is considered critical to immune defense because it enables expedited O2- production in response to infections. However, the mechanism of the initiation and progression of this oxidative burst and its implications for regulation of NOX2 have not been clarified. In this study, we show that the NOX2 oxidative burst is a result of autoactivation of NOX2 coupled with the redox function of Rac. NOX2 autoactivation begins when active Rac triggers NOX2 activation and the subsequent production of O2-, which in turn activates redox-sensitive Rac. This activated Rac further activates NOX2, amplifying the feedforward cycle and resulting in a NOX2-mediated oxidative burst. Using mutagenesis-based kinetic and cell analyses, we show that enzymatic activation of Rac is exclusively responsible for production of the active Rac trigger that initiates NOX2 autoactivation, whereas redox-mediated Rac activation is the main driving force of NOX2 autoactivation and contributes to generation of ~98% of the active NOX2 in cells. The results of this study provide insight into the regulation of NOX2 function, which could be used to develop therapeutics to control immune responses associated with dysregulated NOX2 oxidative bursts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The neural mechanisms underlying some forms of learning and memory require hours or days to be expressed; however it has proven difficult to study these slowly developing forms of plasticity in reduced preparations due to the short-term nature of acute slice preparations and the fact that most culture preparations lack exposure to structured external input, which plays a critical role in normal cortical development and plasticity. To address this limitation, we developed a method for chronic stimulation of organotypic slice cultures using implanted microelectrodes. This method imparts the ability to apply patterned stimulation to cortical tissue for hours or days, and allows intracellular electrophysiological recordings before and after the stimulation. Importantly, the permanent implantation of the electrodes in the tissue assures that the same neuronal pathways are being excited both during the chronic stimulation while the cultures are in the incubator and while recording in the testing phase. This technique establishes a reduced model for studying experience-dependent plasticity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mn(II)-oxidizing microbes have an integral role in the biogeochemical cycling of manganese, iron, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, and several nutrients and trace metals. There is great interest in mechanistically understanding these cycles and defining the importance of Mn(II)-oxidizing bacteria in modern and ancient geochemical environments. Linking Mn(II) oxidation to cellular function, although still enigmatic, continues to drive efforts to characterize manganese biomineralization. Recently, complexed-Mn(III) has been shown to be a transient intermediate in Mn(II) oxidation to Mn(IV), suggesting that the reaction might involve a unique multicopper oxidase system capable of a two-electron oxidation of the substrate. In biogenic and abiotic synthesis experiments, the application of synchrotron-based X-ray scattering and spectroscopic techniques has significantly increased our understanding of the oxidation state and relatively amorphous structure (i.e. δ–MnO2-like) of biogenic oxides, providing a new blueprint for the structural signature of biogenic Mn oxides. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Until recently, food waste prevention intervention has largely offered 'end of pipe solutions' that focus on causes of food waste at specific points in supply chains and on dealing with the physical waste material itself. Recent research has taken a different approach by emphasizing the systemic nature of the food waste problem and the need for its in-depth exploration. This paper offers a systems-based understanding of food waste, which allows for an account of the interconnected processes that underpin waste creation along the whole supply chain. Through a qualitative inquiry on practices and processes of surplus and waste creation in the Australian horticulture industry, the research findings precisely delineate 'surplus-to-waste lock-ins'. That is, the institutional, cultural, and material factors that enable the creation of food waste through the related categories of over-production and surplus formation. The article's identification and analysis of surplus-to-waste lock-ins is grounded in a socio-technical transitions perspective and extends transition studies to agrifood systems and horticultural food waste. This research positions systemic food waste theoretically as a symptom of 'system-lock-in', which may thwart efforts to prevent food waste, and thus bridges micro and macro levels of analysis. These findings translate into three key recommendations for industry, policy and research: that approaches addressing systemic processes of waste creation are essential to unlocking food waste prevention, that food waste prevention should target the identified system processes contributing to food chain lock-ins, and that transparent monitoring and disclosure of food surplus is a prerequisite for systemic food waste prevention across the whole supply chain. Image 1 • Australian horticulture supply chains encourage production of food surplus while lacking mechanisms for food waste prevention. • Food waste creation is reinforced by powerful lock-in mechanisms that both rely on surplus and resist reducing surplus. • Systemic food waste prevention must target the processes of food waste creation along the entire supply chain. • Transparent monitoring and disclosure of surplus in food chains is an essential prerequisite of food waste prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ras family proteins play an essential role in several cellular functions, including growth, differentiation, and survival. The mechanism of action of Ras mutants in Costello syndrome and cancers has been identified, but the contribution of Ras mutants to Noonan syndrome, a genetic disorder that prevents normal development in various parts of the body, is unknown. Son of Sevenless (SOS) is a Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor. In response to Ras-activating cell signaling, SOS autoinhibition is released and is followed by accelerative allosteric feedback autoactivation. Here, using mutagenesis-based kinetic and pulldown analyses, we show that Noonan syndrome Ras mutants I24N, T50I, V152G, and D153V deregulate the autoactivation of SOS to populate their active form. This previously unknown process has been linked so far only to the development of Noonan syndrome. In contrast, other Noonan syndrome Ras mutants--V14I, T58I, and G60E--populate their active form by deregulation of the previously documented Ras GTPase activities. We propose a novel mechanism responsible for the deregulation of SOS autoactivation, where I24N, T50I, V152G, and D153V Ras mutants evade SOS autoinhibition. Consequently, they are capable of forming a complex with the SOS allosteric site, thus aberrantly promoting SOS autoactivation, resulting in the population of active Ras mutants in cells. The results of this study elucidate the molecular mechanism of the Ras mutant- mediated development of Noonan syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To estimate the potential health impact and cost-effectiveness of nationwide Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination in India. Study design: A decision support model was used, bringing together estimates of demography, epidemiology, Hib vaccine effectiveness, Hib vaccine costs, and health care costs. Scenarios favorable and unfavorable to the vaccine were evaluated. State-level analyses indicate where the vaccine might have the greatest impact and value. Results: Between 2012 and 2031, Hib conjugate vaccination is estimated to prevent over 200 000 child deaths (∼1% of deaths in children <5 years of age) in India at an incremental cost of US$127 million per year. From a government perspective, state-level cost-effectiveness ranged from US$192 to US$1033 per discounted disability adjusted life years averted. With the inclusion of household health care costs, cost-effectiveness ranged from US$155-US$939 per discounted disability adjusted life year averted. These values are below the World Health Organization thresholds for cost effectiveness of public health interventions. Conclusions: Hib conjugate vaccination is a cost-effective intervention in all States of India. This conclusion does not alter with plausible changes in key parameters. Although investment in Hib conjugate vaccination would significantly increase the cost of the Universal Immunization Program, about 15% of the incremental cost would be offset by health care cost savings. Efforts should be made to expedite the nationwide introduction of Hib conjugate vaccination in India. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction: The heightened risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality in prisons is well documented, but COVID-19's impact on all-cause mortality in incarcerated populations has not yet been studied. This study analyzed mortality records from the Florida State Department of Corrections prison system population to evaluate the impact COVID-19 had on all-cause mortality and compare mortality rates and life expectancy with that of the overall state of Florida population.Methods: Population age and sex data for Florida State Department of Corrections were ascertained from the Florida State Department of Corrections Offender Based Information System. Death data by age, sex, and cause of death were acquired from medical records and Florida State Department of Corrections offender reports. The state of Florida demographic and death data were collected from the Census Bureau, Florida Department of Health, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Age- and sex-standardized life table measures were calculated, and COVID-19 contributions to changes in life expectancy were assessed using Arriaga's decomposition.Results: The standardized mortality rate in the Florida State Department of Corrections population increased by 45% between 2019 and 2020, causing an overall 4.0-year decline in life expectancy. Over the same period, the state of Florida population's standardized mortality increased by 19%, resulting in an overall 2.7-year decline. Within the Florida State Department of Corrections population, life expectancy decline could be attributed exclusively to COVID-19 mortality.Conclusions: The state of Florida prison population saw a substantial increase in mortality driven solely by COVID-19 mortality, leading to an overall 4-year decline in life expectancy. Given the findings and continued threat of COVID-19 outbreaks, Florida State Department of Corrections and other prison systems should strive to increase vaccination uptake, decrease prison populations, and commit to COVID-19 data transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The case-control methodology is frequently used to evaluate vaccine effectiveness post-licensure. The results of such studies provide important insight into the level of protection afforded by vaccines in a ‘real world’ context, and are commonly used to guide vaccine policy decisions. However, the potential for bias and confounding are important limitations to this method, and the results of a poorly conducted or incorrectly interpreted case-control study can mislead policies. In 2012, a group of experts met to review recent experience with case-control studies evaluating vaccine effectiveness; we summarize the recommendations of that group regarding best practices for data collection, analysis, and presentation of the results of case-control vaccine effectiveness studies. Vaccination status is the primary exposure of interest, but can be challenging to assess accurately and with minimal bias. Investigators should understand factors associated with vaccination as well as the availability of documented vaccination status in the study context; case-control studies may not be a valid method for evaluating vaccine effectiveness in settings where many children lack a documented immunization history. To avoid bias, it is essential to use the same methods and effort gathering vaccination data from cases and controls. Variables that may confound the association between illness and vaccination are also important to capture as completely as possible, and where relevant, adjust for in the analysis according to the analytic plan. In presenting results from case-control vaccine effectiveness studies, investigators should describe enrollment among eligible cases and controls as well as the proportion with no documented vaccine history. Emphasis should be placed on confidence intervals, rather than point estimates, of vaccine effectiveness. Case-control studies are a useful approach for evaluating vaccine effectiveness; however careful attention must be paid to the collection, analysis and presentation of the data in order to best inform evidence-based vaccine policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case-control studies are commonly used to evaluate effectiveness of licensed vaccines after deployment in public health programs. Such studies can provide policy-relevant data on vaccine performance under ‘real world’ conditions, contributing to the evidence base to support and sustain introduction of new vaccines. However, case-control studies do not measure the impact of vaccine introduction on disease at a population level, and are subject to bias and confounding, which may lead to inaccurate results that can misinform policy decisions. In 2012, a group of experts met to review recent experience with case-control studies evaluating the effectiveness of several vaccines; here we summarize the recommendations of that group regarding best practices for planning, design and enrollment of cases and controls. Rigorous planning and preparation should focus on understanding the study context including healthcare-seeking and vaccination practices. Case-control vaccine effectiveness studies are best carried out soon after vaccine introduction because high coverage creates strong potential for confounding. Endpoints specific to the vaccine target are preferable to non-specific clinical syndromes since the proportion of non-specific outcomes preventable through vaccination may vary over time and place, leading to potentially confusing results. Controls should be representative of the source population from which cases arise, and are generally recruited from the community or health facilities where cases are enrolled. Matching of controls to cases for potential confounding factors is commonly used, although should be reserved for a limited number of key variables believed to be linked to both vaccination and disease. Case-control vaccine effectiveness studies can provide information useful to guide policy decisions and vaccine development, however rigorous preparation and design is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]