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Purpose: The aim of this study was to test whether patient and radiologist demographics influence perceptions of screening mammography reports and the interpreting radiologist.Methods: Patients presenting for breast imaging were surveyed. Demographics were collected, and each participant was shown five mock screening mammography reports with BI-RADS category 2 findings, each with a recommendation for 1-year screening. Each report included a picture of the interpreting radiologist, who was Black or White and male or female. Participants answered seven questions, on a Likert-type scale, about understanding, satisfaction, and trust in the report and radiologist. Generalized estimating equation ordinal logistic regression compared responses on the basis of participant and radiologist demographics.Results: A total of 178 women participated, with a mean age of 55.1 ± 10.2 years. Most participants self-identified as White (71%) or Black (20%) and non-Hispanic (98%), with broad educational representation (28% with bachelor's degrees and 28% with master's degrees). After controlling for demographics, Black participants reported greater agreement regarding trust in the report's finding (P = .037) if the radiologist was also Black. Black participants were less likely to be satisfied in the report quality (P = .043). Additionally, participants without any college education reported lower agreement that they were satisfied with the report quality (P = .020) and felt the radiologist cares about his or her patients (P = .037). There were no significant associations for radiologist sex or participant age.Conclusions: Participant perceptions of screening mammography reports and the interpreting radiologist can be influenced by participant and provider race as well as participant education. These findings could have implications for mammography adherence, breast radiologist recruitment, and developing patient-centric reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.08.024 Byline: Sean Esteban McCabe (a), Christian J. Teter (b), Carol J. Boyd (a), John R. Knight (c), Henry Wechsler (d) Abstract: This study examined the prevalence rates and correlates of nonmedical use of prescription opioid analgesics among U.S. college students in terms of student and college characteristics. Author Affiliation: (a) University of Michigan Substance Abuse Research Center, 2025 Traverwood Dr., Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105-2194, United States (b) Northeastern University School of Pharmacy and McLean Hospital, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Treatment Center, 206 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Boston, MA 02115-5000, United States (c) Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital Boston, Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse Research, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States (d) Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Society, Human Development and Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States

A previous trial found lower alcohol use risk during follow-up among adolescent primary care patients receiving computer-facilitated Screening and provider Brief Advice (cSBA) compared to treatment-as-usual (TAU). We tested whether the effect was mediated by alcohol-related perceived risk of harm (PRoH). We analyzed data from the cSBA trial on 12- to 18-year-old patients at 9 New England practices (n = 2,096, 58% females). The trial used a quasi-experimental pre–post design with practices being their own controls (TAU followed by cSBA). Because prior alcohol experience could modify effects, we stratified analyses by baseline past 12-month drinking. Among baseline nondrinkers, we tested baseline to 3-month trajectories in PRoH of "trying alcohol" as an effect mediator for drinking at 3- and 12-month follow-up. Similarly, among those with prior drinking, we examined baseline to 3-month trajectories in PRoH of "weekly binge drinking" as an effect mediator for drinking and binge drinking. We used the Hayes product of coefficients mediation approach. Among baseline nondrinkers (n = 1,449), cSBA had higher PRoH compared to TAU for "trying alcohol," and higher PRoH in turn was associated with lower follow-up drinking risk. PRoH mediated their cSBA effect at 12 months, but not 3 months. Among adolescents with prior drinking (n = 647), cSBA had higher PRoH for "weekly binge drinking," which was associated with lower drinking risk at both follow-ups, and lower binge drinking risk at 3 months. PRoH mediated their cSBA effect on drinking at both follow-ups, and binge drinking at 3 months. A computer-facilitated primary care intervention enhanced adolescents' perceived alcohol risks which in turn was associated with lower drinking risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to elicit pediatric primary care providers' (PCPs) feedback on the acceptability and feasibility of implementing a tablet computer-facilitated Screening and Brief Intervention (cSBI) system for adolescent substance use in their practices. We trained PCPs at five Boston area practices and enrolled their 12- to 18-year-old patients in a pilot randomized trial of cSBI versus usual care. PCPs completed an 18-item poststudy questionnaire. We computed frequencies and thematically coded open-ended responses. The analysis sample included 49 of 54 participating PCPs (90.7%). Overall, 89.8% of participants agreed the cSBI system was useful, and 81.6% reported increased confidence in providing brief counseling. Most useful were the immediate availability of screen results, talking points on substance use risks, and counseling prompts. Challenges included time and unfamiliarity with tablet computers. Many suggested electronic health record integration of cSBI to improve efficiency. cSBI showed high acceptability and increased confidence among pediatric PCPs. Feasibility could be enhanced by electronic health record integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Adolescents with substance use disorders are more likely to have a current psychiatric disorder. However, when compared with the adult literature, there is relatively limited information regarding the specific co-occurrence of certain mental health diagnoses and substance use disorders in adolescents. The objectives of this study were to build on the previous literature regarding mental health diagnoses and different types of substance use disorders in adolescents, as well as explore the differences, if any, between groupings of mental health diagnosis and type of substance used. Methods Data were extracted from the clinical records of 483 individuals aged 11–24 years referred for an evaluation at the Adolescent Substance Abuse Program at Boston Children's Hospital. According to DSM-IV-Text Revision criteria, individuals received diagnoses of substance abuse or dependence and any additional psychiatric disorders. Problematic use was included within the sample for greater power analysis. A multivariable logistic regression model estimated the association between psychiatric diagnosis and substance use while adjusting for covariates including age and gender. Results Multiple significant associations were found, including having any anxiety-related diagnosis and opioid use (odds ratio [OR] = 2.23, p < .001), generalized anxiety disorder and opioids (OR = 3.42, p = .008), cocaine and post-traumatic stress disorder (OR = 3.61, p = .01), and marijuana and externalizing behavior disorders (OR = 2.10, p = .024). Conclusions Our study found multiple significant associations between specific substances and certain co-occurring psychiatric disorders. The use of office screening systems to efficiently identify these youths should be a part of routine medical and psychiatric care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose A computer-facilitated screening and brief advice (cSBA) intervention was previously shown to reduce drinking among U.S. adolescents but not among Czech youth. The purpose of this study was to assess cSBA effect on heavy episodic drinking (HED). Methods Participants were 12- to 18-year-olds at nine U.S. primary care offices (N = 2,096) and 10 Czech pediatrician-generalist offices (N = 589) who completed measurements only during an 18-month treatment-as-usual (TAU) phase. We then initiated the cSBA protocol for all participants and recruited the 18-month cSBA phase. Generalized Estimating Equations logistic regression compared past-90-day HED for cSBA versus TAU at 3- and 12-months, controlling for baseline HED and other covariates. Results Baseline past-90-day HED rates were 11% for U.S. and 28% for Czech youth. At 3 months, among Czech baseline non-HED, the adjusted relative risk ratio for cSBA versus TAU was .52 (95% confidence interval .29, .92). The effect dissipated by 12 months. Conclusions cSBA shows promise for short-term prevention of adolescent HED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose: To determine if peer risk (having friends who drink or approve of drinking) modifies the effects of a computer-facilitated screening and provider brief advice (cSBA) intervention on adolescent alcohol use. Methods: We assessed the intervention effect using logistic regression modeling with generalized estimating equations on a sample of 2,092 adolescents. Effect modification by peer risk was analyzed separately for alcohol initiation (drinking at follow-up in baseline nondrinkers) and cessation (no drinking at follow-up in baseline drinkers) by testing an interaction term (treatment condition by peer risk). Interpretation of the interaction effect was further clarified by subsequent stratification by peer risk. Results: The intervention effect on alcohol cessation was significantly greater among those with peer risk (adjusted relative risk ratios; risk 1.44, 1.18–1.76 vs. no risk .98, .41–2.36) at 3 months' follow-up. There was no such finding for alcohol initiation. Conclusions: Alcohol screening and brief provider counseling may differentially benefit adolescent drinkers with drinking friends. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Methadone is used for the treatment of opioid addiction and for treatment of chronic pain. The safety of methadone has been called into question by data indicating a large increase in the number of methadone-associated overdose deaths in recent years that has occurred in parallel with a dramatic rise in the use of methadone for chronic pain. The American Pain Society and the College on Problems of Drug Dependence, in collaboration with the Heart Rhythm Society, commissioned an interdisciplinary expert panel to develop a clinical practice guideline on safer prescribing of methadone for treatment of opioid addiction and chronic pain. As part of the guideline development process, the American Pain Society commissioned a systematic review of various aspects related to safety of methadone. After a review of the available evidence, the expert panel concluded that measures can be taken to promote safer use of methadone. Specific recommendations include the need to educate and counsel patients on methadone safety, use of electrocardiography to identify persons at greater risk for methadone-associated arrhythmia, use of alternative opioids in patients at high risk of complications related to corrected electrocardiographic QTc interval prolongation, careful dose initiation and titration of methadone, and diligent monitoring and follow-up. Although these guidelines are based on a systematic review, the panel identified numerous research gaps, most recommendations were based on low-quality evidence, and no recommendations were based on high-quality evidence. Perspective: This guideline, based on a systematic review of the evidence on methadone safety, provides recommendations developed by a multidisciplinary expert panel. Safe use of methadone requires clinical skills and knowledge in use of methadone to mitigate potential risks, including serious risks related to risk of overdose and cardiac arrhythmias. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Laboratory drug testing programs may be effective in reducing substance use by adolescents, but developmentally appropriate programs have not been described, and it is unknown if adolescents would be willing to participate in drug testing. Objective: To describe a drug testing protocol for adolescents and report on acceptance rate by patients participating in an outpatient adolescent substance abuse program. Methods: Eligible adolescents participating in an outpatient substance abuse treatment program were offered a random laboratory drug testing program that is described in detail in this manuscript. We recorded whether they accepted and, if not, the reason for refusal. Results: Of the first 114 eligible patients, 67 (59%) agreed to participate in a drug testing program (PDT). Conclusions: A majority of adolescents participating in an outpatient drug treatment program agreed to participate in a drug testing program that requires frequent urine specimens and reports results to parents. Future studies should determine how this program affects treatment outcomes and whether this program is feasible in primary care. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: This analysis was undertaken to determine whether adolescents who screened positive for high-risk substance use with the CRAFFT questions were also more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors than their peers, and to determine the test–retest reliability of a substance use–related sexual risk behaviors inventory. Methods: Clinic patients 12–18 years old completed a multi-part questionnaire that included eight demographic items, the CRAFFT substance use screen, and a 14-item scale assessing sexual behaviors associated with substance use. Participants were invited to return 1 week later to complete an identical assessment battery. Results: Of the 305 study participants, 49 (16.1%) had a positive CRAFFT screen result (score of 2 or greater, indicating high risk for substance abuse/dependence) and 101 (33.9%) reported sexual contact during the past 90 days. After controlling for gender, age, race/ethnicity, and number of parents in household, adolescents with a positive CRAFFT screen had significantly greater odds of having sexual contact after using alcohol or other drugs, of having a sexual partner who used alcohol or other drugs, of having sex without a condom, and of having multiple sexual partners within the past year, compared to their CRAFFT negative peers. The substance use–related sexual risk behaviors inventory has acceptable test–retest reliability, and the 10 frequency questions have scale-like properties with acceptable internal consistency (standardized Cronbach''s alpha=.79). Conclusion: Clinicians should pay special attention to counseling CRAFFT-positive adolescents regarding use of condoms and the risks associated with sexual activity with multiple partners, while intoxicated, or with an intoxicated partner. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: The objective of our study was to assess the effects of requiring parental consent upon study participation and self-reported substance-related problems among 14–18-year-olds. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of combined data from two similar studies of adolescent substance use that recruited participants from the same adolescent clinic at Children’s Hospital Boston. Study 1 waived parental consent, whereas Study 2 required parental consent. The combined dataset included demographic characteristics and Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble (CRAFFT) study screening test responses. The CRAFFT is an orally administered screen that yields a score from 0–6 and that has been shown to be a valid and reliable measure of risk for substance-related problems. Results: The participation refusal rate in Study 1, where consent was waived, was 19.7% (132 of 670 eligible individuals) and in Study 2 (243 of 411 eligible individuals), where consent was required, it was 59.1% (p < .0001). Participants did not differ significantly with respect to gender and age but did differ by self-identified race/ethnicity between the two studies. Because the CRAFFT score distributions were highly skewed, we used the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test for differences in mean rank. The mean rank in Study 1 was significantly higher than in Study 2 (mean rank 362 vs. 325, p = .02). After controlling for age, gender, and race/ethnicity, the adjusted proportional odds ratio for a one-point increase in CRAFFT score was 1.47 (CI 1.03, 2.10) for Study 1 compared with Study 2. Conclusions: The research requirement of parental consent may result in substantial self-selection bias towards a lower risk sample. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Opioid use by adolescents is on the rise and replacement therapy is an effective treatment. Methadone replacement has been used safely and effectively with adults, but methadone programs are often unattractive to teenagers. Buprenorphine is a new replacement therapy that has been shown to be as effective as high dose methadone and may be better suited for the treatment of younger patients. We describe the experiences of several adolescent patients who received treatment from an outpatient adolescent substance abuse program that operates within a children’s hospital, with an emphasis on issues of adolescent development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: To identify barriers to adolescent substance abuse screening in primary care. Methods: Focus groups were held at six primary care sites with a total of 38 providers. Providers brainstormed a list of barriers, collectively grouped similar barriers, and voted to produce a final ranked list. Two investigators qualitatively analyzed field notes and transcripts to triangulate findings, ranked the barriers across all sites by the number of groups identifying the barrier, then calculated a mean ranking (MR) for each. Results: The most commonly identified barrier was insufficient time (MR 1.8). Lack of training in how to manage a positive screen was ranked second (MR 1.7), but was linked to the first. Providers reported they had enough time to administer a short screen, but insufficient time to manage a positive result during the well care visit. The need to triage competing problems (MR 3.0), lack of treatment resources (MR 3.3), tenacious parents who would not leave the room for a confidential discussion (MR 2.5), and unfamiliarity with screening tools (MR 3.0) were also noted by more than one group. Conclusions: Insufficient time and lack of training in how to manage positive screens are the greatest barriers to screening adolescents for substance abuse. This suggests that some providers might differentially avoid screening youth who they suspect will screen positive, yet these patients would benefit most from early recognition. More research is needed on effective ways to manage positive substance abuse screens in primary care. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: To determine (1) whether physicians agree with recommendations for home and school drug screening, (2) under what circumstances physicians recommend urine drug tests for adolescents, and (3) how physicians manage adolescent patients with positive results. Few clinical practice guidelines have been published on urine drug testing of adolescents, and it is not known when physicians recommend this procedure or how they manage positive results. Methods: Multi-modal survey of a nationally representative sample of physicians conducted April–July 2004. We computed simple frequencies and used backwards selection logistical regression to determine if there were differences in agreement or practices among physicians from different specialties (pediatrics, family medicine, adolescent medicine) or by demographic factors (physician age, gender, practice type or location). Results: A total of 359 physicians (43% after eliminating ineligibles) completed the survey. Thirty-eight percent would recommend a drug test if were required to return to school, 41% if a parent was concerned, and 46% based on history (without a parent’s concern). Forty-eight percent of physicians would share a positive drug test result with parents. A large majority (83%) disagreed with high school drug testing programs. Conclusions: There is little consensus among physicians regarding the indications for drug testing in the general medical clinic. However, most disagree with school drug testing programs. There is little consistency among physicians in how to proceed when a urine drug test is positive. Professional organizations should consider publishing clinical practice guidelines in order to assist physicians in using this procedure effectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Purpose: Adolescent cigarette smoking has been reported to be associated with substance use and depression. Less is known about the association between smoking and other mental health symptoms, or the impact of mental health treatment on cigarette smoking and psychiatric morbidity including the substance use disorders. The purpose of this study is to examine the association among adolescent cigarette smoking, mental health symptoms including substance use disorders, and mental health treatment among adolescents treated at a large, hospital-based young adult clinic. Methods: Observational study of 486 adolescent patients presenting for routine medical care. Results: Participants were two-thirds female with an average age of 16.6 years and of diverse ethnic background; 129 (28.6%) reported ever-using tobacco products, and 68 (14%) were current smokers who had an average of 2 cigarettes per day. Current smoking was associated with significantly increased odds of having mental health symptoms and substance use disorders, even after controlling for age and previous mental health treatment, and in both boys and girls. Conclusions: This study supports the increasing appreciation that adolescent tobacco use is clinically important, even at apparently low levels. Adolescent cigarette smoking is generally more common than alcohol and illicit drug use, and these results highlight its multifarious linkages with use of other substances and mental health symptoms. Thus, early identification and intervention of adolescent cigarette smoking may help not only to avert later daily smoking, but also may assist in identifying patients at increased risk for substance use and psychiatric problems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective.—To design, implement, and evaluate an experiential child advocacy curriculum for pediatric residents. Design.—Pilot study including before-after 2-group trial of an educational intervention and a qualitative component. Setting.—A large, hospital-based, urban resident continuity clinic. Participants.—General pediatrics residents (N = 29 [PGY: 1–4]). Intervention.—Residents and faculty designed a longitudinal curriculum in child advocacy for the continuity clinic, which included community-based and legislative experiences for individual residents as well as clinic-based group activities. Residents reported their experiences to their clinic group at weekly preclinic conferences. In addition, residents presented posters at their year-end residency retreat and wrote grants to fund community projects based on their original findings. Evaluation.—We used a quantitative assessment of child advocacy knowledge, attitudes, skills, and self-reported practices, which residents completed pre- and postintervention (2 clinics) or, for comparison residents, at the beginning and end of the academic year (3 clinics). In addition, we conducted focus-group discussions with residents in the 2 intervention groups to explore unanticipated responses to the new curriculum. Results.—Residents who received the intervention (n = 13) had a greater increase in advocacy knowledge (2.62 vs 0.19, P = .005), ability to identify community resources (0.62 vs 0.16, P = .03), self-reported advocacy skills (2.0 vs -0.21, P = .002), and perceived value of advocacy training (0.31 vs -0.19, P = .03) compared with residents who did not (n = 16). In focus groups, intervention residents (n = 17) reported being surprised by community groups' and legislators' responsiveness to resident inquiries, and they expressed enhanced confidence in engaging these groups in dialogue about child policy issues. Conclusions.—A longitudinal continuity clinic-based curriculum in child advocacy had significant positive impact on pediatric residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: PurposeTo describe the characteristics of body modification among adolescents and to determine whether adolescents who engage in body modification are more likely to screen positive for alcohol and other drug problems than those who do not.: MethodsAdolescents aged 14 to 18 years presenting to an urban adolescent clinic for routine health care completed a questionnaire about body modification and a substance use assessment battery that included the 17-item Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers Alcohol/Drug Use and Abuse Scale (POSIT-ADS). Body modification was defined as piercings (other than one pair of bilateral earlobe piercings in females), tattoos, scarification, and branding. Problem substance use was defined as a POSIT-ADS score ≥1. Data were analyzed using logistic regression to determine whether the presence of body modification was an independent predictor of problem substance use.: ResultsThe 210 participants had a mean (± SD) age of 16.0 (± 1.4) years and 63% were female. One hundred adolescents (48%) reported at least one body modification; girls were more likely than boys to have body modification (59% vs. 28%, p ≤ .0005). Ninety (42%) reported piercings, 22 (10%) tattoos, 9 (4%) scarification, and 1 (< 1%) branding; 21 (10%) had more than one type of body modification. These were in a variety of locations, most commonly the ear and the nose (piercings) or the extremities (tattoos). One-third of the sample (33%) screened positive for problem substance use on the POSIT-ADS questionnaire. Controlling for age, adolescents with body modification had 3.1 times greater odds of problem substance use than those without body modification (95% CI 1.7, 5.8).: ConclusionsBody modification was associated with self-reported problem alcohol and other drug use among middle adolescents presenting for primary care. More research is needed to determine the clinical and sociocultural significance of body modification and its relationship to substance use in this population. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We developed and pilot tested a 2-session motivational interviewing intervention for substance use among 14- to 18-year-old medical patients. Recruitment and retention were more challenging than anticipated. A substantial number of completers reduced their use of substances and risk of driving after drinking during the 3-month follow-up period. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article reports that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common mental disorder in childhood. Contrary to previous beliefs, it has become clear that, in most cases, ADHD does not resolve once children enter puberty. The author has also discussed the diagnostic' process for the care of adolescents to improve adherences. A well conceived research is needed to identify the unique adolescent characteristics of ADHD and effective psychosocial and pharmacologic treatments.