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This study aimed to (1) examine the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the masseter muscle in relation to bruxism and (2) investigate if there are gender-related differences in the masseter muscle in a population-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. The study included 720 subjects aged 30-89 years (391 women and 329 men) from the Study of Health in Pomerania, a cross-sectional population-based study assessing the prevalence and incidence of common population-relevant diseases and their risk factors in Northeastern Germany. The participants underwent both a whole-body MRI and a full oral examination. The CSAs of the masseter muscles on both sides were measured from MRI images. The presence or absence of awake and/or sleep grinding and clenching, unilateral chewing, and other parafunctional activities were obtained from the dental interview. Linear and ordinal logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between the CSAs of the masseter, bruxism, and gender. The frequency of bruxism and reports of muscle or joint pain were significantly higher in women. The analysis revealed that a larger masseter CSA was significantly associated with bruxism only in men. The larger CSA was manifested only in the higher frequency bruxers. Bruxism had heterogeneous effects on the masseter muscle between genders. Although a higher prevalence of bruxism was reported by women, the larger CSA of the masseter muscle was significantly higher in bruxing men but not in women. This study emphasizes the need for a gender-specific approach when evaluating the clinical implications of bruxism on the masseter muscle. • Bruxism is widespread and associated with stress or occlusal and mandibular disorders. • Data on the possible influence of bruxism on masticatory muscle mass are sparse. • Bruxism is associated with a larger cross-sectional area of the masseter muscle. • This effect is more pronounced in males than in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional robotic screw methods rely on position control and the use of a threshold value, normally a contact force value, to detect the contact between tool and screw, so the nut-runner can be placed correctly on the workpiece. In the case of a dynamic workspace, the variance of the workpiece position will likely cause the nut-runner to be positioned incorrectly and will significantly decrease the success rate of the screw task. This paper proposes a novel method based on a logistic regression model for flexible Human-Robot-Collaboration (HRC) screw assembly operations in highly dynamic workspaces. The proposed method is part of a screwing strategy based on impedance control and developed for HRC applications. The screwing strategy consists of a spiral movement executed by the robot while approaching the workpiece and it is used as a search procedure to find the screw. The proposed method is used to detect when the tool correctly interlocks with the screw head so the robot can proceed with the screwing process. The goal is to stop the spiral movement timely when the nut-runner has correctly interlocked with the screw head to ensure a successful screw task and avoid potential damage to the nut-runner or the workpiece. The proposed screw interlock recognition method utilizes a logistic regression model to observe the contact forces between tool and screw head. The learning model is trained using force data collected from experiments and then its feasibility is validated with further testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Agammaglobulinemia due to variants in IGLL1 has traditionally been considered an exceedingly rare form of severe B-cell deficiency, with only 8 documented cases in the literature. Surprisingly, the first agammaglobulinemic patient identified by newborn screening (NBS) through quantification of kappa-deleting recombination excision circles harbored variants in IGLL1. We comprehensively reviewed clinical and immunologic findings of patients with B-cell deficiency attributed to variants in IGLL1. NBS programs reporting the use of kappa-deleting recombination excision circle assays, the European Society for Immunodeficiencies Registry, and authors of published reports featuring patients with B-cell deficiency linked to IGLL1 variants were contacted. Only patients with (likely) pathogenic variants, reduced CD19+ counts, and no alternative diagnosis were included. The study included 13 patients identified through NBS, 2 clinically diagnosed patients, and 2 asymptomatic siblings. All had severely reduced CD19+ B cells (< 0.1 × 109/L) at first evaluation, yet subsequent follow-up assessments indicated residual immunoglobulin production. Specific antibody responses to vaccine antigens varied, with a predominant reduction observed during infancy. Clinical outcomes were favorable with IgG substitution. Two patients successfully discontinued substitution therapy without developing susceptibility to infections and while maintaining immunoglobulin levels. The pooled incidence of homozygous or compound heterozygous pathogenic IGLL1 variants identified by NBS in Austria, Czechia, and Switzerland was 1.3:100,000, almost double of X-linked agammaglobulinemia. B-cell deficiency resulting from IGLL1 variants appears to be more prevalent than initially believed. Despite markedly low B-cell counts, the clinical course in some patients may be milder than reported in the literature so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This systematic review summarised non-pharmacological interventions for the reduction of thirst in patients with chronic heart failure or hemodialysis. • Results show that non-pharmacological interventions could be helpful to reduce thirst in this patient population but the quality of the studies was moderate to low. • Further research of the development and evaluation of complex interventions could be a useful step to better address patients' individual needs and situations. Thirst is a frequent and burdening symptom in many patients, especially in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and/or receiving hemodialysis (HD). As drug therapies are not feasible, non-pharmacological strategies are needed to reduce thirst and thirst-related burden. To identify non-pharmacological interventions aiming to reduce thirst in patients with CHF and/ or HD, to describe intervention components, and to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions. In February 2024, we completed a systematic search in MEDLINE via PubMed, Livivo, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts, performed critical appraisal and data extraction. We checked risk of bias with the checklists of the Joanna Briggs Institute and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and calculated meta-analyses for sufficiently homogeneous studies using fixed-effects models. We included 15 intervention studies applying non-pharmacological interventions including chewing gum (n = 8), low-sodium diet (n = 2), acupressure (n = 1), frozen strawberries (n = 1), fluid timetables (n = 1), ice cubes and mouthwash (n = 1), and a psychological intervention (n = 1). Sample sizes varied between 11 and 88 participants. Eleven intervention studies showed a reduction of thirst as intervention effect. Meta-analyses for chewing gum showed no significant effect on thirst using a visual analogue scale (IV: -2,32 [-10.37,5.73]; p = 0.57) or the dialysis thirst inventory (IV: -0.26 [- 1.83, 1.30]; p = 0.74). Quality of studies was moderate to low. Results indicate that various non-pharmacological interventions could be helpful to reduce thirst in patients with CHF or HD, but important uncertainty remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient-reported outcome measures are essential tools in clinical decision-making and research. Multi-item scores like the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) are time-consuming to collect and evaluate. The subjective hip value (SHV), as a single-item value, assesses hip function with one question: "What is the overall percent value of your hip if a completely normal hip represents 100%?". The aims of our study were to assess the psychometric properties, and thus validity, reliability, and responsiveness; and to define the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of the SHV in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. A total of 137 consecutive patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty between June 2020 and August 2021 were prospectively enrolled. A SHV and mHHS were collected preoperatively and at follow-ups (6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year). Validity, reliability, responsiveness, MCID, and floor/ceiling effects were evaluated. There was a significant correlation between SHV and mHHS (P =.001) preoperatively (rs = 0.532), 6 weeks (rs = 0.649), 3 months (rs = 0.765), 6 months (rs = 0.854), and after 1 year (rs = 0.879). Test-retest reliability (rs = 0.74; P =.001) and responsiveness (rs = 0.24; P =.007) showed significant correlations. The MCID for SHV was 10.06%. Floor- and ceiling-effects were comparable to the mHHS. The SHV is a valid, reliable, and responsive single-item score for the assessment of hip joint function in arthroplasty patients. It can detect clinically relevant changes in joint function and is easy to collect and interpret, which justifies its implementation in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• About one-third of clinically healthy agers already have a subclinical atherosclerotic plaque. • Older age and higher blood pressure, which is not classified as hypertension, are positively associated with subclinical atherosclerotic plaques. • mTregs but not the total population of Tregs are linked to a subclinical stage of atherosclerosis and could be considered as a biomarker. • The subtypes mTregs and rTregs are furthermore linked to factors such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or cardio respiratory fitness and may be additional diagnostic indicators. Atherosclerosis forms the pathological basis for the development of cardiovascular disease. Since pathological processes initially develop without clinically relevant symptoms, the identification of early markers in the subclinical stage plays an important role for initiating early interventions. There is evidence that regulatory T cells (Tregs) are involved in the development of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify and investigate associations with Tregs and their subsets in a cohort of healthy elderly individuals with and without subclinical atherosclerotic plaques (SAP). In addition, various lifestyle and risk factors, such as cardiorespiratory fitness, were investigated as associated signatures. A cross-sectional study was performed in 79 participants (male: n = 50; age = 63.6 ± 3.7 years; body mass index = 24.9 ± 3.1 kg/m²; mean ± SD) who had no previous diagnosis of chronic disease and were not taking medication. Ultrasound of the carotids to identify SAP, cardiovascular function measurement for vascular assessment and a cardiorespiratory fitness test to determine peak oxygen uptake were performed. Additionally, tests were conducted to assess blood lipids and determine glucose levels. Immunophenotyping of Tregs and their subtypes (resting (rTregs) and effector/memory (mTregs)) was performed by 8-chanel flow cytometry. Participants were categorized according to atherosclerotic plaque status. Linear and logistic regression models were used to analyze associations between parameters. SAP was detected in a total of 29 participants. The participants with plaque were older (64.8 ± 3.6 years vs. 62.9 ± 3.5 years) and had higher peripheral systolic blood pressure (133.8 ± 14.7 mmHg vs. 125.8 ± 10.9 mmHg). The participants with SAP were characterized by a lower percentage of rTregs (28.8% ± 10.7% vs. 34.6% ± 10.7%) and a higher percentage of mTregs (40.3% ± 14.7% vs. 30.0% ± 11.9%). Multiple logistic regression identified age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.20 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.01–1.42)) and mTregs (OR = 1.05 (95%CI: 1.02–1.10)) as independent risk factors for SAP. Stepwise linear regression could reveal an association of peak oxygen uptake (β = 0.441), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (β = –0.096), and SAP (β = 6.733) with mTregs and LDL (β = 0.104) with rTregs. While at an early stage of SAP, the total proportion of Tregs gives no indication of vascular changes, this is indicated by a shift in the Treg subgroups. Factors such as serum LDL or cardiopulmonary fitness may be associated with this shift and may also be additional diagnostic indicators. This could be used to initiate lifestyle-based preventive measures at an early stage, which may have a protective effect against disease progression. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterprise-resource-planning (ERP) systems are highly complex, incorporating critical data and configuration options that can easily cause security threats or risks. While product-line engineering (PLE) provides methods for dealing with configurability, security concerns are not of primary concern in established PLE frameworks. In this paper, we extend the perspectives of established PLE frameworks to incorporate security engineering for ERP systems. We build on a literature review of 15 years (2008-2022) of research on security engineering for ERP systems or product lines. Our framework incorporates three perspectives (i.e., application, security, and domain engineering) with 16 processes and 24 activities. We discuss our framework with respect to the ERP reference architecture and relevant security concerns. Our contributions are intended to help researchers and practitioners obtain a reference on how security engineering can be integrated into PLE for ERP systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of manually detecting and removing screws during disassembly can be time-consuming and demanding. Automated systems utilizing imaging and deep learning can rapidly and accurately identify screws based on features like head shape and size. Different deep learning methods have varying screw detection capabilities. Choosing the right method significantly impacts system effectiveness, robustness and efficiency. Several generic deep learning architectures have been proposed to address this problem. However, there is little guidance on their suitability for specific scenarios. This paper aims to provide qualified guidance for selecting suitable deep learning methods for screw head detection. The proposed approach involves researching existing object detection methods and choosing two representatives – one employing a one-stage approach, the other using two-stage. These selected methods will be implemented identically and their performance evaluated via rigorous analysis and comparison. The dataset comprises synthetic and real images of 6 screw types across 3 products. YOLOv5 was selected for one-stage detectors, Faster R-CNN for two-stage. Results show the one-stage YOLOv5 generally outperforms Faster R-CNN in precision, recall, speed and training times, while Faster R-CNN delivered superior recall with smaller training datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the natural intelligence of humans and bio-evolution, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has seen accelerated growth since the beginning of the 21st century. Successful AI applications have been broadly reported, with Industry 4.0 providing a thematic platform for AI-related research and development in manufacturing. This paper highlights applications of AI in manufacturing, ranging from production system design and planning to process modeling, optimization, quality assurance, maintenance, automated assembly and disassembly. In addition, the paper presents an overview of representative manufacturing problems and matching AI solutions, and a perspective of future research to leverage AI towards the realization of smart manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnosing disease from the past using historic textual sources can be controversial as to its accuracy. To overcome these objections, an empirical approach to the historical clinical data was developed. The approach follows a standardised, objective, and systematic evaluation, satisfying the requirements of the philosophy of science. Physician-managed medical records of mid-19th century patients reported to have suffered from tuberculosis. A diagnostic algorithm, quantifying clinical data into a scoring system, was developed based on criteria recorded in the medical sources. The findings were compared to the autopsy results using the Receiver Operating Characteristics method. The generated scoring system correctly predicted the diagnosis of tuberculosis in 86% of patients in the study. 6% false negatives and 8% false positives were predicted. It is possible to retrospectively diagnose in a reliable and scientifically robust manner under certain conditions. It is important to embed the clinical data into the historical context. A general rejection of retrospective diagnosis is unsubstantiated. Well-designed, disease-specific, and source adapted medical scoring systems are new approaches and overcome criticism raised against retrospective diagnosis. This new approach utilises diverse historic sources and potentially leads to reliable retrospective diagnosis of most common diseases of the past. Selection bias of the records allocated. Quality of the historic sources utilized. Restricted statistical assessment potential of historic sources. Development of disease- and epoch-specific medical score systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published scales measuring medication adherence are myriad. There is a need for a tool that guides towards downstream adherence interventions. To develop and validate a self-report questionnaire able to detect modifiable determinants of medication non-adherence. Workshops, surveys and meetings were used to identify items. Validation was performed in French and German (Switzerland) between March and April 2022. Face validation, content validation, construct validation, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were assessed. The questionnaire was finalized in August 2022. The first draft in English included 13 items divided into four areas. Following translation, validation was performed with 144 patients (63 German-, 81 French-speaking) who were recruited in 35 community pharmacies. Acceptability was good (<5% missing data). Psychometric properties were acceptable with good content validity and moderate construct validity. Internal consistency was acceptable for the French version (Cronbach's alpha = 0.71 [item 1–5] - 0.61 [item 6–9]) and less acceptable for the German version (Cronbach's alpha = 0.43 [item 1–5] - 0.45 [item 6–9]). Test-retest was given for all items (r = 0.52 to 1.0) except item 10 in French (r = 0.25). The final instrument is a 15-item questionnaire called the 15-STARS (Screening Tool for AdheRence to medicineS) that assesses practical difficulties with medicine use, reasons for non-adherence, doses missed, and need for further help. Our findings support the validity and clinical utility of the 15-STARS questionnaire. Reliability was inconclusive due to incoherent internal consistency, but explainable by the single-item nature of the scale. This new tool will enable the detection of patients who experience difficulties that negatively influence medication adherence. Pharmacists will be able to propose specific and tailored adherence interventions to the patients. Next steps will focus on evaluating its usefulness for developing targeted interventions that optimize medication adherence in routine care and research settings. • Many different tools exist in the literature to measure medication adherence. • Self-report questionnaires are time-efficient, easy to provide and to use. • The 15-STARS questionnaire screens for patients with difficulties in medicine use. • It focuses on patients' modifiable determinants and can be used in daily practice. • Adherence-enhancing interventions can be tailored to the patient's needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss key health challenges currently faced by countries in the Central America and Dominican Republic region after the COVID-19 pandemic. We highlight the influence of socioeconomic determinants for the challenging public health dynamics observed and the crucial roles that regional cooperation and health economic research can have for tackling such challenges. We present a descriptive overview of the current situation of public finances and its effect on government capacity to improve social expenditure. We also discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis on social dynamics and living conditions in the region. Our analysis suggests that the interplay between all these factors is likely to have important consequences for health systems and population health in the post-pandemic period. Previous examples of successful cross-country cooperation in the region indicate the great potential that these initiatives have for supporting health system resilience against current challenges. Technical cooperation must be informed by (currently unavailable) research evidence that can guide decision making, especially health economic research to support national health resource allocation policies. Areas identified as priorities for applied health economic research include both macro and microeconomic analyses. Central America and the Dominican Republic face significant health challenges post-pandemic. Our article emphasizes the great potential that regional technical cooperation, informed by further health economic research, has to improve public policies and health governance in the region. • Central America and the Dominican Republic were particularly vulnerable to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, which further aggravated the region's structural problems and exposed the weaknesses and gaps within health and social protections systems. • We show the detrimental impacts of the pandemic on public finances and on government capacity to increase social expenditure in the Central America and Dominican Republic region. We also illustrate how the interplay of factors including constrained domestic fiscal space for health, rising inflation and food insecurity, aggravated poverty and inequalities, and increased migration flows poses substantial risks for health systems and population health in the post-pandemic period. • Previous examples of successful cross-country cooperation in the region illustrate the great potential that these initiatives have for supporting health system resilience against current challenges. Such cooperation must be informed by research evidence that can robustly guide decision making in particular health economic research to support national health resource allocation policies, including both macro (eg, health expenditure productivity) and microeconomic (eg, health technology assessment) analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions between statin therapy and physical exercise complicate effective cardiovascular prevention. Emerging evidence suggests that muscle strain related changes in the expression of the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) may be involved. Therefore, we measured GILZ mRNA expression levels in M. vastus lateralis samples of 32 healthy individuals before and after a standardized bout of strength or endurance exercise. Overall, we found a highly significant downregulation of GILZ after exercise training (p < 0.001). Within-subgroup changes were statistically significant only after strength training, supporting the role of muscle (as opposed to cardiocirculatory) strain. If confirmed, this may help fitting training recommendations and medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Imagery Rescripting (ImRs) can be tailored to different cultural backgrounds. • The case study illustrates ImRs as a stand-alone treatment for PTSD in a refugee. • Symptoms of PTSD were reduced after rescripting multiple traumatic events. • Dissociation was managed with the use of antidissociative skills during ImRs. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is among the most prevalent mental disorders in refugees. Imagery Rescripting (ImRs) has gained growing interest as an innovative and effective treatment for several disorders, including PTSD. The technique aims to change the meaning of traumatic memories by asking the patient to imagine a different outcome of a particular memory. As ImRs focuses on meeting individual needs, it can be tailored to patients with different cultural and religious backgrounds and may be a promising intervention for refugees. This case study therefore illustrates the application and challenges of ImRs as a stand-alone treatment for a refugee patient. The patient had experienced multiple traumatic events during flight and met full criteria for PTSD according to the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5; total score of 32). The treatment was conducted with the assistance of an interpreter and consisted of 12 100-min sessions, during which the most distressing traumatic events were rescripted. Cognitive restructuring and imagery modification—another imagery-based intervention showing some similarities with ImRs—was applied as an additional intervention to address feelings of contamination. At the end of treatment, symptoms were reduced and the patient no longer met diagnostic criteria for PTSD (CAPS-5 total score of 25); however, only change in self-reported symptoms reached clinical significance. Challenges during treatment included frequent dissociative symptoms that were managed by instructing the patient to use antidissociative skills during ImRs. Findings corroborate ImRs as a feasible approach for the treatment of PTSD in patients with complex trauma histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most frequent causes of stroke. Several randomized trials have shown that prolonged monitoring increases the detection of AF, but the effect on reducing recurrent cardioembolism, ie, ischemic stroke and systemic embolism, remains unknown. We aim to evaluate whether a risk-adapted, intensified heart rhythm monitoring with consequent guideline conform treatment, which implies initiation of oral anticoagulation (OAC), leads to a reduction of recurrent cardioembolism. Find-AF 2 is a randomized, controlled, open-label parallel multicenter trial with blinded endpoint assessment. 5,200 patients ≥ 60 years of age with symptomatic ischemic stroke within the last 30 days and without known AF will be included at 52 study centers with a specialized stroke unit in Germany. Patients without AF in an additional 24-hour Holter ECG after the qualifying event will be randomized in a 1:1 fashion to either enhanced, prolonged and intensified ECG-monitoring (intervention arm) or standard of care monitoring (control arm). In the intervention arm, patients with a high risk of underlying AF will receive continuous rhythm monitoring using an implantable cardiac monitor (ICM) whereas those without high risk of underlying AF will receive repeated 7-day Holter ECGs. The duration of rhythm monitoring within the control arm is up to the discretion of the participating centers and is allowed for up to 7 days. Patients will be followed for at least 24 months. The primary efficacy endpoint is the time until recurrent ischemic stroke or systemic embolism occur. The Find-AF 2 trial aims to demonstrate that enhanced, prolonged and intensified rhythm monitoring results in a more effective prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke and systemic embolism compared to usual care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, deep neural networks achieved state-of-the-art results in the subject of 6D object pose estimation for robot manipulation. However, those deep learning methods require expensive training data. Current methods for cost reduction use synthetic data, but rely on expert knowledge and suffer from the domain gap when shifting to the real application. Here, we present a proof of concept for a novel approach towards generating annotated training data for 6D object pose estimation. This approach is designed for learning new objects in operational environments while requiring little interaction and no expertise on the part of the user. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combustion chemistry of tetramethylethylene (TME) was studied in a premixed laminar low-pressure hydrogen flame by combined photoionization molecular-beam mass spectrometry (PI-MBMS) and photoelectron photoion coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy at the Swiss Light Source (SLS) of the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen, Switzerland. This hexene isomer with the chemical formula C 6 H 12 has a special structure with only allylic C H bonds. Several combustion intermediate species were identified by their photoionization and threshold photoelectron spectra, respectively. The experimental mole fraction profiles were compared to modeling results from a recently published kinetic reaction mechanism that includes a TME sub-mechanism to describe the TME/H 2 flame structure. The first stable intermediate species formed early in the flame front during the combustion of TME are 2-methyl-2-butene (C 5 H 10) at a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 70, 2,3-dimethylbutane (C 6 H 14) at m/z 86, and 3-methyl-1,2-butadiene (C 5 H 8) at m/z 68. Isobutene (C 4 H 8) is also a dominant intermediate in the combustion of TME and results from consumption of 2-methyl-2-butene. In addition to these hydrocarbons, some oxygenated species are formed due to low-temperature combustion chemistry in the consumption pathway of TME under the investigated flame conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the presence of mutagenic compounds in raw and treated waters at four water treatment plants (WTP01 to WTP04), in southern Brazil. Samples were concentrated using Amberlite XAD4 resin and the acidic and neutral pH fractions tested by mutagenesis in Salmonella /microsome assay, using TA98, TA100 and YG7108 strains in presence and absence of metabolic activation (in vitro human S9). Mutagenesis in raw water was found only by strain TA98 at WTP03, with and without S9. In treated water, significant results were found for TA98 and TA100 strains, the latter being the most sensitive, with prevalence in acidic extract tests without S9. A chemical analysis was performed in the water samples, prioritizing the investigation of the presence and concentration of globally used Emerging Micropollutants (EMs). These compounds in water sources have the potential to contaminate drinking water due to the inefficiency of the conventional treatment employed and can generate disinfection by-products. WTP04 site had the highest total EMs in raw and treated waters, followed by WTP03 in treated water. These WTPs expressed an EMs removal capacity of 45% and only 23%, respectively. Some pharmaceuticals and caffeine showed the highest concentrations, and the latter was directly related to the disposal of domestic sewage in the aquatic ecosystem. The presence of EMs in water after treatment for all WTPs investigated suggests the importance of expanding guidelines that include EMs to establish better standards for the protection of aquatic life and better quality of the drinking water supplies. [Display omitted] • Absence of mutagenesis in water organic extracts as environmental quality marker. • Presence of mutagenic potential pollutants in raw and drinking water. • Reduction of micropollutants in treated water compared to raw water. • Human S9 reduced the mutagenic activity in treated water samples. • Patterns of mutagenesis suggest formation of unknown DBPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The external auditory canal (EAC) exhibits a complex morphology and strong inter-individual variations. However, these have not yet been comprehensively described in the literature. This study aims to determine the width, height and cross-sectional area of the cartilaginous portion of the EAC and to describe the three-dimensional morphology and variability of different EACs. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 870 subjects (401 male, 469 female, resulting in 1740 EACs) who participated in the longitudinal, population-based cohort study 'Study of Health in Pomerania–START-3'. The height and width were measured in the cartilaginous part of the EAC, between the first and second bend. The variability of the EAC morphology was visualized in three-dimensional models. The mean height (vertical length) of the EAC was 8.62 mm (SD = 2.42) on the right, 8.47 mm (SD = 2.36) on the left. The width (horizontal length) was 4.08 mm (SD = 1.6) on the right, 3.93 mm (SD = 1.64) on the left. The EAC cross-section was 28.6 mm2 (SD = 15.19) on the right, 27.15 mm2 (SD = 14.33) on the left. The average cross-sectional area of the EAC in men was higher than in women. Subjects with larger body size had larger cross-sectional areas. Subjects with higher body mass index tended to have smaller cross-sections. Although the average EAC had an oval shape, a three-dimensional comparison of different EACs revealed strong individual variation in morphology. This study enhances the understanding of otolaryngologists and anatomists regarding the complex morphology and variability of the cartilaginous portion of the EAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress on tree vitality is expected to increase due to climatic extremes in European forests. The decline in vitality of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) that has been reported recently, makes it necessary to rethink its future adaptive potential under ongoing climate change. Here we performed a pan European assessment of defoliation chronologies on 414 ICP Forests Level I beech plots, between 1995 and 2022. We investigated the temporal trends, spatial variation, tree-specific patterns as well as climate sensitivity of defoliation at plot level. Various trends emerged and we delineated the plots accordingly: 1) increasing defoliation trends indicating declining vitality (categorized as t1 plots); 2) no trends indicating stable crown condition (t2 plots); 3) decreasing defoliation trends indicating increase in vitality (t3 plots). Spatial variation was found among these plots but no regional grouping or clustering. Tree-specific patterns on 14 % plots were observed, characterized by an expressed population signal of < 0.85, indicating high inter-tree variability. Defoliation was found to be sensitive to climatic variables, mainly to temperature but also precipitation, albeit only for a small percentage of plots. Sensitivity was indicated by statistically significant (p<0.05) Pearson's correlation coefficients. Moreover, this response depended on month of the year. Climate sensitivity of defoliation also varied across space and plots of different trend categories. It also differed along monthly water balance gradient, further indicating the role of site-specific water availability in mediating the responses to climatic variables. Our study provided basis for long-term defoliation studies, and is a crucial building block to assess beech vitality under potentially changing future climate. Furthermore, such studies will provide more insights into changes in sensitivity and adequate future sites for beech. • Long-term beech defoliation showed various temporal trends and spatial variation. • Beech defoliation increased a total of 5.88 % between 1995 and 2022. • High inter-tree variability on certain plots did not affect plot level trends. • Climate was a driver of beech defoliation on some plots and in specific months. • Climate sensitivity of beech defoliation increased towards wetter conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing heat in urban environments has recently become one of the most dangerous climate hazards due to its adverse impacts on urban populations. Implementing street-level trees could be an effective strategy to mitigate pedestrian heat exposure, particularly due to their ability to block incoming solar radiation. In this study, the PALM model system was applied to simulate the effects of a tree canopy and its location on heat exposure, as quantified by the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), during a heat wave, using the example of Prague-Dejvice, Czech Republic. Our results show that trees reduce the UTCI under their canopy by 3.5 °C on average, with the greatest UTCI reduction in open spaces during mornings and afternoons. High spatio-temporal variations in the reduction of UTCI by a tree canopy were observed in the study domain, especially in street canyons and courtyards. The effectiveness of trees in mitigating heat exposure was found to be closely related to their individual location with respect to surrounding buildings, specifically: (i) the distance from the nearest building, (ii) the height of the nearest building, and (iii) the azimuthal angle of the vector from the nearest building towards the tree. Model simulations indicate that a particularly small reduction in UTCI (about 2.5 °C less than the mean) can be found under trees located in the shade of taller buildings that are within a few metres and between southwest and southeast of the trees. Our findings illustrate that tree positioning in cities should be undertaken carefully and thoughtfully so that the presence of trees effectively improves thermal comfort and urban quality of life. [Display omitted] • The tree canopy mitigates heat exposure mainly during the morning and afternoon. • The individual location of trees influences their shading effectiveness. • Trees in open spaces significantly reduce the heat exposure of pedestrians. • Tree shading ability is affected by the height and location of nearby buildings. • Trees on the south side of street canyons minimally mitigate heat exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made significant progress in supporting circular economy and reverse logistics by learning from diverse data to predict, e.g., routes or to assist workers in sorting. However, it remains an open question how AI can be integrated and trained into such operational processes, where little to no data has been collected previously. Traditionally, AI models would only be rated by their accuracy. This paper aims to introduce the concept of green incremental learning, i.e. rating AI models not only for their accuracy but to evaluate energy efficiency as well. A ramp-up of a data-driven AI system for part recognition is explored under consideration of energy efficiency. Therefore, we combine online and incremental learning, working with growing data sets to simulate a ramp-up phase. We present experiments of incremental learning on business and image data, partially supported by regular joint training steps. We start local CPU-based machine learning and prediction on business data from the first sample. Finally, we compare incremental learning to traditional batch learning and show energy-saving potential of up to 62 % without a significant drop in accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic not only had an impact on public life and healthcare facilities in general, but also affected established surgical workflows for elective procedures. The strategy to protect patients and healthcare workers from infection by SARS-CoV-2 in surgical departments has needed step-by-step development. Based on the evaluation of international recommendations and guidelines, as well as personal experiences in a clinical 'hot spot' and in a 450-bed surgical clinic, an adapted surgical site infection (SSI) prevention checklist was needed to develop concise instructions, which described roles and responsibilities of healthcare professionals that could be used for wider guidance in pandemic conditions.Method: Publications of COVID-19-related recommendations and guidelines, produced by health authorities and organizations, such as WHO, US-CDC, ECDC, the American College of Surgery and the Robert Koch Institute, were retrieved, assessed and referenced up to 31st January 2020. Additionally, clinical personal experiences in Germany were evaluated and considered.Results: Part 1 of this guidance summarizes the experience of a tertiary care, surgical centre which utilized redundant hospital buildings for immediate spatial separation in a 'hot spot' COVID-19 area. Part 2 outlines the successful screening and isolation strategy in a surgical clinic in a region of Germany with outbreaks in surrounding medical centres. Part 3 provides the synopsis of personal experiences and international recommendations suggested for implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic.Conclusion: Understanding of COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2-related epidemiology, is constantly and rapidly changing, requiring continuous adaptation and re-evaluation of recommendations. Established national and local guidelines for continuation of surgical services and prevention of SSI require ongoing scrutiny and focused implementation. This manuscript presents a core facility checklist to support medical institutions to continue their clinical and surgical work during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial for comparing primary nursing with standard care. Elective cardiac surgical patients were eligible for inclusion. Patients with an intensive care unit stay of ≥ 3 days were followed up until intensive care unit discharge. Recruitment period was one year. Two intensive care units at a university hospital specialized in cardiovascular and diabetic diseases. Primary outcomes were recruitment and delivery rate. Primary clinical outcome was duration of delirium, as assessed by the Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Units. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of delirium, anxiety (10-point Numeric Rating Scale), and the satisfaction of patient relatives (validated questionnaire). Of 369 patients screened, 269 could be allocated to primary nursing (n = 134) or standard care (n = 135), of whom 46 patients and 48 patients, respectively, underwent an intensive care unit stay ≥ 3 days. Thus, recruitment and delivery rates were 73 and 26 %, respectively. During primary nursing and standard care, 18 and 24 patients developed a delirium, with a median duration of 32 (IQR: 14–96) and 24 (IQR: 8–44) hours (P = 0.10). The risk difference of delirium for primary nursing versus standard care was 11 % and the relative risk was 0.65 (95 % CI: 0.28–1.46; P = 0.29). The extent of anxiety was similar between groups (P = 0.13). Satisfaction could be assessed in 73.5 % of relatives, without substantial differences between groups. Data demonstrate that a trial for comparing primary nursing with standard care is generally feasible. However, the incidence of delirium may be a better primary outcome parameter than delirium duration, both in terms of long-term patient outcome and robustness of data quality. A randomized clinical trial regarding nursing organization during intensive care unit stay requires detailed planning of patient recruitment, data evaluation, and power calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of several studies during past years suggested that magnesium phosphate cements (MPCs) not only show excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, but they also provide improved regeneration capacity due to higher solubility compared to calcium phosphates. These findings also highlighted that chemical similarity of bone substitutes to the natural bone tissue is not a determinant factor in the success of regenerative strategies. The aim of this study was to further improve the degradation speed of MPCs for a fast bone ingrowth within a few months. We confirmed our hypothesis, that decreasing the powder-liquid ratio (PLR) of cement results in an increased content of highly soluble phases such as struvite (MgNH 4 PO 4 ⋅6H 2 O) as well as K-struvite (MgKPO 4 ⋅6H 2 O). Promising compositions with a low PLR of 1 g ml−1 were implanted in partially-loaded tibia defects in sheep. Both cements were partially degraded and replaced by bone tissue after 4 months. The degradation speed of the K-struvite cement was significantly higher compared to the struvite cement, initially resulting in the formation of a cell-rich resorption zone at the surface of some implants, as determined by histology. Overall, both MPCs investigated in this study seem to be promising as an alternative to the clinically well-established, but slowly degrading calcium phosphate cements, depending on defect size and desired degradation rate. Whereas the K-struvite cement might require further modification towards a slower resorption and reduced inflammatory response in vivo , the struvite cement appears promising for the treatment of bone defects due to its continuous degradation with simultaneous new bone formation. Cold setting bone cements are used for the treatment of bone defects that exceed a critical size and cannot heal on their own. They are applied pasty into the bone defect and harden afterwards so that the shape adapts to the individual defect. Magnesium phosphates such as magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (struvite) belong to a new class of these cold setting bone cements. They degrade much faster than the clinically established calcium phosphates. In this study, a magnesium phosphate that has hardly been investigated so far was implanted into partially-loaded defects in sheeps: Potassium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate. This showed even faster resorption compared to the struvite cement: after 4 months, 63% of the cement was already degraded. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Repeated bout effect resulted in a better preservation of neural drive that led to an attenuated MVC loss after second bout of downhill running. • Repeated bout effect after downhill running was observed on some level running biomechanical variables such as center of mass excursion. • The observed repeated bout effect on running biomechanics did not substantially translate to energy cost of running. This study used downhill running as a model to investigate the repeated bout effect (RBE) on neuromuscular performance, running biomechanics, and metabolic cost of running. Ten healthy recreational male runners performed two 30-min bouts of downhill running (DR1 and DR2) at a –20% slope and 2.8 m/s 3 weeks apart. Neuromuscular fatigue, level running biomechanics during slow and fast running, and running economy parameters were recorded immediately before and after the downhill bouts, and at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, and 168 h thereafter (i.e., follow-up days). An RBE was confirmed by attenuated muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase rise after DR2 compared to DR1. An RBE was also observed in maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force loss and voluntary activation where DR2 resulted in attenuated MVC force loss and voluntary activation immediately after the run and during follow-up days. The downhill running protocol significantly influenced level running biomechanics; an RBE was observed in which center of mass excursion and, therefore, lower-extremity compliance were greater during follow-up days after DR1 compared to DR2. The observed changes in level running biomechanics did not influence the energy cost of running. This study demonstrated evidence of adaptation in neural drive as well as biomechanical changes with the RBE after DR. The higher neural drive resulted in attenuated MVC force loss after the second bout. It can be concluded that the RBE after downhill running manifests as changes to global and central fatigue parameters and running biomechanics without substantially altering the energy cost of running. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prominent market leaders are encouraging subscriptions rather purchases of machines, for instance. In response, a growing number of suppliers of industrial products are considering enhancing their portfolios with subscription offerings, promising value added, such as increased productivity or better predictability. Buyers will consequently have to weigh the benefits against the risks, e.g., of data security or dependence. Current literature examining subscription business models focuses on the suppliers of such offerings. There is, however, need for research that provides guidance to buyers considering, implementing and using subscription offerings for industrial products. We contribute to this subject by exploring enablers and challenges of subscription offerings for industrial products based on 16 semi-structured interviews with experts from several industries. This article provides initial insights into a buyer's internal transformation in conjunction with subscribing, thus making it valuable to both buyers and suppliers of such models. Furthermore, we add to procurement and subscription literature by examining subscription offerings from the buyer's point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we analyzed the reliability of alginate-gelatin microcapsules as artificial tumor model. These tumor-like scaffolds are characterized by their composition and stiffness (∼25 kPa), and their capability to restrict -but not hinder- cell migration, proliferation and release from confinement. Hydrogel-based microcapsules were initially utilized to detect differences in mechano-sensitivity between MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, and the endothelial cell line EA.hy926. Additionally, we used RNA-seq and transcriptomic methods to determine how the culture strategy (i.e. 2D v/s 3D) may pre-set the expression of genes involved in multidrug resistance, being then validated by performing cytotoxicological tests and assays of cell morphology. Our results show that both breast cancer cells can generate elongated multicellular spheroids inside the microcapsules, prior being released (mimicking intravasation stages), a behavior which was not observed in endothelial cells. Further, we demonstrate that cells isolated from 3D scaffolds show resistance to cisplatin, a process which seems to be strongly influenced by mechanical stress, instead of hypoxia. We finally discuss the role played by aneuploidy in malignancy and resistance to anticancer drugs, based on the increased number of polynucleated cells found within these microcapsules. Overall, our outcomes demonstrate that alginate-gelatin microcapsules represent a simple, yet very accurate tumor-like model, enabling us to mimic the most relevant malignant hints described in vivo , suggesting that confinement and mechanical stress need to be considered when studying pathogenicity and drug resistance of cancer cells in vitro. In this work, we analyzed the reliability of alginate-gelatin microcapsules as an artificial tumor model. These scaffolds are characterized by their composition, elastic properties, and their ability to restrict cell migration, proliferation, and release from confinement. Our results demonstrate four novel outcomes: (i) studying cell migration and proliferation in 3D enabled discrimination between malignant and non-pathogenic cells, (ii) studying the cell morphology of cancer aggregates entrapped in alginate-gelatin microcapsules enabled determination of malignancy degree in vitro, (iii) determination that confinement and mechanical stress, instead of hypoxia, are required to generate clones resistant to anticancer drugs (i.e. cisplatin), and (iv) evidence that resistance to anticancer drugs could be due to the presence of polynucleated cells localized inside polymer-based artificial tumors. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leucocytozoonosis is a vector-borne infection of birds, caused by members of the haemosporidian genus Leucocytozoon. The clinical presentation may range from asymptomatic to severe disease. Consequences of Leucocytozoon infection on blood profiles remain to be described, especially for different host species in the wild. In the current study, the prevalence of Leucocytozoon infection was determined in wild nestlings of three European raptor species, the common buzzard (Buteo buteo , n = 464), red kite (Milvus milvus , n = 46) and northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis , n = 18). Among 528 nestlings, 51.9% (n = 274) were infected with Leucocytozoon spp., whereby the highest prevalence was found in common buzzards (54.9%), followed by red kites (32.6%) and northern goshawks (22.2%). For a subset of 87 individuals (50 common buzzards, 29 red kites, 8 northern goshawks), a detailed analysis of differential leukocyte counts and several blood chemistry parameters in response to infection was conducted: AP (alkaline phosphatase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), GLDH (glutamate dehydrogenase), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), GGT (gamma glutamyl transferase), CK (creatine kinase), BuChE (butyrylcholinesterase), BA (bile acids), ALB (albumin) and TP (total protein). Even though in the physiological range, infected nestlings displayed significantly increased levels of heterophils, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, bile acids and butyrylcholinesterase, but decreased lymphocyte and monocyte values compared to uninfected ones. Furthermore, significant species differences with regard to blood parameters, but no sex differences were found. Overall, obtained results show a high prevalence, but a low pathogenicity of Leucocytozoon spp. in wild raptor chicks, presumably resulting from coevolutionary adaptation, but show signatures of infection in the haematological and blood chemistry profiles. [Display omitted] • Leucocytozoon prevalence in nestlings of three wild raptor species was 52%. • Common buzzards (Buteo buteo) showed the highest prevalence (55%). • Examined blood parameter values varied with species, age and infection status. • Leucocytozoon infections were associated with increased AST and BuChE. • Leucocytozoon infections in Accipitridae nestlings seem to be of minor pathogenicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research is being conducted on magnesium (Mg) alloys for bone implant manufacturing, due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability and mechanical properties. Gadolinium (Gd) is among the most promising alloying elements for property control in Mg alloy implants; however, its toxicity is controversial. Investigating Gd behavior during implant corrosion is thus of utmost importance. In this study, we analyzed the degradation byproducts at the implant site of biodegradable Mg-5Gd and Mg-10Gd implants after 12 weeks healing time, using a combination of different imaging techniques: histology, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), x-ray microcomputed tomography (µCT) and neutron µCT. The main finding has been that, at the healing time in exam, the corrosion appears to have involved only the Mg component, which has been substituted by calcium and phosphorus, while the Gd remains localized at the implant site. This was observed in 2D by means of EDX maps and extended to 3D with a novel application of neutron tomography. X-ray fluorescence analysis of the main excretory organs also did not reveal any measurable accumulation of Gd, further reinforcing the conclusion that very limited or no removal at all of Gd-alloy happened during degradation. Gadolinium is among the most promising alloying elements for property control in biodegradable magnesium alloy implants, but its toxicity is controversial and its behavior during corrosion needs to be investigated. We combine 2D energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and 3D neutron and x-ray tomography to image the degradation of magnesium-gadolinium implants after 12 weeks of healing time. We find that, at the time in exam, the corrosion has involved only the magnesium component, while the gadolinium remains localized at the implant site. X-ray fluorescence analysis of the main excretory organs also does not reveal any measurable accumulation of Gd, further reinforcing the conclusion that very limited or no removal at all of Gd-alloy has happened during degradation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable implants are taking an increasingly important role in the area of orthopedic implants with the aim to replace permanent implants for temporary bone healing applications. During the implant preparation process, the material's surface and microstructure are being changed by stresses induced by machining. Hence degradable metal implants need to be fully characterized in terms of the influence of machining on the resulting microstructure and corrosion performance. In this study, micro-computed tomography (µCT) is used for the quantification of the degradation rate of biodegradable implants. To our best knowledge, for the first time quantitative measures are introduced to describe the degradation homogeneity in 3D. This information enables a prediction in terms of implant stability during the degradation in the body. Two magnesium gadolinium alloys, Mg-5Gd and Mg-10Gd (all alloy compositions are given in weight% unless otherwise stated), in the shape of M2 headless screws have been investigated for their microstructure and their degradation performance up to 56 days. During the microstructure investigations particular attention was paid to the localized deformation of the alloys, due to the machining process. In vitro immersion testing was performed to assess the degradation performance quantified by subsequent weight loss and volume loss (using µCT) measurements. Although differences were observed in the degree of screw's near surface microstructure being influenced from machining, the degradation rates of both materials appeared to be suitable for application in orthopedic implants. From the degradation homogeneity point of view no obvious contrast was detected between both alloys. However, the higher degradation depth ratios between the crests and roots of Mg-5Gd ratios may indicated a less homogeneous degradation of the screws of these alloys on contract to the ones made of Mg-10Gd alloys. Due to its lower degradation rates, its more homogeneous microstructure, its weaker texture and better degradation performance extruded Mg-10Gd emerged more suitable as implant material than Mg-5Gd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aims of this study were to evaluate: the proportion of people reporting symptoms associated with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) in primary care programs for knee or hip osteoarthritis (OA) or persistent low back pain (LBP) and; the prevalence of self-reported clinical LSS in these three cohorts, according to two sets of adapted criteria.Method: A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Good Life with osteoArthritis in Denmark primary care programs. Self-report LSS symptom questions were administered to participants with knee OA, hip OA, and persistent LBP. The prevalence of eleven LSS symptoms and clinical LSS were calculated for each cohort.Results: A total of 10,234 participants were included in the analysis. A similar proportion of participants in each cohort were female (69%), with a 6- and 7-year older mean age in the knee and hip cohorts compared to the back cohort. A greater proportion of participants with LBP reported LSS symptoms (range 11-71%) than in the hip (11-50%) and knee (8-40%) cohorts. This pattern was observed for all but one symptom. The same pattern was observed for the prevalence of clinical LSS with less than 10% of people in each cohort satisfying the clinical criteria.Conclusion: Self-reported LSS symptoms are commonly reported by people treated in primary care for knee or hip OA, although not as frequently as reported by those with LBP. Despite symptoms of LSS being common, only a small proportion of people were classified as having self-reported clinical LSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents indoor temperature predictions of a novel radiant-capacitive cooling and heating system developed and tested in its cooling mode for ten locations within the latitude range 37.42°N and 12.4°S with annual Cooling Degree-Days (CDD, using the upper limit of the adaptive comfort range as base temperature) ranging between 657 and 1818 CDD. The system was tested experimentally in Curitiba, Brazil. Based on field data, predictive formulas were generated for the minimum, average and maximum indoor temperatures solely using outdoor temperatures as predictors. The aim was to assess the cooling potential and system performance of system in locations with climate types distinct from Curitiba's. The night-time radiative cooling potential was evaluated in each city in terms of sky temperature depression (DT sky , given in Kelvin-hour, Kh). The annual totals of DT sky ranged between 270 Kh and 2269 Kh for the evaluated cities. The system's performance was assessed in terms of offsets of the maximum and average indoor temperature relative to outdoors, and of percent reductions in CDD. Indoor temperature depressions reach mean values of up to 5.7 K and 5.8 K in cities with the highest nocturnal radiative cooling potentials, while the lowest average temperature depressions were observed in locations with the lowest cooling potential. Results show potential reductions of the indoor average temperature ranging between 1.3 K and 2.2 K, with a corresponding CDD offset ranging between 72.1 % and 95.3 %. • Novel radiant-capacitive cooling system with derived predictive formulas for indoor temperatures in a test cell. • Predictive formulas were applied to ten locations with varying levels of aridity. • Nocturnal radiative cooling was evaluated in terms of sky temperature depression. • System's performance was evaluated in terms of indoor temperature reduction relative to outdoors. • Potential reductions of indoor temperature ranged between 1.3 K and 2.2 K for the mean. • Cooling degree-days offset ranged 72–95 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]