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• Integrated chinmedomics and network pharmacology method revealed 11 active components of SZRD. • SZRD showed obvious anxiolytic effect as well as hypnotic effect with no muscle relaxation effects. • A total of 110 compounds from SZRD were identified and 20 of them were absorbed in blood. • SZRD altered 21 biomarkers related to arachidonic acid, tryptophan and sphingolipid metabolism. Suanzaoren decoction (SZRD) is a classical traditional Chinese prescription. It is widely used to treat mental disorders, including insomnia, anxiety, and depression, in China and other Asian countries. However, the effective components and mechanisms underlying SZRD remained unclear. We aimed to develop a new strategy to discover the effects and potential mechanisms of SZRD against anxiety and to further reveal the effective components of SZRD in treating anxiety. First, the chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced mouse model of anxiety was orally administered SZRD, and behavioral indicators and biochemical parameters were applied to assess efficacy. A chinmedomics strategy based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS technology and network pharmacology were then used to screen and explore potentially effective components and therapeutic mechanisms. Finally, molecular docking was applied to further confirm the effective components of SZRD, and a multivariate network for anxiolytic effects was constructed. SZRD exerted anxiolytic effects by increasing the percentage of entries into open arms and the time spent in open arms; improving hippocampal 5-HT, GABA, and NE levels; and increasing serum corticosterone (CORT) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) levels caused by CRS challenge. Beside, SZRD exerted a sedative effect by decreasing sleep time and prolonging sleep latency with no muscle relaxation effect in CRS mice. A total of 110 components were identified in SZRD, 20 of which were absorbed in the blood. Twenty-one serum biomarkers involved in arachidonic acid, tryptophan, sphingolipid, and linoleic acid metabolism were identified after SZRD intervention. Finally, a multivariate network including prescription-effective components-targets-pathway of SZRD treating anxiety, including 11 effective components, 4 targets and 2 pathway was constructed. The current study demonstrated that integrating chinmedomics and network pharmacology was a powerful approach to investigating the effective components and therapeutic mechanisms of SZRD and provided a solid basis for the quality marker (Q-marker) of SZRD. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black carbon (BC), as one of the short-lived climate pollutants, is becoming more prominent contribution from non-road mobile source, especially for agricultural machinery (AM) in China. However, the understanding of BC emissions from AM is still not clear, and the BC emission factors (EFs) are also limited. In this study, we conducted real-world measurements on twenty AM to investigate the instantaneous BC emission characteristics and quantify BC EFs under the whole tillage processes. We find the instantaneous BC emissions and fuel consumptions are obvious differences and present good synchronization under different tillage processes. Multi-type (CO 2 -, fuel-, distance-, time-, and area-based) EFs of BC are developed, which are significantly affected by different tillage processes and emission standards of the used AM. While AM conducting rotary tillage, ploughing, harvest corn and harvest wheat on the same area of land, total BC emissions by using the China III emission standard AM will be reduced by 56%, 36%, 88%, and 87% than those by using China II emission standard AM, respectively. Furthermore, for corn and wheat production under the whole tillage processes, BC EFs are 16.90 (6.03–39.12) g/hm2 and 18.18 (5.91–38.69) g/hm2, CO 2 EFs are 112.64 (72.07–195.98) g/hm2 and 103.72 (71.47–167.02) g/hm2, respectively. We estimate the BC and CO 2 emissions from wheat and corn productions based on the average area-based EFs. The large fluctuation ranges of BC and CO 2 emissions in different tillage processes and the whole processes can reflect that the use of AM in China is uneven. It also indicates that there is a large space for BC and CO 2 emission reduction and optimization. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the control of BC and CO 2 emissions from AM. We believe that the recommended multi-type EFs are applicable for the quantification of BC emissions from AM in China and other countries. [Display omitted] • BC emissions of agricultural machinery under whole tillage processes are investigated. • Multi-type EFs of BC under different tillage processes are quantified. • BC EFs are significantly affected by different tillage processes and emission standards. • BC and CO 2 emissions from wheat and corn production are estimated. • There is a large space for BC and CO 2 emission reduction and optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]