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Highlights • We modified the CO 2 transfer in social-economic system as a metabolic process in ecosystem. • We utilized ecological network analysis to study the flow variation in global, national, and bilateral scale. • We put up a plan to adjust current mitigation targets set by Paris Agreement based on our study results. Abstract A large share of total global CO 2 emissions results from the production processes of internationally traded goods and services. Such emissions have been referred to as virtual or embodied CO 2 flows. Hence, it is important to understand the directions, locations, and drivers of carbon flows resulting from global trade. To analyze these flows, hotspots, divisions of labor, and directions of flows in the global production and consumption web, we applied a multi-national framework based on a combination of multi-region input-output tables with ecological network analysis. We found that the CO 2 flows between the 40 key countries within the network doubled between 1996 and 2011, and the trade-related emission hub shifted from Europe to Asia. We analyzed a large number of CO 2 transfer paths and their changes over time. We found that the United States participated the most in big paths, including those that represent carbon flows between the United States and both developed and developing countries, whereas developing countries such as China and India participated more in the fast-growing paths, and especially in paths between pairs of developing countries. In contrast, traditionally active countries, including Russia and Germany, grew at a slower rate, resulting in a progressively smaller share in the global system. Taking these large and important CO 2 transfers into consideration, we proposed adjustments to the national mitigation targets set by the Paris Agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The cross validation method is used to improve the identification rate and the classification accuracy of ECG signal. • The method utilizes the cooperative advantages of different classifiers to act as a filter for the training samples. • Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method with the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. Abstract The classification accuracy of electrocardiogram signal is often affected by diverse factors in which mislabeled training samples issue is one of the most influential problems. In order to mitigate this negative effect, the method of cross validation is introduced to identify the mislabeled samples. The method utilizes the cooperative advantages of different classifiers to act as a filter for the training samples. The filter removes the mislabeled training samples and retains the correctly labeled ones with the help of 10-fold cross validation. Consequently, a new training set is provided to the final classifiers to acquire higher classification accuracies. Finally, we numerically show the effectiveness of the proposed method with the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract US and China had special role to lead the greenhouse gas mitigation process set by Paris Agreement. Their different development phase determines consumption pattern may vary. In addition, traditional production inventory has shortages as it does not consider CO2 transfer caused by trade activity. Hence, we want to calculate consumption-based CO 2 emission (CBE) volume by input-output analysis of US and China and specify their impact on the whole world. The results showed that CBE of US experienced increasing first and decreasing later variation during 1993 to 2013 while that of China kept rising. Household and fixed capital formation are both two largest consumption types for US and China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Based on framework of urban metabolism, we constructed the energy metabolism networks of the Jing-Jin-Ji region at two scales: urban and sectoral scale. We used ecological network utility analysis to study mutualism and synergism indices for networks at two scales. Analysis results provide theoretical and empirical support for the development of policies designed to promote healthy development of Jing-Jin-Ji region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon transfer in international trade has triggered disputes on environmental equity between developed and developing countries. Hence, it is urgent to make it clear the carbon transfer process of international trade between China and the United States, explore the adjustment plan of emission reduction responsibility and formulate targeted emission reduction measures. These will play an important leading and demonstration effect in addressing global warming and coordinating international carbon reduction. This study built a CO 2 international trade transfer network model of China and the United States. Based on identifying the carbon transfer path flowing from primary product sector to final production sector, and then to final consumption, we analyzed the industrial association relationship and distribution differences between China and the United States with external countries and regions. Lastly, we put forward emission reduction policy implication in industrial scale. The key paths of China and the United States are concentrated in the two export and import transfer types respectively. Among the key paths of China's bilateral primary production export type, paths from domestic Electricity, Gas and Water to foreign Construction accounted for the largest 40% share. As for the United States, transfer type of bilateral final production import is the most prominent, and path number and flow from foreign Transport to domestic Public Administration both accounted for more than 30%. Based on shared responsibility to adjust the emission reduction tasks under the Paris Agreement, China and the US will allow to emit 10% more and reduce 6% more, reaching 54% and 25% respectively. Taking into full consideration the national economic development level and the differences in the production technology level of industrial sectors, as well as the upstream and downstream related sectors' relationship, the refined emission reduction strategy is proposed from different aspects, such as technical assistance, financial support, import control, technology sharing and consumption transformation. • CO 2 transfer patterns are divided. • Industrial flows are analyzed. • Mitigation pathways are raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO 2 emission induced by international trade brings a plenty of pressure on global warming. Hence, it is important to understand multi-regional CO 2 flows that result from global trade and flow variation of different paths. After transforming capital flows into CO 2 carbon flows, we built an ecological network model of the global trade system's carbon metabolism. Through ecological network analysis, we identified the direct and indirect effects of temporal CO 2 flows in the network. We found that the total integral flow through the network experienced a remarkable increase during the study period. In addition, total import and export flows of four countries, including US, China, Germany and Russia, turned out to be rather big. Direct flow share was usually beyond 50% between two geographical adjacent countries, while that share was below 50% when two countries are far away. This research reveals the importance role of indirect flows and can therefore provide an empirical basis for adjusting and optimizing global trade network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nine cross border CO 2 transfer types are been divided based on geographical features. • Each path consists of primary & final production sectors and final consumption. • Path analysis results can serve for further precise mitigation plans. CO 2 transfers induced by international trade account for nearly a quarter of total CO 2 emissions, becoming the hotspots of global carbon mitigation. However, current analysis paid little attention to the spatial characteristics and multiple roles of the international sector, making it difficult to serve mitigation policies quantitatively. In this study, we built a CO 2 transfer framework, in which the path flowed through the primary production sector, final production sector, and final consumption. We considered the domestic and foreign location differentiation to divide import and export transfers into nine spatial patterns. We figured out critical paths that influenced the total exports and imports, respectively, traced their temporal variation as well. Primary production export and import transfers with single foreign countries were the most significant transfer types in China and the United States, respectively, both with an average share of about 35%. In the key export and import paths, Transportation in the United States, and Electricity, Gas, and Water in China (both accounting for about half of the total export transfers) acting as primary production sectors had close export connections with foreign Electrical and Machinery sectors and Construction; the US's Public Administration and the China's Construction (about 1/4 and 1/3 of the total import transfers) acting as final production sector had close import associations with foreign Transportation sectors and Electricity, Gas and Water sectors, respectively. The results can lay a foundation for further macro mitigation regulation and precise sectoral reduction plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The final consumption of the United States and China strongly affects global greenhouse gas emission. We analyzed the amount of CO 2 transfers by the two countries caused by final consumption and its structural distribution from 1993 to 2013. We identified the key domestic and foreign sectors and transfer paths among the sectors that contributed most to final consumption. The total consumption-based transfer quantity increased to 1.2 and 3.6 times the 1993 value for the United States and China, respectively, whose domestic production and consumption were around 75 and 90% of the total, respectively. The key domestic sectors in both countries were the Electricity, Gas, and Water sector, the Transportation sector, and the Petroleum, Chemical, and Non-Metallic Mineral Products sector, which each accounted for 20–30% of the total. Among the domestic transfer paths, the American Electricity, Gas, and Water sector and Transportation sector, and China's Construction sector, had the most connections to other sectors. We identified frequent contributions of foreign sectors to final consumption in both countries. Their dominant transfers were to the American Public Administration sector and Education, Health, and Other Services sector, and to China's Construction sector. Understanding these key sectors and the paths among them can provide the scientific basis for improved national emission mitigation plans. • We focused on the CO 2 transfer of the United States and China from 1993 to 2013. • We decomposed the consumption-based CO 2 in four structural parts. • We presented industrial and path features domestically and abroad of these two countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International trade has shifted part of the responsibility for carbon mitigation from consumers to producers, therefore quantifying mitigation targets and allocating responsibilities have become the focus of research. This study quantified carbon transfers between mainland China and its trade partners from a consumption perspective, and identified the transfer paths from initial production to final production and then consumption. We projected China's allowed carbon increment before peak carbon, and recommend policy measures based on different national technological levels. Given China's 1.25 Gt net exports of carbon, the country's share of the allowed carbon increment before peak carbon would increase from 30% to 51% in 2015 before 2030. The net carbon transfer paths from China driven by consumption by its trading partners accounted for 87% of the total number of paths, with paths to the United States and Hong Kong for exports of both primary and final products being the most prominent. On the other hand, the net carbon import transfer paths driven by China's consumption were dominated by imports of primary products from South Korea and Russia. In comparison with the production country, a country that drives net carbon transfers and has a higher technological level should strengthen its industrial and consumption structures and reduce emission through technical assistance to countries with a lower technological level; the latter should improve production efficiency to reduce imported demand and mitigate the emission. Our study provides a methodological framework and theoretical guidance for a more scientific and equitable allocation of carbon mitigation responsibilities. [Display omitted] • Global consumption drove 1.25 Gt of net carbon transfer from China in 2015. • China's allowed carbon increment share before peak would increase from 30 to 51%. • China's net export carbon transfer paths were exporting primary and final products. • China's net import carbon transfer paths were importing primary products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing scale and scope of global trade, the magnitude of the CO 2 flows embodied in goods and services through international trade has aroused great concern among researchers and governments. In this study, we established a global network model of CO 2 transfers from 2001 to 2010 using ecological network analysis and data from the World Input-Output Database for 40 selected countries whose GDP accounted for more than 85% of the total global GDP. Based on the utility analysis, we determined the ecological relationships among the countries involved in the global trade network and their changes during the study period. The analysis revealed that competition and exploitation/control relationships dominated the global network, with each accounting for more than 40% of the total relationships throughout the study period; mutualism accounted for the smallest proportion (less than 4%). More than 80% of the competition and 75% of the exploitation/control relationships were within Europe or involved flows from Europe to North America or Asia. Finland, France, Japan, Greece, and Spain had the largest proportions of competition relationships. In Denmark, Luxembourg, Malta, and Switzerland, exploitation was dominant, whereas in Russia, Indonesia, and India, control was dominant. Our analysis identifies the key nodes of the many adverse ecological relationships within the global CO 2 network and those with more mutual relationships. Our work provides a scientific basis for developing more ecologically sustainable national and global CO 2 flows through trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Flavonoids are the low molecular weight polyphenolic secondary metabolic compounds, and have various functions in growth, development, reproduction, and stress defense. However, little is known about the roles of the key enzymes in the flavonoids biosynthesis pathway in response to drought stress in winter wheat. Here, we investigated the expression pattern of flavonoids biosynthesis genes and accumulation of flavonoids in wheat leaves under drought stress. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that there were a rapid increase in expression levels of TaCHS, TaCHI, TaF3H, TaFNS, TaFLS, TaDFR, and TaANS under drought stress in two wheat cultivars Aikang 58 (AK) and Chinese Spring (CS). The cultivar CS exhibited higher genes expression levels of TaCHS, TaCHI, TaF3H, TaFLS, TaDFR, and TaANS, and the cultivar AK showed a higher expression level of TaFNS gene during drought treatment. The increase rates of genes expression were superior in AK compared to CS. Total phenolics content, total flavonoids content, anthocyanin content, and schaftoside content in wheat leaves were enhanced during drought treatment and cultivar CS had a relative higher accumulation. These results suggest that the flavonoids pathway genes expression and accumulation of flavonoids compounds may be closely related to drought tolerant in wheat. Further, flavonoids response mechanism may be different between wheat cultivars. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The hierarchical structure could give information to a low-carbon city. • Energy-related carbon emission of economic activities dominated the system. • Integrated flows indicated the importance of primary consumers and producers. • Beijing's spatial gradients transformed from single-center to multi-center. • Beijing's ecological hierarchy indicated a better organized metabolic structure. An integral analysis of urban carbon metabolism can support efforts to build a more sustainable city: the spatial gradients provide insights into how to guide future land use and cover change, while ecological network hierarchy provide insights into the self-mutualistic interactions of the city's carbon metabolic structure. In this study, we combined a spatially explicit network with carbon budget of energy consumption and land use and cover change in Beijing, China. From 1990 to 2010, energy related carbon emissions accounted for roughly 90% of the city's total. The network's integrated flux decreased at an average rate of 7.5%. The output flux primarily decreased when moving outward from the center through the periphery of southeastern plains and towards the northwestern mountains. In contrast, the input flux increased moving from the periphery to both the center and mountains. The ecological hierarchy was irregular based on both the driving and pull weights for the components of the model, with excessively small producer and decomposer layers and excessively large consumer layers. The changing structure of Beijing's carbon metabolism over time indicated a tendency to a better organized city. Understanding the evolution of these hierarchies during urban development provides a more solid empirical basis for improving use of the urban space and reducing carbon emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated analysis of urban carbon metabolism from both input and output perspectives can present new insights to support carbon mitigation. In this study, we combined a previously developed spatially explicit network model with an analysis of carbon sequestration and emission by different land use or cover types, and illustrate its use by examining carbon flows in Beijing, China, from 1990 to 2015. The goals were to characterize the temporal changes of the integrated (total direct + indirect) flow structure by applying ecological network analysis and to identify the structure of the urban metabolism by analyzing temporal and spatial changes of the integrated flows. The results showed that the similarity between input and output trophic structures and their spatial pattern indicate increasingly carbon-balanced urbanization by Beijing. The balanced input and output flows for the transportation and industrial land and cultivated land played key roles in forming a central area of aggregated carbon flows between the city's peripheral plains, which also resulted in similar trophic structures for inputs and outputs. Understanding the evolution of the integrated flows during urban development provides a more solid empirical basis for regulating land-use change, improving land consolidation, and reducing carbon flows. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]