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The energy-saving and emission-reduction performance of electric vehicle is closely related to its charging method and operation mode. In order to enhance the energy-saving and emission-reduction effect of electric vehicles, this paper develops a real-time battery swap pricing model for electric taxis in China from the perspective of system. The charging and swapping system covers various stakeholders who have significant impacts on battery swap pricing. So the proposed model includes five modules: power grid load monitoring, generator set dispatch, battery swapping station operation, electric taxi driver response and evaluation of all stakeholders' benefits. To reduce the carbon emissions of electric taxis' energy source and maximize the global benefits to all stakeholders, authors consider four battery swap pricing scenarios and two charging strategies for battery swapping station, and design a battery swap pricing mechanism in China according to the analysis results. The simulation results demonstrate that battery swap pricing based on a peak-valley time-of-use tariff with a decentralized charging strategy has the greatest energy efficiency and economic effects which can enhance 45371.15 kg carbon emissions reduction and 48220.86 yuan combine benefits to all stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has implemented numerous policies to develop electric vehicles (EVs). This paper focuses on evaluating the performance of these policies by systematically collecting and sorting them. These policies can be divided into three categories: finance policy, infrastructure promotion, and research and development (R&D) investment. In addition, the defects of EV policy mechanism are defined by being compared with the policy mechanisms in other countries. The results show that EV policy mechanism should be improved in China. For example, the subsidy and taxation policies are limited, and the goal formulation for EV infrastructure and the input for R&D investment are also unreasonable. Moreover, China need to establish uniform standards for the EV charging infrastructure and a charging pricing mechanism for EVs. Finally, we propose valuable suggestions to improve the performance of EV policies according to the empirical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a system dynamics model to develop a real-time charge pricing (RCP) mechanism of electric vehicles (EVs). The model includes six modules: power consumption of EVs, generator set dispatching, charge pricing, user response, benefit evaluation of all stakeholders and charging stations' life-cycle net income. We consider four charge pricing scenarios and design a RCP mechanism for Beijing according to the simulation results. Sensitivity analysis proves that the model is robust, and the increased charging power of EVs is beneficial for charging service operators. The empirical results indicate that RCP based on the peak-valley time-of-use tariff is propitious for the existing development scale of EVs. In addition, the government subsidies are important to drive EV development in the initial period. However, it should be phased out to reduce the financial burden accompanying the amplification of the scale of EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the energy saving, emission reduction, and economic feasibility of battery swapping stations (BSSs), this paper develops a BSS configuration and operation model with three charging strategies for Beijing. The model dynamically and holistically analyzes the configuration of chargers, swappers, and reserve batteries, as well as the different annual battery rental fees of BSSs to satisfy the battery swapping demand of users and enhance the profitability of BSSs. The simulation results show that the valley charging strategy can achieve the lowest peak-valley grid load difference (reducing the peak-valley load difference by 156.02 MW) and the greatest emission reductions (2,683,078.49 tons). However, higher investments in reserve batteries and chargers are required to enable service of all demands through valley charging. Based on the current technology, policy, and BSS plan, the BSSs cannot be profitable regardless of their charging strategies. The battery costs and the battery swapping price are the key factors that influence the life-cycle net income of BSSs. Business model innovation, such as charging taxi companies an annual battery rental fee (in the range of 10,300 to 12,160 yuan per battery), can help improve the financial feasibility of the BSSs. • Propose a system dynamics model to improve BSSs' environmental and economic effects. • The model includes five modules and evaluates three charging strategies. • Valley charging can reduce the peak-valley load difference by 156.02 MW. • Charging an annual battery rental fee of at least 12,160 yuan per battery can make BSS profitable. • Policy suggestions are made for battery swapping station development in Beijing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel indolo-pyrimidine-quinolinone scaffold was designed and synthesized based on the structures of four natural products. • Compound 1a exhibited significant anticancer activity against human tumor cell lines A549. Compound 1a caused cell cycle arrest in the G2/M and S phase and induced apoptosis of A549 cells by regulating the activation of mitochondrial–related MAPK signaling pathways. • The E-ring-substituted were not universally well-tolerated in terms of activity; The C-7 carbonyl group and quinoline moiety (AB-ring) may be essential and beneficial to biological activity. The synthesis of compounds based on fragments derived from natural products (NPs) serves as a source of inspiration for the design of pseudo-natural products (PNPs), to identify bioactive molecules that exhibit similar characteristics to NPs. These novel molecular scaffolds exhibit previously unexplored biological activities as well. This study reports the development and synthesis of a novel pentacyclic ring system, the indole-pyrimidine-quinoline (IPQ) scaffold. The design of this scaffold was based on the structural characteristics of four natural products, namely tryptanthrin, luotonin A, rutaecarpine, and camptothecin. Several successive steps accomplished the effective synthesis of the IPQ scaffold. The constituent components of the pentacycle, containing the indole, quinazolinone, pyrimidone, and quinoline units, possess significant biological significance. Compound 1a demonstrated noteworthy anti-tumor activity efficacy against A549 cell lines among the tested compounds. The compound 1a was observed to elicit cell cycle arrest in both the G2/M and S phases, as well as trigger apoptosis in A549 cells. These effects were attributed to its ability to modulate the activation of mitochondrial-related mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]