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Highlights • Cell adhesion and distribution are controlled by the composition of alginate/PCL fibers. • Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are enriched by alginate and composite fibers. • Cells from composite fibers with low ratio of PCL exhibited improved CSC property. Abstract Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are potential platforms to high-throughput screen anti-cancer drugs. However, they are difficult to isolate from cancer cells. Therefore, we proposed to fabricate 3-D scaffolds for CSC enrichment. Alginate is a biocompatible polysaccharide with poor cell adhesion, whereas polycaprolactone (PCL) is relative cell adhesive. These two materials were coelectrospun as composite scaffolds. Cells collected from alginate and composite fibers demonstrated high stemness, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, drug resistance, and angiogenesis. Interestingly, cells collected from composite fibers with low ratio of PCL were significantly improved their CSC properties compared to those from pure alginate fibers because few PCL fibers spatially separated cell populations to concentrate CSCs. These results suggested that alginate fibers effectively enriched CSCs and composite fibers created an uneven microenvironment to regulate cell morphology and distribution, by which cell-cell interaction was thus manipulated. These tunable scaffolds are potential to isolate CSCs from different tissues to facilitate the cancer research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prepared two types of thin film, a NiCrMn resistive thin film was prepared using direct current and radio frequency magnetron co-sputtering from Ni 0.6 Cr 0.4 casting alloy and manganese targets. A NiCrMnZr resistive thin film was prepared based on the optimum NiCrMn film composition, which was made using direct current and radio frequency magnetron co-sputtering from NiCrMn casting alloy and zirconium targets. The electrical properties and microstructures of the resistive films under different annealing temperatures were investigated. The results indicated that the NiCr film resistivity can be enhanced by adding manganese. When the annealing temperature was set to 300 °C, the NiCrMn films exhibited a resistivity ~400 μΩ-cm with the smallest temperature coefficient of resistance of −6.6 ppm/°C. For NiCrMnZr films, there are some Ni 7 Zr 2 Nano crystalline phases observed when the annealing temperature was set to 400 °C. However, the NiCrMnZr film annealed at 300 °C still has an amorphous structure by transmission electron microscopy analysis. NiCrMn films with 16.7 at.% Zr exhibited the smallest temperature coefficient of resistance (+53 ppm/°C) with the resistivity ∼510 μΩ-cm after annealing at 300 °C in air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs in a very short time, the biological consequence of a TBI, such as Alzheimer's disease, may last a lifetime. To date, effective interventions are not available to improve recovery from a TBI. Herein we aimed to ascertain whether recovery of neurosurgical high-frequency irreversible electroporation (HFIRE) injury in brain tissues can be accelerated by 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF). The HFIRE injury was induced in the right parietal cortex of 8 adult healthy and neurologically intact male dogs. Two weeks before HFIRE injury, each dog was administered orally with or without 7,8-DHF (30 mg/kg) once daily for consecutive 2 weeks (n = 4 for each group). The values of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, brain edema, and cerebral infarction volumes were measured. The concentrations of beta-amyloid, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the cerebrospinal fluid were measured biochemically. The BBB disruption, brain edema, infarction volumes, and maximal cross-section area caused by HFIRE injury in canine brain were significantly attenuated by 7,8-DHF therapy (P < 0.0001). Additionally, 7,8-DHF significantly reduced the HFIRE-induced cerebral overproduction of beta-amyloid and proinflammatory cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (P < 0.0001) in dogs with HFIRE. Recovery of neurosurgical HFIRE injury in canine brain tissues can be accelerated by 7,8-DHT via ameliorating BBB disruption as well as cerebral overproduction of both beta-amyloid and proinflammatory cytokines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat stroke is characterized by hyperthermia, systemic inflammation, and multiple organ failure including arterial hypotension. This definition can be fulfilled by a rat model of heat stroke used in the present study. Anesthetized animals were exposed to heat exposure (43 °C for 70 min) and then returned to room temperature (26 °C) for recovery. One hour before heat exposure, an intraperitoneal dose of quercetin (30 mg/kg) or vehicle (normal saline 1 ml/kg) was administered to the experimental groups of rats. Additional injection was administered immediately after the onset of heat stroke. Immediately after the onset of heat stroke. Vehicle-treated rats displayed (i) hyperthermia; (ii) suppressed left ventricular function; (iii) decreased contents of cardiac total antioxiant capacity (e.g., superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase); (iv) increased contents of cardiac oxidative capacity malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; (v) increased cardiac levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6; and (vi) decreased cardiac levels of an anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10. Histopathologic and survival observation provided supportive evidence for biochemical analyses. These heat stroke reactions all can be significantly attenuated by quercetin therapy. Our data suggest that quercetin therapy might improve outcomes of heat stroke in rats by attenuating excessive hyperthermia as well as myocardial injury. The protective effects of quercetin could be attributed to anti-lipid peroxidative, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The synthesis of Li/Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) within the ternary system of LiOH–Al–H2O was investigated to determine the feasibility of a one-step synthetic process and the optimal yield composition for the process. The dissolution of Al metal in LiOH solutions was spontaneous and resulted in the generation of H2 gas and heat. Pure Li/Al LDH precipitate was obtained when the Al/Li molar ratio was between 0.1 and 2 and was independent of the LiOH concentration. The yield of Li/Al LDH was correlated with the initial amounts of LiOH and Al in the system and inversely correlated to the quantity of water. However, the Al metal could not be completely dissolved if there was not enough water content due to its consumption in the reaction. The optimal yield of Li/Al LDH, as defined by the efficient conversion from Al and LiOH to Li/Al LDH, was obtained with a LiOH concentration=3molkg−1 and an Al/Li molar ratio=2. The reaction mechanism involves the dissolution of the Al metal in LiOH and the formation of aluminate ions in solution. The aluminate ion and the hydrated Li+ ion subsequently form an ion pair, and the polarizing effect of the Li+ on the water in its hydration shell leads to the acid hydrolysis of the aluminate ion and the formation of Li/Al LDH. This study demonstrated a synthetic process for Li/Al LDH with a high anion exchange capacity. This synthetic process will have additional economical and environmental benefits if recycled Al metal can be used in the synthesis and the evolved hydrogen gas and heat from the process can be further utilized. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We evaluated the effect of plasma hyperosmolality on behavioral thermoregulation in mice, using a new experimental system. The system consisted of Plexiglas box (dimensions: 50×12×19cm) with five computer-controlled Peltier boards (dimensions: 10×10cm) at the bottom. Experiments were conducted in two different settings of the system. An operant behavior setting: each board was first set to 39°C, and the right-end board was changed to 20°C for 1min when a mouse moved to a specific position. A temperature mosaic setting: each board was randomly set to 15°C, 22°C, 28°C, 35°C, or 39°C with a 6-min interval, but each board temperature was different from the others at a given time point. Mice were injected subcutaneous (s.c.) isotonic or hypertonic saline (154mM (IS group) or 2,500mM (HS group), 10ml/kg body wt), and exposed to either setting for 90min. In the operant setting, the HS group showed fewer operant behavior counts than the IS group (11±5 and 25±4 counts, respectively; P<0.05) with greater increase in body temperature (1.6±0.4°C vs. 0.0±0.2°C, respectively; P<0.05). In the mosaic setting, the HS group selected the board temperature of 35°C more frequently than the other temperatures (P<0.05) with the same increase in body temperature. These results may suggest that plasma hyperosmolality modulates behavioral thermoregulatory response to heat and induce regulated hyperthermia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The quality of ultrasonic images is usually influenced by speckle noises and the temporal decorrelation of the speckle patterns. Most traditional motion estimation algorithms are not suitable for speckle tracking in medical ultrasonic images which usually have a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This paper proposes a new motion estimation algorithm that is designed for assessing the dense velocity fields of soft tissue motion in a sequence of ultrasonic B-mode images. We design a hierarchical maximum a posteriori estimator together with an adaptive feature weighted mechanism to estimate the motion field from an ultrasonic image sequence. The proposed method was compared with several existing motion estimation methods via a series of experiments with synthetic speckle image sequences. Performance was also tested on in vivo ultrasonic images. The experimental results show that motion can be assessed with better accuracy than other methods for synthetic speckle images and a good correspondence with clinicians’ observations has also been achieved for clinical ultrasonic images. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Heat stress induces hyperthermia, hypotension, cardiac injury and lethality. • Myricetin preconditioning significantly attenuates these heat stroke reactions. • The beneficial effects of myricetin are significantly abolished by heat shock protein 72 antiody. Heat stroke-induced mortality is rising across the globe. So, the design of prophylactic and/or therapeutic modalities for heat stroke is pressing need. The common plant derived flavonoid exhibits strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; however, its effects in heat stroke remain unknown. The study aimed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of myricetin on heat stroke induced acute myocardial injury as well as lethality in rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Myocardial injury was induced by subjecting the anesthetized rats to a high ambient temperature of 43 °C for 70 min. An intragastrical dose of myricetin (5−25 mg/kg body weight) was given to rats once per day for one week prior to the start of heat stress. Heat shock protein 72 antibodies was given intraperitoneally to rats 24 h before the start of heat stress. Myocardial injury severity was estimated by determing myocardial damage scores, myocardial injury indicators, myocardial oxidative and inflammatory factors. Western blot analysis was used for cardiac expression of heat shock protein (HSP)72. Significant (P < 0.05) up-regulation of HSP-72 after chronic administration of myricetin coincided with significant (P < 0.05) reduction in hyperthermia, hypotension, cardiac inflammatory and oxidative damage and lethality. Inhibition of HSP-72 showed a significant (P < 0.05) reversal in the cardiaprotection as well as survival. Our results indicate that myricetin diminishes myocardial injury as well as lethality in heat stroke by up-regulating HSP-72 and show promise as a novel prevention therapeutic for heat stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnant women are vulnerable to heat stroke reactions caused by high environmental temperatures. Heat intolerance is associated with hypothalamic impairment. Here, we aim to ascertain whether pregnancy causes heat intolerance by inducing hypothalamic impairment in mice. In the heated groups, mice were exposed to whole body heating (WBH; 41.2 °C for 1 h) in an environment-controlled chamber. Then, they were returned to normal room temperature (26 °C) immediately after WBH. In the hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO 2 T) groups, mice were exposed to 100% O 2 at 2.0 atm absolute (ATA) for 4 h immediately post-WBH. Mice that survived after 4 h of WBH were considered survivors. Here, we show that when pregnant mice underwent non-HBO 2 T (21% O 2 at 1.0 ATA for 4 h) after WBH, the survival rate was 4/20, and the core temperature at 4 h post-WBH was 31.2 ± 0.2 °C. Both the survival rate and core temperature of HBO 2 T pregnant mice (10/10 and 35.2 ± 0.3 °C, respectively) were significantly greater than those in non-HBO 2 T pregnant mice. Compared to non-HBO 2 T heated mice, the HBO 2 T heated mice exhibited lower neurological severity scores, reduced hypothalamic neuronal damage, fewer apoptotic cells, reduced multiorgan damage scores, and lower hypothalamic levels of proinflammatory cytokines and nitrogen and oxygen radical species. Compared to non-HBO 2 T heated mice, the HBO 2 T-treated heated mice had significantly higher hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity (evidenced by higher serum levels of both adrenocorticotrophic hormone and corticosterone). In conclusion, pregnancy induces heat intolerance by inducing hypothalamic impairment in mice. Additionally, HBO 2 T protects against heat intolerance in pregnant mice by preserving hypothalamic integrity. • Pregnant women constitute the most at-risk population for heat stress. • Hypothalamic impairment causes heat intolerance in pregnant mice. • Hypothalamic dysfunction and heat intolerance can be prevented by hyperbaric oxygen treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dasatinib and quercetin (D & Q) have demonstrated promise in improving aged-related pathophysiological dysfunctions in humans and mice. Herein we aimed to ascertain whether the heat stress (HS)-induced cognitive deficits in aged or even young adult male mice can be reduced by D & Q therapy. Before the onset of HS, animals were pre-treated with D & Q or placebo for 3 consecutive days every 2 weeks over a 10-week period. Cognitive function, intestinal barrier permeability, and blood-brain barrier permeability were assessed. Compared to the non-HS young adult male mice, the HS young adult male mice or the aged male mice had significantly lesser extents of the exacerbated stress reactions, intestinal barrier disruption, endotoxemia, systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier disruption, hippocampal inflammation and oxidative stress, and cognitive deficits evaluated at 7 days post-HS. All the cognitive deficits and other syndromes that occurred in young adult HS mice or in aged HS mice were significantly attenuated by D & Q therapy (P < 0.01). Compared to the young adult HS mice, the aged HS mice had significantly (P < 0.01) higher severity of cognitive deficits and other related syndromes. First, our data show that aged male mice are more vulnerable to HS-induced cognitive deficits than those of the young adult male mice. Second, we demonstrate that a combination of D and Q therapy attenuates cognitive deficits in heat stressed aged or young adult male mice via broad normalization of the brain-gut-endotoxin axis function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testicular hyperthermia has been noted in men who work in high ambient temperatures. Scrotal temperatures above the normal range caused germ cell loss in the testes and resulted in male subfertility. In adult male rats, exercising at a higher environmental temperature (36 °C with relative humidity of 50%, 52 min) caused exertional heat stroke (EHS) characterized by scrotal hyperthermia, impaired sperm quality, dysmorphology in testes, prostates and bladders, and erectile dysfunction. Here, we aim to ascertain whether hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBOP: 100% O 2 at 2.0 atm absolute [ATA] for 2 h daily for 14 days consequently before the onset of EHS) is able to prevent the problem of EHS-induced sterility, testes, prostates, and bladders dysmorphology and erectile dysfunction. At the end of exertional heat stress compared to normobaric air (NBA or non-HBOP) rats, the HBOP rats exhibited lower body core temperature (40 °C vs. 43 °C), lower scrotal temperature (34 °C vs. 36 °C), lower neurological severity scores (2.8 vs. 5.8), higher erectile ability, (5984 mmHg-sec vs. 3788 mmHg-sec), higher plasma testosterone (6.8 ng/mL vs. 3.5 ng/mL), lower plasma follicle stimulating hormone (196.3 mIU/mL vs. 513.8 mIU/mL), lower plasma luteinizing hormone (131 IU/L vs. 189 IU/L), lower plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (5136 pg/mL vs. 6129 pg/mL), lower plasma corticosterone (0.56 ng/mL vs. 1.18 ng/mL), lower sperm loss and lower values of histopathological scores for epididymis, testis, seminal vesicle, prostate, and bladder. Our data suggest that HBOP reduces body core and scrotal hyperthermia and improves sperm loss, testis/prostate/bladder dysmorphology, and erectile dysfunction after EHS in rats. • HBOP reverses the scrotal hyperthermia by EHS. • HBOP reverses the impaired erectile function by EHS. • HBOP reverses the reduced sperm count, reduced sperm motility, and sperm dysmorphology by EHS. • HBOP reverses the dysmorphology in epididymis, testes, prostate, seminal vesicle, and bladder by EHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim: 99mTc-HL91 (Prognox, GE-Healthcare) was the first nonnitro-aryl-based radiotracer for evaluating hypoxic fraction in neoplasm, stroke and myocardium infarction regions. However, the high hydrophilicity of 99mTc-HL91 might hamper its penetration into cells. In this study, we prepared a new ligand 4,4,11,11-tetramethyl- 5,10-diazatetradecane- 3,12-dionedioxime (HL91-ET) with higher lipophilicity but structurally similar compared with that of HL91. The chemical and biological characterizations of 99mTc-HL91-ET as a scintigraphic probe for hypoxia were performed with a stroke-bearing mouse model. Materials and Methods: HL91-ET was synthesized and formulated with stannous chloride and buffer to afford kits. After mixing with 99mTc-pertechnetate, 99mTc-HL91-ET can be prepared in high yield and high radiochemical purity (both >96%). The partition coefficient of 99mTc-HL91-ET was determined in n-octanol/PBS system. Cellular uptake assays under normoxic and hypoxic conditions were performed in an oxygen-controlled CO2 incubator. Brain stroke in the mouse model was induced by the electrocautery of the middle cerebral artery. After intravenous injection of 99mTc-HL91-ET into the Balb/c mouse suffering brain stroke, small-animal SPECT images were acquired at designated time points and autoradiography of the brain slides was conducted. Parallel studies of 99mTc-HL91 were also conducted at the same conditions for comparison. Results: The higher partition coefficient of 99mTc-HL91-ET (0.294±0.007) indicated higher lipophlicity compared with that of 99mTc-HL91 (0.089±0.005). The 99mTc-HL91-ET preparation was stable at ambient temperature for 24h. Cellular uptake assay showed that 99mTc-HL91-ET was less selectively retained in hypoxic cells than 99mTc-HL91. The target-to-normal brain ratios derived from the autoradiograms of the brains of stroke mice were 1.31±0.02 and 17.47±0.10 (n=3), respectively, at 2h post injection of 99mTc-HL91-ET and 99mTc-HL91. Conclusions: This study revealed that 99mTc-HL91-ET, though with higher lipophilicity than 99mTc-HL91, did not suggest better specific accumulation in hypoxic cells or tissues than 99mTc-HL91. The uptake mechanism of 99mTc-HL91 was at least not solely by passive diffusion. Lipophilicity should not be the major consideration in designing HL91-derivatives for hypoxia imaging. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A self-assembled mesoporous silica sphere templating process was developed to create hierarchical continuous porous coral reef like N-doped carbon nanostructures on stainless steel meshes as bifunctional electrodes for ultrahigh performance lithium ion based energy storage devices. The lithium ion capacitors (LICs) assembled from using the electrode as both the cathode and anode, exhibited a high energy density of 145 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1.4 kW kg−1 and maintained an energy density of 58 Wh kg−1 under an ultrahigh power density of 27.3 kW kg−1, outperforming most of the state-of-the-art LICs. • Hierarchical porous N-doped carbon nanostructure on stainless steel mesh as anode. • Bifunctional electrodes for ultrahigh performance lithium ion batteries/capacitors. • Li ion capacitors deliver 145 Wh kg−1 at 1.4 kW kg−1 and 58 Wh kg−1 at 27.3 kW kg−1. • Excellent cycling stability with 85% capacity retention after 5000 cycle operations. A self-assembled mesoporous silica sphere templating process was developed to create hierarchical continuous porous coral reef like N-doped carbon nanostructures on stainless steel meshes as bifunctional electrodes for ultrahigh performance lithium ion based energy storage devices. The coral reef like carbon nanostructure achieved a high specific surface area of 1229 m2 g−1 and a large specific pore volume of 2.21 cm3 g−1, without application of chemical activations. The electrode, when serving as an anode for lithium ion batteries (LIB) or lithium ion capacitors (LIC), delivered an ultrahigh specific capacity of 2058 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1. If used as a cathode for LICs, it generated a high specific capacity of 125 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. The LICs assembled from using the electrode as both the cathode and anode, exhibited a high energy density of 145 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1.4 kW kg−1 and maintained an energy density of 58 Wh kg−1 under an ultrahigh power density of 27.3 kW kg−1, among the top tie of the state-of-the-art LICs. The cycling stability of the LIC was outstanding with a 85% capacity retention after 5000 cycle operations at 5 A g−1. The hierarchical continuous porous coral reef like N-doped carbonaceous nanostructure provides micropores as micro-reservoirs of Li ions for local and fast Li ion intercalation/de-intercalation, edge N-doping for additional redox pseudo-capacitances, and large pore volumes to accommodate the volume expansion/shrinkage at the charge/discharge cycles and to offer fast mass transfer path for electrolyte ions, altogether leading to the successful applications as bifunctional electrodes for Li ion based energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (DHF) mimicks the physiological action of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Since local BDNF delivery to the injured spinal cord enhanced diaphragmatic respiratory function, we aimed to ascertain whether DHF might have similar beneficial effects after Brown-Sequard Syndrome in a rat model of spinal cord lateral hemisection (HX) at the 9th thoracic (T9) vertebral level. Three sets of adult female rats were included: sham+vehicle group, T9HX+vehicle group and T9HX+DHF group. On the day of surgery, HX+DHF group received DHF (5 mg/kg) while HX+vehicle group received vehicle. Neurobehavioral function, morphology of motor neurons innervating the tibialis anterior muscle and the transmission in descending motor pathways were evaluated. Adult female rats received T9 HX had paralysis and loss of proprioception on the same side as the injury and loss of pain and temperature on the opposite side. We found that, in this model of Brown-Sequard syndrome, reduced cord dendritic arbor complexity, reduced cord motoneuron numbers, enlarged cord lesion volumes, reduced motor evoked potentials, and cord astrogliosis and microgliosis were noted after T9HX. All of the above-mentioned disorders showed recovery by Day 28 after surgery. Therapy with DHF significantly accelerated the electrophysiological, histological and functional recovery in these T9HX animals. Our data provide a biological basis for DHF as a neurotherapeutic agent to improve recovery after a Brown-Sequard syndrome. Such an effect may be mediated by synaptic plasticity and glia-mediated inflammation in the spared lumbar motoneuron pools to a T9HX. • Spinal cord hemisection induced Brown-Sequard syndrome in rats. • Spinal cord injury altered spinal pyramidal neuron structures. • Spinal cord injury reduced motor evoked potentials and gliosis. • 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone protected against spinal cord injury-induced complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperosmolality in extracellular fluid in humans attenuates autonomic thermoregulation in heat, such as sweating and blood flow in the skin. However, exercise training minimizes the attenuation. The aim of the present study was to clarify the influence of hyperosmolality on thermal perception and to assess the training effect of exercise. Ten sedentary (SED) and 10 endurance-trained (TR) healthy young men were infused with 0.9% (normal saline [NS]) or 3% NaCl (hypertonic saline [HS]) for 120 min on two separate days. After infusion for 20 min, heat stimulus to the skin of the whole body was produced by a gradual increase in hot water-perfused suit temperature (33 °C, 36 °C, and 39 °C), which was first used in the normothermic condition and then in the mild hyperthermic condition (0.5–0.6 °C increase in esophageal temperature) and controlled by immersion of the lower legs in a water bath at 34.5 °C and 42 °C, respectively. Thermal sensation and comfort were rated at the time of each thermal condition. Plasma osmolality increased by ~ 10 mosmL/kg·H 2 O in the HS trial. In the mild hyperthermic condition, increases in sweat rate and cutaneous vascular conductance were lower in the HS than in the NS trial in both the SED and TR groups ( p < 0.05). In the SED group, thermal sensation in the mild hyperthermic condition was lower in the HS than in the NS trial ( p < 0.05); there was no significant difference between the trials in the TR group. These results might indicate that hyperosmolality attenuates thermal sensation with heat and that exercise training eliminates the attenuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We first explore whether aircraft noise (AN) induces cognitive deficit via inducing oxidative damage in multiple vital organs including intestines, hearts and hippocampus tissues. Second, we explore whether the AN-induced cognitive deficits and inflammatory and oxidative damage to multiple organs can be alleviated by Astaxanthin (AX) pretreatment. Cognitive deficits were induced by subjecting the mice to AN 2 h daily for 7 consecutive days. An intragastrical dose of AX emulsifier (at the dose of daily feed intake [6 g] of a mouse three times weekly) was given to mice for consecutive 8 weeks prior to the start of AN. Cognitive functions were evaluated by using passive avoidance apparatus, Y-maze, Morris water maze and novel recognition test. Intestinal permeability was determined by measuring the intestinal clearance of fluorescein-isothiocyante. Evans Blue extravasation assay was used to measure the permeability of blood-brain-barrier. Inflammatory and oxidative damage to multiple organs were determined by measuring several pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress indicators in intestines; hearts and hippocampus. Mice treated with AN displayed exacerbated stress reactions, cognitive deficits, gut barrier hyperpermeability, increased upload of lipopolysaccharide translocation, systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines overproduction, blood-brain-barrier hyperpermeability, hippocampal neuroinflammation and increased levels of oxidative stress indicators in intestine, heart and hippocampus. All of the above-mentioned disorders caused by AN were significantly (P < 0.05) reversed by AX. Our data indicate that AX pretreatment alleviates cognitive deficits in aircraft noised mice by attenuating inflammatory and oxidative damage to intestines, hearts and hippocampal tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To our knowledge, little evidence is available about effects of aircraft noise (AN), a non-chemical stressor, on cognitive function. Again, it is unknown whether or not the heat stress (HS)-induced cognitive deficits can be exacerbated by AN. The adult male mice were assigned to four groups: group 1 mice exposed to non-HS (24–26 °C 2 h daily for 4 consecutive days) and white noise (WN) (2 h daily for 4 consecutive days), group 2 mice exposed to WN and HS (32–34 °C 2 h daily for 4 consecutive days), group 3 mice exposed to AN and non-HS (2 h daily for 4 consecutive days) and group 4 mice exposed to AN and HS (2 h daily for consecutive 4 days). Cognitive function were determined by passive avoidance, Y-maze, Morris water maze, and novel object recognition tests. Gut barrier and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability, upload of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation, systemic and central inflammation, and stress reactions were examined. Heat stressed mice displayed both increased stress reactions and learning and memory loss. Heat stress also caused gut barrier hyperpermeability, increased upload of LPS translocation, systemic inflammation, BBB disruption and hippocampal neuroinflammation. Aircraft noise stressed mice did not display systemic inflammation but caused gut barrier hyperpermeability, increased upload of LPS translocation, increased stress reactions, BBB disruption, hippocampal neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits. Aircraft noise exposure further exacerbated the heat stress-induced cognitive deficits and its complications. Our data suggest that AN, like HS, causes cognitive impairments via similar mechanisms in male mice. [Display omitted] • Heat or aircraft noise induced learning and memory loss in mice. • Heat-induced cognitive deficits can be potentiated by aircraft noise. • Heat or aircraft noise induced gut barrier and blood-brain-barrier disruption and neuroinflammation. • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses were stimulated by heat or aircraft noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]