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Anomaly detection in time series data is crucial for many fields such as healthcare, meteorology, and industrial fault detection. However, traditional unsupervised time series anomaly detection methods suffer from biased anomaly measurement under contaminated training data. Most of existing methods employ hard strategies for contamination calibration by assigning pseudo-label to training data. These hard strategies rely on threshold selection and result in suboptimal performance. To address this problem, in this paper, we propose a novel unsupervised anomaly detection framework for contaminated time series (NegCo), which builds an effective soft contamination calibration strategy by exploiting the observed negative correlation between semantic representation and anomaly detection inherent within the autoencoder framework. We innovatively redefine anomaly detection in data contamination scenarios as an optimization problem rooted in this negative correlation. To model this negative correlation, we introduce a dual construct: morphological similarity captures semantic distinctions relevant to normality, while reconstruction consistency quantifies deviations indicative of anomalies. Firstly, the morphological similarity is effectively measured based on the representative normal samples generated from the center of the learned Gaussian distribution. Then, an anomaly measurement calibration loss function is designed based on negative correlation between morphological similarity and reconstruction consistency, to calibrate the biased anomaly measurement caused by contaminated samples. Extensive experiments on various time series datasets show that the proposed NegCo outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, achieving an improvement of 6.2% to 26.8% in A rea U nder the R eceiver O perating C haracteristics (AUROC) scores, particularly in scenarios with heavily contaminated training data. • Unsupervised time series anomaly detection under data contamination. • Calibrating the biased anomaly measurement by exploiting the negative correlation. • Normal samples from a learned Gaussian distribution to model negative correlation. • Single forward propagation enables anomaly detection using the trained autoencoder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, ultraviolet B (UVB) persistent luminescence phosphors containing SrAl 12 O 19 : Ce3+, Sc3+ nanoparticles were reported. Thermoluminescence (TL) spectrum analysis reveals that the shallow trap induced by Sc3+ co-doping plays an important role in photoluminescence persistent luminescence (PersL) development, while the deep trap dominates the generation of optical stimulated luminescence (OSL). Owing the appearance of deep trap, the OSL is observed under light (700 nm - 900 nm) excitation. UVB luminescence exerts good bactericidal effects on pathogenic bacteria involved in the process of food spoilage. Thus, the smart window with SrAl 12 O 19 : Ce3+, Sc3+/PDMS produces UVB PersL to efficiently inactivate Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the presence of the smart window delays the critical point of pork decay, and greatly reduces the time of pork spoilage. It maximizes the convenience of eradicating bacteria and preserving food, thus offering a fresh perspective on the use of UV light for food sterilization and preservation. • PL, PersL and OSL in the UVB range are demonstrated in SrAl 12 O 19 doped with Ce3+. • The shallow trap induced by the Sc3+ co-doping plays an important role in PersL. • The deep trap dominates the generation of OSL. • Smart window can inactivate Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. • This smart windows dramatically delay pork spoilage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bubble evolution and shear thinning effect are main factors affecting lubrication behavior of bubbly oil. In this study, a thermohydrodynamic lubrication model for the bubbly oil considering the bubble evolution and the shear thinning effect was established based on the multiphase mixtures theory. The influence of bubble evolution and shear thinning effect on the static behavior of bubbly oil lubricated bearing was analyzed, and an experimental study was conducted to verify the model. The result shows that the bubble radius is mainly dependent on the liquid pressure; the bearing static behavior is affected by the bubble evolution through the interface effect; the shear thinning effect of the pure oil can be enhanced with regarding the bubble evolution effect. • A thermohydrodynamic lubrication model for the bubbly oil was established based on the multiphase mixtures theory. • Bubble evolution and shear thinning effect on the lubrication performance of bubbly oil is discovered. • The bubble evolution process can be calculated with using the thermohydrodynamic lubrication model established. • An in-depth physical research on the bubbly oil lubrication is conducted through a case study with using journal bearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensory analysis is the evaluation of the signals received through senses of sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch. The traditional methods for the analysis of sensory properties including trained sensory panel, colourimeters and texture analysers are invasive, laborious, and small-scale procedures. Hyperspectral imaging systems (HSI) has emerged as a less time-consuming and non-destructive method to determine the sensory properties of a diverse range of food products. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent application developments since 2010 for identifying sensory properties including colour, defects, texture, flavour, freshness, and maturity in various food products by HSI. The Vis-NIR (400–1000 nm) hyperspectral imaging is most used for the assessment of sensory properties. Moreover, the commonly applied multivariate analysis in the sensory evaluation by HSI is linear regression algorithms (PLSR and MLR), but non-linear analysis achieves better performance for the prediction of sensory features. Regression models are applied for determining the texture, colour, flavour, and freshness of food products while classification models are used to detect the defects and maturity by which the most accurate results are obtained. Furthermore, the combination of algorithms and the integration of spectral and spatial information yield more accurate results in the assessment of sensory features. Although there are still some limitations to overcome for the improvement of the HSI system, studies on the application of HSI in the real-time monitoring of sensory properties have proved a great potential for industrial applications. • Vis-NIR (400–1000 nm) hyperspectral imaging is most used in sensory evaluation. • The most used chemometric is linear regression algorithms in sensory evaluation. • The most accurate results are obtained in the detection of bruise and maturity. • Regression models are applied to predict texture, color, flavour and freshness. • Classification models are used to detect the defect and maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the ingestion of microplastics by fish has been investigated extensively over the last 50 years, the quality of these ingestion studies is questionable due to the lack of standard methods for sampling, extraction, and identification of microplastics. This review aims to provide reliable results of microplastic occurrence in fish sourced from 104 published articles through a rigorous assessment of the data quality. A scoring system was performed to assess ten quality assurance/quality control criteria including sampling methods, sample size, sample processing and storage, laboratory preparation, clean air conditions, negative controls, positive controls, target component, sample treatment and polymer identification. We found that 59 out of 104 articles had scores ≤10, and only two studies are identified with scores higher than 15, demonstrating the urgent need to improve the quality and reliability of fish digestion studies. Particularly, five criteria, namely, the positive controls, sampling method, clean air conditions, sample size, and polymer identification with an average score of less than 1 need attention and improvement in future studies. This review also revealed that the 104 studies considered here originated mainly from five countries, i.e., China (23%), Iran (8%), Thailand (5%), Turkey (4%), and Indonesia (4%). Among 104 studies, the major polymer type found was polyethylene, with a size range of 0–1 mm. The most frequently reported colour and shape of microplastics found in the fish were blue and fibre, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea is one of the most popular beverages around the world for its health benefit. The availability of rapid and reliable techniques for evaluating tea quality and safety is important for the tea industry. However, tea components and pesticide residues detection, sensory analysis, grading, and pricing are carried out by laborious, time-consuming, and destructive methods. Therefore, vibrational spectroscopy has emerged as an increasingly popular technology in tea quality and safety evaluation owing to its simple, nondestructive and rapid detection procedures. The current review compares the employment of different vibrational spectroscopic techniques including near-infrared (NIR), mid-infrared (MIR), Raman, Terahertz (THz) spectroscopies and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in tandem with regression and classification models in the quantitative and qualitative analyses of tea quality and safety. Furthermore, band assignments of tea components based on these spectroscopies are summarized. NIR spectroscopy dominates the applications of vibrational spectroscopy in the evaluation of tea quality, while only one study is related to THz spectroscopy. Raman technology is mainly applied to detect pesticide residues. HSI providing both spectral and spatial information has a potential in the optimization of the tea production process. Additionally, regression models find widespread use in the quantitative analysis of tea, such as phenolics, flavonoids, pigments, sensory evaluation, and pesticide residues, while classification models are useful for discriminating geographical origins, varieties, and fermentation degrees. The online detection of tea quality and safety by vibrational spectroscopy on the industrial scale is still an important and challenging task for future studies. • NIR spectroscopy is the most used spectroscopy in tea quality evaluation. • Raman technology is mainly applied for detecting pesticide residues in tea. • Quantitative investigation is more extensive than qualitative evaluation of tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its emergence, the application of CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) technology in cancer research has accelerated studies to investigate many aspects of treatment approaches for lung cancer, including the identification of target genes, construction of animal tumor models, and identification of drug resistance-related genes. Moreover, CRISPR/Cas9 can be used in gene therapy for lung cancer, specifically involving molecular targeted drugs and inhibitors. This article reviews the current landscape of CRISPR/Cas9 applications for lung cancer treatment as a basis for further studies. Given its promising performance, in-depth and systematic research on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in lung cancer treatment will be necessary in future studies for its successful implementation in clinical practice. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing of proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes offers great potential as a treatment for lung cancer. Drug resistance to chemotherapy is the main reason for the poor efficacy of current treatments for patients with lung cancer. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology can be used to evaluate genes targeted by chemotherapeutic drugs and to identify new pathways to reduce or eliminate resistance to chemotherapy in lung cancer. Targeted drug therapy, which involves several genes such as EGFR , ALK , and KRAS , has become an important approach in lung cancer treatment. However, drug resistance is a growing concern. CRISPR/Cas9 can lower the resistance of tumors to these molecular targeted drugs or inhibitors by editing related genes, which will benefit patients with lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is widely used on the world market. Browning of mushroom surface is the most intuitive factor affecting consumer purchase. Developments of browning during postharvest are related to the flush number, mechanical damage, polyphenol oxidase, phenolic compounds, pathogens and postharvest environment. Many techniques such as cooling, modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and coating are developed to control button mushroom browning. In this review, the main factors involved in mushroom browning including mushroom tyrosinase, postharvest factors and pathogen are discussed, and some detection methods for mushroom surface color are introduced. Furthermore, different methods for controlling browning including MAP, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, edible coating, irradiation, cooling and other emerging techniques are reviewed and compared. Internal factors of button mushroom browning include subtracts, enzyme and mushroom cellular integrity, which are affected by postharvest factors such as mechanical damage, temperature, relative humidity, and atmosphere gas. Imaging or computer vision and hyperspectral imaging are emerging methods for the detection of mushroom color and can be used to analyze each pixel of the entire surface of mushrooms. In order to control mushroom browning, preservation methods including MAP, coating, PPO inhibitors and irradiation are extensively studied. In addition, thermally buffered package, commercial film materials and gas composition of MAP, natural coating and PPO inhibitor materials should be investigated in future. • Button mushroom browning is affected by postharvest factors. • Modified atmosphere packaging is often used among all the control methods. • Tendency of inhibitory rate for L* during storage varies with control methods. • Computer vision is a rapid and reliable method for detecting mushroom color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• LED cooling by thermoelectric cooler integrated microchannel heat sink is proposed. • The relative importance of the factors was revealed by the Taguchi method. • The proposed LED + TEC + WMHS device showed excellent cooling performance. • The LED headlight can be cooled to temperature lower than the coolant temperature. • Cooling system and factor levels for different applications were recommended. Effective thermal management is crucial for light-emitting diodes (LED). Thermoelectric cooler (TEC) and microchannel heat sink (MHS) have been demonstrated to be effective for thermal management of LED. However, neither the combination of these two methods, nor the dominant factors which could be effectively adjusted to control the LED temperature, have been reported. In this study, a cooling device integrating TEC and water-cooled microchannel heat sink (WMHS) is proposed to improve the thermal management of high-power LED headlights. The start-up performance of the proposed device, LED + TEC + WMHS, was evaluated and compared with three different systems, namely LED + WMHS, LED + AHS (air-cooled heat sink), and LED + TEC + AHS. Experimental results have demonstrated the best performance of the LED + TEC + WMHS device. Orthogonal experiments based on the Taguchi method were conducted to reveal dominant factors among four variables, including TEC current, water inlet temperature, water flow velocity, and ambient temperature. The results show that effects of all the factors were significant while the TEC current has most important influence on the performance. The variation of the thermal management performance with the levels of the factors were investigated. The LED temperature was only 60.0 °C even at severe working conditions (T a = 80 °C, T i = 55 °C) and moderate cooling input (I TEC = 2 A, u = 0.49 m/s), indicating great thermal management performance of the proposed method. Choosing a cooling system and adjusting the factor levels for different applications were recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Enrichment of zinc(II) from and into ammoniacal media was achieved with NDSX. • TOPO has an evident synergistic role on zinc transport. • Zinc transport shows a decreasing trend as the order of octane > toluene > octanol. • The low pH and total ammonia concentration of feed phase favors for zinc transport. • Non-disperse extraction process has a good stability. Abstract The enrichment of zinc(II) in ammoniacal media with non-dispersive synergistic extraction (NDSX) was achieved in a sandwich-supported liquid membrane module, in which a mixed extractant containing 4-ethyl-1-phenyl-1,3-octadione (HA) and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) was used as the carrier. Several parameters of Zn(II) transport, including carrier concentration, diluent type, feed pH, total ammonia concentration, and temperature, were systematically investigated. The results showed that the mixing of TOPO with HA can effectively improve the Zn(II) enrichment from and into ammoniacal solutions. The transport efficiency of zinc increases with increasing carrier concentration and temperature. Moreover, Zn(II) transport is dependent on the total ammonia concentration and solution pH of the feed phase. The nonpolar n-octane is more beneficial to zinc transport than the polar octanol. Five successive transports exhibit excellent membrane stability and the effective uphill transport of zinc from and into ammoniacal media with NDSX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feature relationships are complex and may contain important information. k top scoring pairs ( k -TSP) studies feature relationships by the horizontal comparison. This study examines feature relationships and proposes vertical and horizontal k -TSP (VH- k -TSP) to identify the discriminative feature pairs by evaluating feature pairs based on the vertical and horizontal comparisons. Complexity is introduced to compute the discriminative abilities of feature pairs by means of these two comparisons. VH- k -TSP was compared with support vector machine-recursive feature elimination, relative simplicity-support vector machine, k -TSP and M- k -TSP on nine public genomics datasets. For multi-class problems, one-to-one method was used. The experiments showed that VH- k -TSP outperformed the four methods in most cases. Then, VH- k -TSP was applied to a metabolomics data of liver disease. An accuracy rate of 88.11 ± 3.30% in discrimination between cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma was obtained by VH- k -TSP, better than 77.39 ± 4.10% and 79.28 ± 3.73% obtained by k -TSP and M- k -TSP, respectively. Hence combining the vertical and horizontal comparisons could define more discriminative feature pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thermohydrodynamic cavitating flow lubrication model including effects of cavitation, inertia and turbulence for high speed water-lubricated spiral groove thrust bearing was established. The static characteristics of the water-lubricated spiral groove thrust bearing at high speed condition were investigated using this model. The numerical calculation results have shown that load carrying capacity and friction torque reduce due to inertia and cavitation in high speed condition, while that load carrying capacity and friction torque increase due to turbulence. The maximum temperature rise increases due to inertia effect, and reduces due to cavitation effect. In addition, the influence of inertia effect on the static characteristics of water-lubricated spiral groove thrust bearing was greater than the cavitation effect under high speed condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the Earth's third pole, the Tibetan Plateau ecosystems are extremely sensitive to climate change. However, the interannual climate sensitivity of the carbon balance of the Tibetan Plateau alpine grassland has not been well quantified under changes in the climate and atmospheric CO 2 concentration. Here, we used a process-based biogeochemistry model, CENTURY, to evaluate the sensitivity of the carbon balance to climate change and rising atmospheric CO 2 concentration on the Tibetan Plateau grassland during the period 1901–2010. We show that the magnitude of the increase in net primary production (NPP) (0.31 g C m − 2 yr − 1 ) was larger than that in heterotrophic respiration (Rh) (0.26 g C m − 2 yr − 1 ), and thus indicate that the Tibetan Plateau grassland acted as a net carbon sink of 7.45 Tg C yr − 1 from 1901 to 2010. The spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon fluxes in the Tibetan Plateau grassland were primarily controlled by temperature, and positively correlated with precipitation and elevated CO 2 concentration. The temperature sensitivities of NPP ( γ NPP Temp ), Rh ( γ Rh Temp ), and net ecosystem production (NEP, γ NEP Temp ) during the period 1961–2010 weakened by 16%, 17%, and 15%, respectively, compared with the period 1901–1960. By contrast, the precipitation sensitivities of these variables, i.e., γ NPP Prec , γ Rh Prec , and γ NEP Prec , strengthened by 46%, 67%, and 23%, respectively, from 1961 to 2010 compared with the 1901–1960 period. The continuing increase in atmospheric CO 2 concentration tended to enhance the climate sensitivity of the carbon fluxes, by ~ 3% for γ Temp and 2%–4% for γ Prec , as a result of CO 2 fertilization and water use efficiency improvement. The climate sensitivity heterogeneity revealed that interannual variation in Rh is more likely to be amplified than NPP or NEP. The findings imply that climate change exerts a strong influence on the carbon dynamics of the alpine ecosystem in the Tibetan Plateau, and this could further modulate the carbon balance depending on the magnitude of different carbon component fluxes. Our study suggests that changes in the climate sensitivity of carbon dynamics should be considered to further quantify the carbon dynamics in this climate-sensitive region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mo-12Si-8.5B alloy with layered Mo 2 TiAlC 2 (a new MAX phase) additions, in order to improve its fracture toughness, were prepared by hot pressing. The composition analysis combined with microstructure features revealed that after hot pressing sintering, the Mo 2 TiAlC 2 does not decompose but still maintains the layered structure and exhibits a good interface bonding with the matrix. The grain size of Mo-12Si-8.5B alloys was apparently refined by Mo 2 TiAlC 2. The mechanical properties suggested that the Mo 2 TiAlC 2 phase affects the hardness of Mo-12Si-8.5B alloy mainly through grain refinement. As the amount of Mo 2 TiAlC 2 increased, the compressive strength and flexure strength of alloys improved nonlinearly which is caused by the relatively low strength of Mo 2 TiAlC 2 and stress release due to its basal plane sliding, the enhanced strength was attributed to the particle strengthening and fine grain strengthening. The Mo 2 TiAlC 2 phase exhibits a remarkably toughening effect on Mo-12Si-8.5B alloy. The fracture toughness of Mo-12Si-8.5B-2%Mo 2 TiAlC 2 alloy increased by about 52% compared with the Mo 2 TiAlC 2 free alloy. Except for the fine-grain toughening caused by Mo 2 TiAlC 2 particles, the improvement of fracture toughness of Mo-12Si-8.5B alloy by Mo 2 TiAlC 2 is mainly caused by the crack deflection, the steps formed by Mo 2 TiAlC 2 fracture and basal plane (0001) sliding of Mo 2 TiAlC 2. • The layered Mo 2 TiAlC 2 MAX phase was firstly added to Mo-12Si-8.5B alloy. • Mo 2 TiAlC 2 shows a good interface bonding with matrix and refine the grain size. • Compressive and flexure strength improved nonlinearly with Mo 2 TiAlC 2 increasing. • The Mo 2 TiAlC 2 exhibits a remarkably toughening effect on Mo-12Si-8.5B alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing the biological data by considering the molecule interactions may induce a more accurate identification of disease-related biomarkers. In this study, a novel feature selection method based on molecule (feature) interactive effect network is proposed, denoted as Distance Correlation Gain-Network (DCG-Net). In DCG-Net, DCG is defined to measure the interactive effects between pairwise features with respect to the process of physiological and pathological changes and infer the molecule interactive effect network. DCG index is suitable for discrete random variables and continuous random variables. Then a greedy searching strategy is developed to search the informational modules of the interactive features with high statistical dependence on disease outcome. To evaluate the performance of DCG-Net, it was compared with eight representative feature selection techniques including t -test, ReliefF, SVM-RFE, mRMR, IG-RFE, INDEED, MN-PCC and Dcor-SFS on ten public datasets. The experiment results showed the superior performance of DCG-Net in classification accuracy rate, sensitivity, and specificity for three different classifiers. Subsequently, DCG-Net was employed to analyze a lung adenocarcinoma metabolomics dataset, and the metabolites selected involved in the important pathway and had a better discrimination ability. The experiments demonstrate that DCG can effectively detect the molecular interactions, and incorporation of the molecule interactions is helpful to identify informational biomarkers reflecting the occurrence and development of complex diseases. [Display omitted] • A new method is proposed to extract important information based on feature interactions. • The distance correlation gain suitable for continuous and discrete random variables is defined. • A greedy searching strategy is developed to search the informational modules from the interactive effect network. • Experiments on the public datasets and the application in the metabolomics data showed the validity of the method. • The distance correlation gain is used to explore the interactions between features and construct the molecular network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new graph convolutional network model for molecular distance matrix prediction (DMGCN) is proposed. • Compared with the other two methods, DMGCN obtains better mean absolute error (MAE) on QM9 dataset. • The prediction results of DMGCN can be used for the downstream task of molecular property prediction. Molecular structure has important applications in many fields. For example, some studies show that molecular spatial information can be used to achieve better prediction results when predicting molecular properties. However, traditional molecular geometry calculations, such as density functional theory (DFT), are time-consuming. In view of this, we propose a model based on graph convolutional networks to predict the pairwise distance between atoms, also called distance matrix prediction of the molecule (DMGCN). In order to indicate the effect of DMGCN model, the model is compared with the model DeeperGCN-DAGNN and the method of calculating molecular conformation in RDKit. Results show that the MAE of DMGCN is smaller than DeeperGCN-DAGNN and RDKit. In addition, the distances predicted by the DMGCN model and the distances calculated by the QM9 dataset are used to predict the molecular properties, thus showing the effectiveness of the distance predicted by the DMGCN model. Our code is available at https://github.com/Lin12138xh/DMGCN. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• MVD mushroom stipes showed higher moisture contents, ε ' and ε ' ' values than caps. • MVD mushroom caps displayed higher water evaporation and rehydration rates. • The centre area of the MVD mushroom slice had the highest temperature. • The more porous structure in the MVD cap led to its higher mass transfer rates. This research work aimed to investigate the effects of microstructures, dielectric property and temperature distributions on drying feature difference between the mushroom cap and stipe during the microwave-vacuum drying (MVD) process. Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR HSI) was employed to visualize distribution maps for moisture content (MC), dielectric constant ε ' and dielectric loss factor ε ' ' of mushroom slices during the MVD process. Infrared (IR) thermal imaging was used to evaluate the temperature distribution of the mushroom slices. Results demonstrated higher MC, ε ' and ε ' ' values in MVD mushroom stipes. Nevertheless, the centre area of the mushroom slice showed the highest temperature, while the MVD mushroom cap displayed a more porous structure. The effect of microstructure could encounter effects of dielectric properties and temperature to cause higher water evaporation in the MVD cap. This work highlights the novelty to combine different detection techniques to investigate the effects of microstructures, dielectric property and temperature distributions on drying patterns of mushroom slices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Filtering the discriminative metabolites from high dimension metabolome data is very important in metabolomics study. Support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) is an efficient feature selection technique and has shown promising applications in the analysis of the metabolome data. SVM-RFE measures the weights of the features according to the support vectors, noise and non-informative variables in the high dimension data may affect the hyper-plane of the SVM learning model. Hence we proposed a mutual information (MI)-SVM-RFE method which filters out noise and non-informative variables by means of artificial variables and MI, then conducts SVM-RFE to select the most discriminative features. A serum metabolomics data set from patients with chronic hepatitis B, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) was used to demonstrate the validation of our method. An accuracy of 74.33±2.98% to distinguish among three liver diseases was obtained, better than 72.00±4.15% from the original SVM-RFE. Thirty-four ion features were defined to distinguish among the control and 3 liver diseases, 17 of them were identified. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Magnetic Co–Cu alloy nanowires with low Cu content were prepared by SC electrodeposition in pores of anodic aluminum oxide templates. The as-deposited Co–Cu nanowires, with a diameter of 15nm, show distinctive magnetic anisotropy as an applied magnetic field parallel to the axis of nanowires. With increase in the molar ratio of Co and Cu, the coercivity along nanowire axis increases and reaches a maximum value of 1977.5Oe at the Co/Cu molar ratio of 60:1, but the maximum value of coercivity increases to 1743.6Oe with the decrease of frequency to 2Hz. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ultrafine nanowires of Fe–Co with a diameter around 15nm have been fabricated by electrodeposition method using anodic porous alumina as a template. The alloy nanowires were in the form of arrays and consisting of polycrystalline structures. They showed obvious shape anisotropy parallel to the axis of nanowires and the perpendicular coercivity (Hc⊥) was found to be 2576.8Oe which is higher than any coercivity value reported in the literature. The effects of critical factors such as heat treatment and temperature of annealing on the structure and magnetic properties of the ultrafine nanowire arrays were studied and discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We applied the random forest method to discriminate among different kinds of cut tobacco. To overcome the influence of the descending resolution caused by column pollution and the subsequent deterioration of column efficacy at different testing times, we constructed combined peaks by summing the peaks over a specific elution time interval Δt. On constructing tree classifiers, both the original peaks and the combined peaks were considered. A data set of 75 samples from three grades of the same tobacco brand was used to evaluate our method. Two parameters of the random forest were optimized using out-of-bag error, and the relationship between Δt and classification rate was investigated. Experiments show that partial least squares discriminant analysis was not suitable because of the overfitting, and the random forest with the combined features performed more accurately than Naïve Bayes, support vector machines, bootstrap aggregating and the random forest using only its original features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ethanol production from corncob residues (CCR) pretreated by different methods was studied. The structure features of these CCR were analyzed by Fourier transform-infrared spectrum (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM). Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was performed by adding crude cellulase preparations from Penicillium decumbens JUA10-1 at 30°C. The results suggested that different pretreatments resulted in different composition and structure of residues; these changes had a significant influence on ethanol productivity and concentration. The fed-batch method was combined with SSF to enhance ethanol concentration further and reduce enzyme dosage. Moreover, the absorption and desorption phenomena of cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I) (70kDa) were observed to be related to lignin contents in residues. These results demonstrated that despite the application of low enzyme dosage, high concentration ethanol could be produced from pretreated corncobs by combining fed-batch method with SSF. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A coupled theoretical model based on Fokker–Planck equation for ultra-short laser ablation of dielectrics is proposed. Multiphoton ionization and avalanche ionization are considered as the sources during the generation of free electrons. The impact of the electron distribution in thermodynamic nonequilibrium on relaxation time is taken into account. The calculation formula of ablation depth is deduced based on the law of energy conservation. Numerical calculations are performed for the femtosecond laser ablation of fused silica at 526 and 1053nm. It shows that the threshold damage fluences and ablation depths resulted from the coupled model are in good agreement with the experimental results; while the damage thresholds resulted from the approximate model significantly differ from the experimental results for lasers of long pulse width. It is concluded that the coupled model can better describe the micro-process of ultra-short laser ablation of dielectrics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Assume we have a set of colors and we assign an arbitrary subset of these colors to each vertex of a graph . If we require that each vertex to which an empty set is assigned has in its neighborhood all colors, then this assignment is called the -rainbow dominating function of a graph . The corresponding invariant , which is the minimum sum of numbers of assigned colors over all vertices of , is called the -rainbow domination number of . Brešar and S˘umenjak [B. Brešar, T.K. S˘umenjak On the 2-rainbow domination in graphs, Discrete Applied Mathematics, 155 (2007) 2394–2400] showed that , where for and for . And they raised the question: Is for all ? In this paper, we put forward the answer to the question. More over, we show that , where for and for . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The generalized Petersen graph is an undirected graph on vertices with and . Fiorini claimed to have determined the crossing numbers of and showed all the values of for up to 14, except 12 unknown values. Lovrečič Saražin proved . Richter and Salazar found a gap in Fiorini’s paper, which invalidated his principal results about , and gave the correct proof for . In this paper, we show the crossing numbers of all for up to 16. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Investigation of the crossing number of graphs is a classical but very difficult problem. The exact value of the crossing number is known only for a few specific families of graphs. In this paper we extend a recent result from Bokal on the crossing number of , and prove that . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Optical stimulated luminescence is observed from SrAl 12 O 19 : Mn2+, Gd3+. • The detrapping of electrons is operable by controlling the IR laser. • An optical information storage that integrate a writing-storing-readout-erasing-rewriting is realized. In the current big data era, state-of-the-art optical data storage has become a front-runner in competing data storage technologies. In this work, we propose an information storage prototype using optical stimulated luminescent phosphor of SrAl 12 O 19 : Mn2+, Gd3+, which converts the photon into trapped electrons and partially releases them in a form of luminescence when irradiated by infrared irradiation, rendering an optical information storage ability. Information storage can be realized in both graphical and digital formats. In this way, graphical patterns can be stored and rejuvenated by infrared irradiation, and a set of digital data is recorded step by step by a home-make decoding system, completing an optical data reading process. This work provides a practical example for future application of writing-storing-readout-erasing-rewriting integrated optical information storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of plastic substances in teabags is of increasing concern for conscious consumers due to the harmful effects on the environment and the potential threats to human health. This work introduces an innovative and cost-effective approach to detect and quantify plastic substances in teabags by applying near infrared hyperspectral imaging (951–2496 nm) coupled with multivariate analysis. Teabags from 6 popular brands were investigated and categorized into three classes based on spectral unmixing and target detection results: 1) the plastic teabag primarily made of nylon 6/6; 2) those made of a composite with various polypropylene and cellulose ratios; 3) biodegradable teabags free from any plastic traces. Results demonstrated the presence of numerous plastic particles in the beverage obtained after steeping nylon teabags, but the release of particles was further amplified after microwave treatment. Nevertheless, target detection results obtained from Fourier transform infrared imaging (4000–675 cm-1) dataset evidenced that a considerable proportion of particle residues detected were the contaminants obtained from tea granules that adsorbed on the teabag. This work highlights the significant importance of performing rigorous spectral analysis for chemical characterization, which is lacking in most published microplastic studies. [Display omitted] • NIR hyperspectral imaging was applied to fast detect plastic substance in teabags. • Five out of the six brands investigated contain plastic substances. • A huge number of microplastics were released from nylon teabag after brewing. • Microwave treatment further increases the release of microplastic from the teabag. • FTIR spectra evidenced chemical changes in particles released from the intact teabag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A damage profile evolution model based on the Boltzmann equation is proposed. • The model can effectively describe the group transport of helium ions in the substrate in the helium FIB process • The model contains ion transport information including damage distribution and implanted helium ion distribution. • The numerical simulation efficiency of the model is not affected by the simulated number of particles. In this work, a damage profile evolution model based on the Boltzmann transport equation was developed for silicon micromachining using the focused helium ion beam. The energy grouping method, the spherical harmonic function expansion method, and the discrete ordinate method were used to solve the model numerically to obtain the implanted ion distribution and the amorphous damage profile. The influence of the ion beam energy and the ion dose on the evolution of the amorphous damage profile and the helium ion distribution in the silicon substrate were investigated. The implantation depth of the ions was positively correlated with the beam energy, and the influence of the ion dose on the implantation depth of the ions was very slight. The amorphous damage profiles predicted by the model were in good agreement with the experimental transmission electron microscope images. The results showed that the amorphous damage profile evolved into an approximately cylindrical shape for low beam energy (<10 keV), and an approximate "vase" shape for high beam energy (>10 keV). For the specified beam energy, the maximum amorphous width increased linearly and the amorphous depth first increased rapidly and then slowly increased with the increasing ion dose, and there was a limit on the amorphous depth. The computational efficiency of the model was not limited by the number of particles, which made up for a common shortcoming of the Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of emerging high-temperature-resistant semiconductor materials is of great significance for the stability of signals and the reliability of sensors during extreme probing processes such as deep earth and space. However, current reports only focused on the properties of the semiconductor materials, neglecting the high-temperature-resistant properties of subsidiary components, such as substrate. In this study, for the first time, the feasibility of the Molybdenum-14Rhenium (Mo-14Re) alloy as a high-temperature semiconductor substrate material was verified at five temperature points (25 ℃ (room temperature, Rt.), 100 ℃, 200 ℃, 300 ℃, and 400 ℃, respectively). The results showed that the hardness (2.8 GPa to 2.4 GPa) of the Mo-14Re alloy changed slightly during the temperature up to 400 ℃; the Mo-14Re alloy generated protective Mo6+ and Re3+ oxides at different temperatures, which enhanced its oxidation resistance; the thermal expansion coefficient of the Mo-14Re alloy was 5.04 × 10−6/℃ at 400 ℃, which can be perfectly adapted to semiconductor components, such as silicon, silicon nitride, and gallium nitride. Simultaneously, the Mo-14Re alloy combined appropriate thermal conductivity, making it the most promising candidate for a new generation of high-temperature semiconductor substrate materials. This study can promote the application of semiconductor materials in extreme environments, such as high temperatures. Concurrently, this study can promote the development of deep earth exploration and aerospace fields and guide the selection of emerging high-temperature resistant substrate materials. • The high-temperature indentation tests of Mo-14Re alloy were conducted for the first time; • The feasibility of Mo-14Re as a semiconductor substrate material was verified for the first time; • The high-temperature resistance mechanism of Mo-14Re alloys was analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of influences of various factors is important for improvement and optimization of a thermal management system for microelectronics. In this study, a series of orthogonal experiments and analysis of variance were performed on an LED cooling system which integrates thermoelectric cooler with microchannel heat sink using nanofluid as coolant. The significance of four factors, including nanofluid concentration, ambient temperature, nanofluid temperature, and power of the thermoelectric cooler, were evaluated. Substrate temperature was measured and temperature distribution of the LED was estimated. Results indicate that nanofluid demonstrated better cooling capacity compared with water. Results of difference analysis and analysis of variance indicate that all the four factors showed significant effects on the LED temperature, while the dominant factor was nanofluid concentration. The optimum nanofluid concentration was obtained. The variation of the nanofluid effect on the cooling performance with ambient temperature and nanofluid temperature were observed. The influence of dispersion stability of the nanofluid on the cooling performance was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China pledges to reach a peak in CO 2 emissions by 2030 and to make its best efforts to reach this peak earlier. Previous studies have paid much attention to the total amount of China's CO 2 emissions, but usually only one dataset is used in each evaluation. The pledged national reduction target is administratively divided into provincial targets. Accurate interpretation of province-level carbon emissions is essential for making policies and achieving the reduction target. However, the spatiotemporal pattern of provincial emissions and the associated uncertainty are still poorly understood. Thus, an assessment of province-level CO 2 emissions considering local statistical data and emission factors is urgently needed. Here, we collected and analyzed 7 published emission datasets to comprehensively evaluate the spatiotemporal distribution of provincial CO 2 emissions. We found that the provincial emissions ranged from 20 to 649 Mt CO 2 and that the standard deviations (SDs) ranged from 8 to 159 Mt. Furthermore, the emissions estimated from provincial-data-based inventories were more consistent than those from the spatial disaggregation of national energy statistics, with mean SDs of 26 and 65 Mt CO 2 in 2012, respectively. Temporally, emissions in most provinces increased from 2000 to approximately 2012 and leveled off afterwards. The interannual variation in provincial CO 2 emissions was captured by provincial-data-based inventories but generally missed by national-data-based inventories. When compared with referenced inventories, the discrepancy for provincial estimates could reach −57%–162% for national-data-based inventories but were less than 45% for provincial-data-based inventories. Using comprehensive data sets, the range presented here incorporated more factors and showed potential systematic biases. Our results indicate that it is more suitable to use provincial inventories when making policies for subnational CO 2 reductions or when performing atmospheric CO 2 simulations. To reduce uncertainties in provincial emission estimates, we suggest the use of local optimized coal emission factors and validations of inventories by direct measurement data and remote sensing results. • Estimates from provincial statistics were more consistent than the national ones. • The interannual variations were well-captured by provincial-data-based datasets. • The provincial-based estimates help to allocate duties and set reduction targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• MVD ginger slices showed higher shrinkage rates and hardness than splits. • MVD ginger splits had higher rehydration rates than slices at the beginning. • The surface layer of MVD ginger slices showed more porous than that of splits. • A more uniform moisture distribution was found in MVD original ginger slices. This study aimed to investigate the difference between ginger slices (vertically cut) and splits (horizontally cut) during microwave-vacuum drying (MVD) procedures. MVD ginger slices showed a higher shrinkage rate and a higher hardness value, with a more porous structure of the surface layer. MVD ginger splits had higher rehydration rates at the first 15 min of the rehydration. Nine optimal wavelengths were selected by regression coefficients (RC) from the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model based on the raw data. A simplified PLSR model based on optimal wavelengths showed a good performance with a coefficient of determination in prediction (R p 2) of 0.973 and a root mean square error in prediction (RMSEP) of 4.63%. Texture features of grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) of moisture prediction maps demonstrated a more uniform moisture distribution in MVD ginger slices than that in splits in the original geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy was applied on a mineral's surface. • The adsorption of flotation collectors onto pyrite surface was investigated by in-situ electrochemical SHINERS. • Both of xanthate and MBT adsorption were enhanced by cathodic stripping of the pre-oxidized products. • Compared to xanthate, MBT shows a broader potential window for adsorption. In this paper, shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) has been applied to investigate the adsorption of typical collectors, butyl xanthate and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), on pyrite surface. With the help of inert shell isolated gold nanoparticles as electric field enhancers, high quality electrochemical spectra were obtained in relation to real-world flotation conditions, enabling the quantitative identification of the chemical reactions occurring only on the mineral surface. It has been found that polysulphide anions are predominant oxidation product of pyrite after abrading and above 0 mV vs Ag/AgCl. Both the adsorption of xanthate and MBT are suppressed on pre-oxidized pyrite surface. The pre-formed polysulphide is diminished at negative potentials, which are favourable for collector's adsorption. Compared to xanthate, MBT shows greater resistance to pyrite oxidation and a broader potential window for adsorption due to the presence of two "minerophilic" groups (endocyclic nitrogen atom bonding in addition to the interaction through the exocyclic S atom). Single exocyclic S atom bonding is predominant in more favarouble adsorption environments. Dithiolate, the oxidation products of xanthate and MBT, has been precluded due to the high stability of adsorbed collector. This is inconsistent with the ex-situ XPS measurement where air exposure may induce oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facility agriculture has been widely used around the world due to its effective strategy of increasing the added value of agricultural products. The study of Mn4+ doped oxidized red phosphors has become a prominent area of research aimed at addressing the shortage of red light in agriculture and horticulture. In this work, SrZnAl 10 O 17 far-red phosphors doped with Mn4+ were deliberately designed through a high-temperature solid-state reaction. The crystal structure was determined through Rietveld refinement, and a comprehensive analysis of the photoluminescence properties was conducted. When illuminated with light at either 396 or 552 nm, the SrZnAl 10 O 17 :Mn4+ phosphors displayed a distinct narrow emission band, covering the wavelength range of 600–800 nm, with a peak occurring at 692 nm. Notably, the photoluminescence intensity of these phosphors did not show significant variations under 396 and 552 nm light excitation—a relatively uncommon occurrence in Mn4+-doped red oxide phosphors. Furthermore, the photoluminescence spectra of SrZnAl 10 O 17 :Mn4+ phosphors closely matched the absorption spectra of PFR, suggesting the potential application of these phosphors in agricultural cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to study dynamic characteristics for high-speed water-lubricated spiral groove thrust bearing considering cavitating effect. A lubrication model was established with multiple gas-liquid interface effects, the evolution of bubble volume caused by breakage and coalescence of bubbles was quantitatively described using the population balance equation. Dynamic characteristics of the spiral groove thrust bearing (SGTB) were predicted. An experimental rig was developed to measure the dynamic coefficients of the SGTB. The result shows that, when spiral angle is in small range, direct stiffness coefficients of the SGTB with the cavitating effect are larger than those without cavitating effect. The cavitating effect has less influence on the damping coefficients than the stiffness coefficients. • The dynamic characteristics of high-speed water-lubricated SGTB considering cavitating effect is studied. • The hydrodynamic lubrication model of cavitating flow for the water-lubricated SGTB was established. • The cavitation effect on dynamic characteristics of water-lubricated SGTB is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Proposing a novel feature evaluation criterion taking feature relevance and feature interaction into consideration. • Employing Interaction Gain to examine the interaction among features. • Combining proposed feature evaluation criterion with Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) technique to define the informative feature subset. • Experimental results on eleven public data sets showed that proposed method could measure features more accurately and stably than other methods. Defining important information from complex biological data is of great significance in biological study. It is known that the physiological and pathological changes in an organism are usually influenced by molecule interactions. Analyzing biological data by fusing the evaluation of the individual molecules and molecule interactions could induce a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the organism. This study proposes an Interaction Gain - Recursive Feature Elimination (IG-RFE) method which evaluates the feature importance by combining the relevance between feature and class label and the interaction among features. Symmetrical uncertainty is adopted to measure the relevance between feature and the class label. The average normalized interaction gain of feature f , every other features and the class label is calculated to reflect the interaction of feature f with other features in the feature set F. Based on the combination of symmetrical uncertainty and normalized interaction gain, less important features are removed iteratively. To show the performance of IG-RFE, it was compared with seven efficient feature selection methods, MIFS, mRMR, CMIM, ReliefF, FCBF, PGVNS and SVM-RFE, on eleven public datasets. The experiment results showed the superiority of IG-RFE in accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and stability. Hence, integrating feature individual discriminative ability and the interaction among features could better evaluate feature importance in biological data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal evolution of defects introduced in silicon by line scanning with helium ion microscopy was investigated, confirming that the evolution of the defective structure after annealing at 650 °C for 1 h results in a central void channel and a sector ring of cavities surrounding it, located in the amorphous and transition regions of the unannealed pre-irradiated sample, respectively. The variation of defective structures with annealing temperature and ion dose indicates that high temperature is favorable for the formation of void channels and cavities, and the coarsening and recrystallization processes compete in the shaping of a void channel. The total volume of the defective structure is linearly related to the ion dose, while the zoning phenomenon is attributed to the differences in the vacancy amounts within their locations. These results provide direct experimental evidence for the thermal evolution of defects with zonal characteristics induced by precisely localized helium irradiation. • An experimental study of the evolution of defects induced by precisely localized irradiation of He + FIB was conducted. • A nanostructure characterized as a single central void channel surrounded by a sector ring of cavities was deposited. • The zonal evolution of defects is reasonably explained based on the distribution of helium and vacancies implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photochromic materials have received increasing interest benefited by its promising application in anti-counterfeiting and erasable optical information storage with the rapid development of the information age. In this work, we have reported a perovskite configuration SrHfO 3 :Eu3+ photochromic powders, displaying the color changed from white to brown upon UV light irradiation, and it can be bleached by 365 nm light or heat treatment. Based on the energy transfer, the Eu3+ ions doped into SrHfO 3 host to obtain luminescence modulation attribute to the special excitation (302 and 396 nm) and emission (614 nm) properties, and the more efficient luminescence modulation is excited at 396 nm. The storage of verbal, images and digital signal can be realized by UV light irradiation, then the stored information can be read out through 254 nm light, and the recording information can be erased using 365 nm light illumination. In addition, the anti-counterfeiting application has achieved by employing alternating UV and 365 nm light illumination. Furthermore, the stored information undergoes several cycles with almost no degradation of "written in", "read out" and "erased", displaying excellent fatigue resistance and reversibility. These results suggest that the perovskite configuration SrHfO 3 :Eu3+ photochromic material has promising multi-functional application in optical information storage and anti-counterfeiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) evoked by two pure tones carry information about the mechanisms that generate and shape them. Thus, DPOAEs hold promise for providing powerful noninvasive diagnostic details of cochlear operations, middle ear (ME) transmission, and impairments. DPOAEs are sensitive to ME function because they are influenced by ME transmission twice, i.e., by the inward-going primary tones in the forward direction and the outward traveling DPOAEs in the reverse direction. However, the effects of ME injuries on DPOAEs have not been systematically characterized. The current study focused on exploring the utility of DPOAEs for examining ME function by methodically characterizing DPOAEs and ME transmission under pathological ME conditions, specifically under conditions of tympanic-membrane (TM) perforation and spontaneous healing. Results indicated that DPOAEs were measurable with TM perforations up to ∼50%, and DPOAE reductions increased with increasing size of the TM perforation. DPOAE reductions were approximately flat across test frequencies when the TM was perforated about 10% (<1/8 of pars tensa) or less. However, with perforations greater than 10%, DPOAEs decreased further with a low-pass filter shape, with ∼30 dB loss at frequencies below 10 kHz and a quick downward sloping pattern at higher frequencies. The reduction pattern of DPOAEs across frequencies was similar to but much greater than, the directly measured ME pressure gain in the forward direction, which suggested that reduction in the DPOAE was a summation of losses of ME ear transmission in both the forward and reverse directions. Following 50% TM perforations, DPOAEs recovered over a 4-week spontaneously healing interval, and these recoveries were confirmed by improvements in auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds. However, up to 4-week post-perforation, DPOAEs never fully recovered to the levels obtained with normal intact TM, consistent with the incomplete recovery of ABR thresholds and ME transmission, especially at high-frequency regions, which could be explained by an irregularly dense and thickened healed TM. Since TM perforations in patients are commonly caused by either trauma or infection, the present results contribute towards providing insight into understanding ME transmission under pathological conditions as well as promoting the application of DPOAEs in the evaluation and diagnosis of deficits in the ME-transmission system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical reaction of gas adsorption/desorption is strongly correlated with the surface state of sensitive films. Thus, understanding the surface state and kinetic process of gas-sensing reactions is crucial to design highly active sensing films. In this study, bismuth selenide (Bi 2 Se 3) was selected as the platform to clarify those matters. The noble metal nanocrystals (Au, Ag and Pt) were decorated on the (001) surface of layered Bi 2 Se 3 to tune the surface state and improve the dynamical gas sensing parameter. The response and response rate toward 10 ppm of NO 2 were respectively improved by 2.5 and 3.8 times by the Au decoration, and 2.3 and 3.2 times by the Ag decoration, and 1.3 and 2.7 times by the Pt decoration. The gas adsorption/desorption isotherm was established to analyze the reaction kinetic parameters of the response (S), kinetic reaction rate (kr and k-r) and beta value (β). These results demonstrate that noble metals can greatly promote the reaction kinetic parameters by modulation the surface state. Especially, the Au10 sample acquired maximum kr values of 633.963, which is 9.3 times higher than pure Bi 2 Se 3. This work provides an important strategy for designing gas sensing performance between topological insulators and noble metal particles. • The topological insulator was served as a platform for novel surface chemistry and catalysis. • Au, Ag and Pt were decorated to design high gas sensing performance by tuning the surface states. • The adsorption/desorption isotherm were established to clarify the mechanism. • This work paves a way to design high activity gas sensor [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nozzle materials always withstand ultra-high temperatures (above 2000 °C) in space propulsion and other fields, which results in complex physical-chemical phenomena under actual operating conditions. The ablation mechanism and microstructural evolution of W-3Re-xHfC alloys were investigated to simulate the actual service conditions. Results show an outstanding ablation resistance. The linear ablation rate of the W 3Re matrix is 6.67 μm/s, the W-3Re-0.5HfC, W-3Re-5HfC and W-3Re-10HfC alloys are 2.93 μm/s, 2.23 μm/s and 2.26 μm/s, respectively. The linear ablation rates of W-3Re-0.5HfC, W-3Re-5HfC, and W-3Re-10HfC alloys decreased by 66%, 67%, and 67% compared with the W 3Re matrix, respectively. Thermochemical oxidation of the W 3Re matrix and HfC was the primary ablation mechanism of W-3Re-xHfC alloys. This work contributes to the design and improving the ablation resistance of W Re alloy applications in extreme environments. • Adding HfC particles significantly improves the ablation properties of W- 3Re alloy. • The ablation distance is shortened or the ablation time is prolonged, the worse ablation resistance • HfC and HfO 2 particles have high melting points, which nail the matrix grains and improve improving ablation resistance. • Thermochemical oxidation of the W- 3Re matrix and HfC particles is the primary ablation mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel blue emitting long afterglow (LAG) material based on Pr 3+ -doped Sr 5 Ta 4 O 15 was prepared successfully using a conventional solid-state reaction method. The photoluminescence spectra, excited-state decay curve, LAG decay curve, and thermoluminescence glow curve were obtained to investigate the properities of Sr 5 Ta 4 O 15 :Pr 3+ systematically. The blue LAG emission from Pr 3+ was observed after excitation with a 254-nm ultraviolet lamp. The optimal doping concentration of Pr 3+ for the best LAG performance was experimentally determined to be approximately 4 mol%. Based on the experimental results, a possible model was constructed to illustrate the mechanism of LAG in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive impairment is a prominent clinical manifestation of vascular depression (VaDep). The current study aimed to assess the efficacy of tandospirone citrate in VaDep cases with mild cognitive impairment (VaDep-MCI) as well as the role of plasma monoamine neurotransmitters during the treatment. In this single-blind, randomized controlled study, 116 participants were randomly assigned to the tandospirone (tandospirone citrate-escitalopram) and control (escitalopram) groups. The primary endpoints were changes in cognitive test scores from baseline to Week 8, including the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Semantic Verbal Fluency (SVF) test, Trail Making Test (TMT), Digital Span Test (DST) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT) scores. Generalized estimating equation models were used to examine repeated measures. The results showed that compared with the changes in the control group from baseline to Week 8, the tandospirone group showed more significant changes in SVF score at Weeks 4 (p < 0.05) and 8 (p < 0.001), and TMT (B-A) score at Week 8 (p < 0.05). RAVLT, DST and DCT scores were relatively stable in both groups during the study period. Moreover, mediation analysis showed that these results were not mediated by the alleviation of depression symptoms. Partial Spearman correlation analysis showed that only plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was positively correlated with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score after Bonferroni correction (r = 0.347, p < 0.001). Augmentation therapy with tandospirone citrate improved the executive and language functions of VaDep-MCI patients. Additionally, plasma 5-HT levels may serve as a potential biomarker of VaDep severity. These findings may provide clinical insights into the treatment of vascular depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional metal-organic framework nanosheets, as a new member of the two-dimensional family, are attracting increasing research interest in various fields. Herein, a uniform two-dimensional Zn-BTC MOF nanosheet with a thickness of 14 ± 2 nm was synthesized through a simple, efficient, and scalable sonication-assisted bottom-up strategy. The ZnO nanoparticles were used as the Zn source, which can be corroded by H 3 BTC to form Zn-BTC MOFs under sonication conditions. The morphologies of Zn-BTC MOFs can be modulated from nanosheets to nanorods by changing the content of H 3 BTC. The crystal growth process is dominated by the thermodynamics of sonication and the stoichiometric ratio of the generated Zn2+ and H 3 BTC, and the crystal growth mechanism was elaborated by the oriented attachment. Consequently, a chemiresistive gas sensor based on Zn-BTC nanosheet derivatives was fabricated to detect ppb-level acetone. Notably, the experimental detection limit of concentration could reach as low as 100 ppb of acetone due to the functional surface, and the dynamic response linearity reached 99 %. Our work explored a new method of synthesizing two-dimensional Zn-BTC MOF, and the fabricated gas sensing device demonstrated promising potential in gas sensing fields. [Display omitted] • The Zn-BTC MOF nanosheets are firstly prepared through a bottom-up sonication-assisted strategy. • A high-performance gas sensor with ppb-level acetone detection was designed. • The high-performance originate from the porous structure and functional surface of derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A multiscale model describing the evolution of helium bubbles is established based on the rate equations and the population balance equation. • The model can effectively describe the nucleation and evolution of helium bubbles. • The model contains bubble evolution mechanisms including "migration and coalescence (MC)" and "Ostwald ripening (OR)". • The model allows for independent statistics on the contribution of MC and OR, as well as an explanation of their coupling effects. A multiscale model describing the evolution of helium bubbles in the irradiated materials is established based on the rate equations and the population balance equation. The size distribution of the helium bubbles and the evolution law of the statistical average size and number density of the bubbles with time changing predicted by the model are in good agreement with the experimental statistics. The influence of annealing temperature, annealing time, irradiation energy, irradiation flux, and coarsening mechanisms on the evolution of helium bubbles are numerically simulated and discussed, taking FeCrAl alloy as the irradiated material. The results show that the bubble evolution is dominated by the Ostwald ripening mechanism under high temperature annealing conditions (≥ 1073 K), and the time dependence of the average size and density of helium bubbles is consistent with the existing theoretical results. And the number of shrinking helium bubbles caused by Ostwald ripening is effectively reduced by the bubble coalescence effect, leading to further growth of the proportion of large-sized helium bubbles. Consequently, a Gaussian bubble size distribution has been obtained modeling the coupling of the Ostwald ripening mechanism and the bubble coalescence mechanism. The generation rates of helium and vacancy in the material during irradiation, as well as their ratio, are significant factors that can affect the nucleation and evolution of helium bubbles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Act as a candidate for heat pipe reactor core, molybdenum‑rhenium (47.5 wt%) alloy possesses excellent mechanical properties at a wide temperature range (from room temperature to recrystallized temperature). Compressions at varied temperatures and strain rates were given to study the microstructural evolutions of Mo-47.5Re alloy. Yield strength is similar in sample compressed at 400 °C with high strain rate (1.67 × 10−1 /s) and the one at room temperature with low strain rate (1.67 × 10−3 /s). However, deformation twins are only observed under room temperature and are absent as temperature rises to 400 °C. Thus. Twinning in Mo Re alloy is much sensitive to temperature. The microstructure of Mo-47.5Re alloy is quite stable even compression at 1200 °C. Although sub-grains increasing after 1200 °C compressions, no recrystallization was detected. In addition, microstructural evolutions of Mo-47.5Re are outstandingly dependent on strain rates at 400 °C, while are much less obviously at 800 °C and 1200 °C. No phase changes are detected, which verifies good structural stability in Mo-47.5Re. • Deformation twins in Mo-47.5Re are carefully characterized under room temperature compression. • Deformation twins in Mo-47.5Re are absent as compressive temperature rises. • The rate-dependent microstructural evolutions are outstanding at 400 °C, while are much less obvious at 1200 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Helium ion-irradiation responses in Mo-Re alloys at room temperature were evaluated via micro-pillar compression. • Orientation-dependent irradiation-induced hardening is obvious in low Re Mo-Re alloys, while is weak on high Re alloys. • Irradiated pillars with [1 0 0] orientation all shows higher flow stresses than pillars with [1 1 0] orientation after yield. Helium ion-irradiation responses in molybdenum (Mo) and molybdenum-rhenium (Mo-Re) alloys at room temperature were evaluated via micro-pillar compression. Irradiation-induced hardening is closely dependent on orientation in Mo-Re alloys with low Re content, while is weak orientation-dependence on high Re alloys. Irradiated pillars with [1 0 0] orientation all shows higher flow stresses than pillars with [1 1 0] orientation after yield, which is distinguishing from pillars before irradiation that has been shown in our previous work. High density of dislocation loops and helium bubbles after irradiation at room temperature induces severe hardening in Mo. Voids / small loops induced by irradiation lead to less hardening in Mo-Re alloy than in Mo. No precipitation is observed in all samples, which may be attributed to low irradiated temperature and implantation energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]