Search

• Dehumidification performance of polymer composite desiccants were compared. • PVA/PEO/LiCl ratio and thickness with the greatest performance were mastered. • Cycling performance of PVA/PEO/LiCl remains unchanged after numerous tests. • Mechanism of dehumidification of PVA/PEO/LiCl has been discovered. Composite desiccants have led to a growing interest because of their eco-friendliness, sustainability, and excellent dehumidification properties. In this paper, we present a method for constructing a dehumidification composite of PVA/PEO/LiCl that is eco-friendly and recyclable. The results show that PVA/PEO/LiCl has better dehumidification performance than SG, SG/LiCl, PVA/PEO, and PVA/PEO/CaCl 2 as coated heat exchangers desiccants. The addition of LiCl caused the internal hydrophilic polymeric hygroscopic carriers to work in concert with the membrane porosity. This resulted in a considerable increase in the membrane's hygroscopic rate and capacity, as well as improved mechanical qualities. As the concentration of LiCl was increased, the surface sealing of the PVA/PEO polymer improved dramatically, and the shape of the polymer-formed film changed from loose to firmly packed. The structural shift toward densification boosted the strength of the co-blended dehumidified films. With a PVA/PEO/LiCl ratio of 1:1:2.5 and the coating thickness of 10–15 µm, the greatest dehumidification effectiveness is achieved. During five subsequent sorption and desorption procedures, the sorption of PVA/PEO/LiCl remained between 70 and 75%, demonstrating its outstanding reusability and cycling stability. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Nb 4 C 3 T x species is confirmed as an excellent candidate electrode material for CDI. • Nb 4 C 3 T x nanosheets with wrinkles can be assembled into freestanding membranes. • Wrinkle-engineering strategy can improve the CDI performance of Nb 4 C 3 T x membranes. • The desalination capacity of the optimized Nb 4 C 3 T x membranes achieves 188.2 mg g−1. • The wrinkled membrane electrodes also have superior cycle desalination stability. MXene species have emerged as a class of compelling electrode materials in the field of capacitive deionization (CDI). However, as an excellent member of the MXene family, the Nb 4 C 3 T x has not received much attention in terms of CDI. Herein, we have not only established the feasibility of Nb 4 C 3 T x as a potential desalination electrode materiel but also proposed a wrinkle-engineering strategy that can effectively improve the CDI performance of Nb 4 C 3 T x freestanding membranes. Specifically, the introduction of wrinkles on Nb 4 C 3 T x nanosheets contributes to optimizing the interlayer space, accessibility, conductivity, stability, and CDI performance of the assembled membranes. In particular, the optimized wrinkled Nb 4 C 3 T x membranes can achieve an ultrahigh desalination capacity of ∼ 188.2 mg g−1 at 1.6 V accompanied by a fast adsorption rate of ∼ 12.6mg g−1 min−1, showing great competitiveness with other MXene individual electrodes. In addition, the as-designed electrodes also exhibit superior cycle desalination stability as well as good applicability to different salts (such as LiCl, KCl, CaCl 2 , and MgCl 2). This work both extends the MXene material applicable to CDI and offers an effective solution for improving the properties of Nb 4 C 3 T x -MXene lamellar membrane electrodes, opening up enormous opportunities for the use of such MXene species in the field of electrochemical desalination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Maleic anhydride-modified soy protein isolate (MSPI) was used to form the hydrogel. • MSPI crosslinked with acrylamide to construct robust C–C bonds. • Lithium chloride was employed to impart the hydrogel good electrical conductivity. • The hydrogel demonstrated distinct electrical responses to various strains. • The hydrogel can still perform strain sensing under different pH and temperature. The popularity of conductive hydrogels in flexible sensor research stems from their excellent strain responsiveness and efficient conduction capability. In this study, maleic anhydride (MA)-modified soy protein isolate (MSPI) crosslinked with acrylamide (AM) to form a hydrogel with a tensile strength of 225 kPa at an MSPI content of 16 %. Furthermore, the incorporation of 15 % of lithium chloride (LiCl) significantly enhanced the electrical conductivity of the hydrogel (namely MSPI 0.16 Li 0.15), mechanical strength (tensile stress ∼ 238 kPa with a fracture strain of 241 %) and swelling resistance. MSPI 0.16 Li 0.15 presented a high conductivity of 2.8 S/m, surpassing that of a plethora of bio-based hydrogels. Additionally, MSPI 0.16 Li 0.15 was successfully employed to monitor the movement of fingers, elbows, knees and other joints, and can successfully maintain strain sensing under different pH conditions (pH 1, 3, 5, 9, 11 and 13) and organic solvents. It demonstrated distinct electrical responses to various strains, making it suitable for sensing human motion. This work contributes to the development of hydrogels with enhanced electrical conductivity and mechanical properties, promising applications in the field of flexible sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Bionic nano-lamellar structure. • Highly anisotropic. • Somatosensory actuators. • Multifunctional integration hydrogel. The biomimicry of anisotropic high mechanical properties and proprioceptive motor functions in biological muscle tissue necessitates imitating its microstructure and integrating sensing and self-actuating capabilities into a unified biomimetic material. In this study, we have developed a biomimetic hydrogel exhibiting high anisotropic and mechanical properties, integrated functionality, and somatosensory actuation, which was prepared by in situ polymerization of oxidized sodium alginate, polypyrrole, lithium chloride, and polyacrylamide. The functional integration of hydrogels is achieved through the modular assembly and mutual synergy of a single material. The hydrogel realizes periodically stacked layered structure, a remarkable level of anisotropy (9.2), ultra-stretching (3200 %), high strength (860 kPa), excellent conductivity (3.5 S/m), and outstanding adhesion. We demonstrated distinct human–computer interactions of the hydrogel by exteroception to the perceived environment and proprioception to kinesiological sensation while leveraging photo-thermal responsiveness for self-state monitoring and somatosensory actuation. The functionally integrated hydrogel can be used as an actuator in response to stimuli from various environments, and it can effortlessly lift weights 247.8 times its dry weight. The functional integration effect exhibited by the hydrogel system effectively addresses the interface and pre-defined functionalization of physically integrated actuators. This study introduces a promising methodology for the development of high-performance bio-mimetic materials by emulating the structure and functions of biological, which holds particular significance for the fields of smart wearable devices and robotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of lithium extraction technology from salt lakes has seen significant demand in recent years, driven by the surge in energy storage needs for lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles and renewable power plants. Currently, evaporation technologies such as Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR) and Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) are commonly employed to concentrate lithium chloride for subsequent lithium carbonate precipitation. However, these evaporation methods limit lithium yield and increase capital and operational costs, particularly in high latitude areas. Pressure-driven membrane processes like reverse osmosis are hindered by concentration polarization and cannot significantly increase lithium chloride concentration. This study proposes a new membrane stack configuration with a laddered compartment design, termed Ladder Electrodialysis (LED), which addresses the concentration polarization issue and achieves a lithium salt (LiCl) concentration of 16.39 % (196 g·L−1). Economic analysis shows that the energy consumption is only 0.42 kWh per kilogram of LiCl. Ladder electrodialysis is a novel salt concentration technology, with applications in brine valorization or disposal. • LED efficiently concentrated LiCl to 196 g·L−1. • The presence of ladder compartment reduced the back diffusion of concentrated ions. • High-concentration ladder compartment solution disrupted the hydration layer of ions during the ED process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • LiCl/cellulose nanofiber membranes were prepared by one-step electrospinning. • The sensor has excellent sensitivity, wide detection range and fast response time. • The sensor shows humidity stability to temperature changes and bending cycles. • The sensor can be used for human breath detection and humidity detection. Cellulose is considered an ideal material for flexible electronic humidity sensors due to its green renewable nature, rich surface groups and strong hydrophilicity. However, the traditional cellulose-based humidity sensor cannot simultaneously have wide detection range, high sensitivity and fast response time, which seriously hinder their development and application. Here, an ultrathin Lithium chloride (LiCl)/cellulose nanofiber membrane as moisture sensitive materials was prepared by one-step electrospinning and used to assemble a high-performance humidity sensor. N, N-Dimethylacetamide/Lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl) solvent system was used to dissolve the cellulose, and DMAc volatilized into the air while LiCl remained in the cellulose nanofibers during the electrospinning process. LiCl as a highly moisture-sensitive inorganic salt has strong hydrophilicity and enhances the moisture sensing detection limit of cellulose fiber (especially under low humidity conditions), thus giving the cellulose moisture sensor excellent sensitivity (up to 4191 %) and a wide detection range (5–98 % RH). The nanometer size of cellulose fibers, the extremely low thickness and large pores of cellulose membranes accelerate the mass exchange of moisture between the air and the membrane, thus giving cellulose humidity sensor a fast response/recovery time (99/110 s) and low hysteresis (2.9 %). Moreover, the performances of humidity sensors didn't degrade even after being subjected to long-term application (>30 days), high/low temperatures (73.6/0.1 ℃) and thousands of bending cycles. The proposed LiCl/cellulose nanofiber humidity sensor brings innovative solutions for the design of cellulose based sensor with great potential for use in non-contact humidity detection, respiratory monitoring and sleep apnea detection applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to prepare high-performance flexible and power-generation humidity sensors based on lithium chloride (LiCl) coated on laser-induced porous graphene (LIPG). LIPG was produced on the polyimide film (PI) as a substrate through an ultraviolet laser processing system. By using a primary cell structure, the humidity sensor consisted of Cu and Al electrodes and a LiCl active layer. Humidity sensors based on LiCl/LIPG composites were manufactured using a LiCl concentration of 1.5 mol/L, a PI microdrilling spacing of 1.5 mm, and an electrode gap of 1 mm due to their highest regression coefficient of 0.9866 for output voltage versus relative humidity (HR), the shortest response/recovery times of 17.1/24 s, and maximum response of 0.77 V, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed sensor demonstrated an excellent sensitivity of 8.12 mV/%RH, a small hysteresis of 5.66 % RH, a high long-term stability, high repeatability, and high bendability. In this study, the self-powered sensor was used for the application of non-contact switches and power generation. In addition, this research provided facile and practical technology to fabricate flexible and self-powered humidity sensors. [Display omitted] • Self-powered humidity sensors were prepared using LiCl/LIPG composites. • The LiCl/LIPG-based sensor revealed the shortest response/recovery times of 17.1/24 s. • The proposed sensor exhibited an excellent sensitivity of 8.12 mV/%RH. • The sensor had a small hysteresis of 5.66 % RH and a high long-term stability. • The developed sensors were applied for non-contact switches and power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a facile approach of depolymerizing cellulosic biomass by a physical pressing intensified inorganic salt hydrolysis (PIISH) process, in which inorganic ion (e.g. Li+) as an activation agent can be drilled into the outlayers of cellulose particles so as to break down the hydrogen bonds in cellulose, and the fragments detached from bulk cellulose could be further converted to glucose or other soluble carbohydrates by in situ formed LiOH or HCl catalyzed hydrolysis. The particle size, morphology and surface structure of microcrystalline cellulose are markedly changed which have been observed by a series of physicochemical characterization of PIISH treated cellulose. The cellulose depolymerization was related to the applied pressure and the type of inorganic ions, and about 4.5% cellulose was converted into glucose using LiCl salt at 20–30 MPa pressing. Platinized TiO 2 prepared by different approaches has been characterized and screened for photocatalytic H 2 production utilizing the cellulose decomposed products as sacrificial agents under UV light irradiation. The apparent quantum efficiencies in 5 h and 35 h for H 2 production under 365 ± 10 nm irradiation are about 6.12% and 2.36%. This facile approach has been applied for depolymerizing cellulosic biomass resources for solar driven H 2 production. • A facile and rapid physical pressing intensified hydrolysis of cellulose through LiCl activation. • Synergistic effect of applied pressure and inorganic salt ions for cellulose depolymerization has been found. • Enhanced photocatalytic H 2 production from water utilizing hydrolyzed cellulose has been revealed. • This approach has been applied for depolymerizing cellulosic biomass for solar driven H 2 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive hydrogels have attracted increasing attention for applications in wearable and flexible strain sensors. However, owing to their relatively weak strength, poor elasticity, and lack of anti-freezing ability, their applications have been limited. Herein, we present a skin-mimicking strategy to fabricate cellulose-enhanced, strong, elastic, highly conductive, and anti-freezing hydrogels. Self-assembly of cellulose to fabricate a cellulose skeleton is essential for realizing a skin-mimicking design. Furthermore, two methods, in situ polymerization and solvent replacement, were compared and investigated to incorporate conductive and anti-freezing components into hydrogels. Consequently, when the same ratio of glycerol and lithium chloride was used, the anti-freezing hydrogels prepared by in situ polymerization showed relatively higher strength (1.0 MPa), while the solvent-replaced hydrogels exhibited higher elastic recovery properties (94.6 %) and conductivity (4.5 S/m). In addition, their potential as strain sensors for monitoring human behavior was analyzed. Both hydrogels produced reliable signals and exhibited high sensitivity. This study provides a new horizon for the fabrication of strain sensors that can be applied in various environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hydrophilic PVDF film was prepared by solvent exchange using TA/APTES prepolymerization solution as the exchange solvent. The effect of the co-blended hydrated lithium chloride content on the growth of TA/APTES within the films was explored. The modified films exhibited excellent separation performance for micron- and submicron-sized oil-in-water emulsions containing surfactants. [Display omitted] Currently, surfactant-containing oil–water emulsions are the more difficult part of oily wastewater to treat because of their small droplet size and stable oil–water interface. Membrane separation technology is commonly used for emulsion separation due to its surface wettability and adjustable pore size. Here, tannic acid (TA) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane prepolymerization solutions are used as the exchange solvents, allowing growth on the surface and inside of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF). Among them, the content of lithium chloride (LCM) hydrate modulates the range and amount of growth. In the pressure range of 0.1–0.7 bar, the modified hydrophilic PVDF-TA/LCM-2 membranes exhibit high pure water permeation fluxes and emulsion separation efficiencies that can be adapted to different separation conditions. At 0.2 bar, the PVDF-TA/LCM-2 achieves pure water permeate flux and emulsion separation fluxes of 1860 and 648 L m-2 h−1 bar−1, and an emulsion separation efficiency of 99.5 %. In addition, for different kinds of oil-in-water emulsions, the high separation fluxes and high separation efficiencies indicate that PVDF-TA/LCM-2has good emulsion separation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The undoped and Eu-doped LiCl transparent ceramics were synthesized, and their photoluminescence (PL) and optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) properties were evaluated. The PL properties of the undoped sample revealed as emission band due to a defect center. Additionally, the Eu-doped samples exhibited an emission band due to the 5d–4f transitions of Eu2+ ions. The OSL phenomenon was observed only in the Eu-doped samples and was not present in the undoped sample. The OSL spectra of the Eu-doped samples showed as emission band at 430 nm under stimulated at 490 nm, which was due to the 5d–4f transitions of Eu2+ ions. Based on the dose response functions, the lower detection limits of the Eu-doped samples were indicated as 10 mGy (0.1% Eu) and 1 mGy (0.5% and 1.0% Eu), and the 0.5% Eu-doped sample exhibited the highest OSL intensity among the Eu-doped samples. • We have synthesized Eu-doped LiCl transparent ceramics by spark plasma sintering method. • We have characterized the photoluminescence, and optical-stimulated luminescence properties. • All the samples showed luminescence properties due to the 5d-4f transitions of Eu2+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The device achieves efficient atmospheric water harvesting and catalytic hydrogen production. • The device features asymmetric interfaces with distinct phase change kinetics and functions. • Achieves a water production rate of 3.89 kg·m−2·d−1 at a low total cost of 27.68 $·kg−1·d. • The device can catalyze ammonia borane hydrolysis to produce hydrogen in diverse conditions. • Suitable for portability, batch preparation, and constructing miniaturized water and hydrogen energy systems. Developing integrated functional atmospheric water harvesting and hydrogen production devices based on cost-effective porous carbon materials is crucial for advancing their implementation and addressing multiple environmental challenges. Here, we fabricate a dual-functional hygroscopic composite device (HCD) under mild conditions, capable of obtaining clean water and hydrogen using sunlight and atmospheric moisture. The hierarchical HCD is designed as an ideal solar absorber by incorporating polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel into macroporous carbon and hosting dispersed LiCl and NiCoP 10 catalyst. The HCD features hygroscopic and dual-functional photothermal interfaces with kinetic differentiation, exhibiting excellent machinability, high light absorptivity, optimized hygroscopic components, and favorable water evaporation enthalpy. This design, combined with a customized strategy, ensures consistently efficient performance of HCD, achieving a notable daytime water production performance of 3.89 kg·m−2·d−1 at a low total cost of 27.68 $·kg−1·d. The HCD can catalyze ammonia borane hydrolysis to generate hydrogen in various environments including cold and water-scarce conditions. Furthermore, the HCD shows potential for hydrogen energy system, achieving an open circuit voltage output ranging from 0.41 to 0.493 V. The miniaturized HCD flexibly provides a comprehensive solution for water and energy applications in complex environments, with significant potential for widespread implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Nanocellulose nanocomposite is a suitable and sustainable material for nanocomposite membranes fabrication. • Lithium chloride coupled PVDF Nanocellulose Nanocomposite membranes are highly efficient for dye rejection. • Lithium chloride incorporation enhances the performance of PVDF NCMs for both dye rejection and water filtration. • PVDF and LiCl interactions enhances membrane surface properties. Demand for sustainable materials for membrane fabrication is rapidly increasing, particularly in Sarawak coastal areas. nanocellulose emerges as a promising alternative for membrane development due to its availability, intrinsic biodegradability, and high strength. However, the hydrophobicity of nanocellulose limits its applicability in water treatment operations. Hence necessitating the need for innovative solutions. Herein, we examine the potential of bamboo-derived nanocellulose to enhance nanocomposite membrane-based water treatment systems by incorporating lithium chloride as a pore-forming additive. Nanocomposite membranes (NCMs) were synthesised using a LiCl-doped solution of nanocellulose and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) through phase inversion and controlled solidification methods. The results show that nanocellulose incorporation induces structural alterations in NCMs, with reduced size in cellulose microfibrils. The crystallinity of nanocellulose was enhanced through interactions between PVDF and nanocellulose. The integration of nanocellulose along with lithium chloride was observed to have a significant impact on water permeation flux, attaining 104 L/m2h due to improved hydrophobicity and reduced fouling. In addition, the developed NCMs recorded 93 % methylene blue (MB) removal within 10 min. Revealing high potential of NCMs as an alternative and sustainable material for the development of nanocomposite membranes to mitigate contemporary challenges of water scarcity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potentiometric response of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with membranes simultaneously containing two ionophores: valinomycin and lithium ionophore Li VIII, as well as the cation exchanger potassium tetrakis(p-Cl-phenyl) borate in different concentrations is studied in KCl, LiCl and KCl + LiCl solutions. It is shown that ISEs with a membrane containing an excess of ionophores over the ion-exchanger provide Nernstian response to K+ and to Li+ ions. However, membranes with an excess of the ion-exchanger over valinomycin show Nernstian response to K+ only in mixed KCl + LiCl solutions with constant ratios of the concentrations of these electrolytes. On the contrary, the response to Li+ is obtained both in mixed and pure LiCl solutions. The results are semi-quantitatively explained using a simple mathematical model and respective computer simulation. [Display omitted] • Potentiometric response of ISEs with two ionophores and excess of ion-exchanger. • Valinomycin and Li VIII: non-Nernstian response in KCl, Nernstian in LiCl. • Nernstian response to K+ and to Li+ in mixed KCl + LiCl solutions. • Response to more strongly complexed ion (K+) is more prone to ion-exchanger excess. • Semi-quantitative explanation by computer simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tie-line data for the systems containing phenol, 2-butanol, water and inorganic salts, were determined experimentally at temperature 298.15 K under 101.1 kPa. The addition of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and lithium chloride (LiCl) to the aqueous phase was tested. The selected salt amounts in initial aqueous solutions were 5% and 10%. Meanwhile, the well-known NRTL and UNIQUAC activity coefficient models were employed to reproduce the measured liquid-liquid equilibrium data and obtaining the binary interaction parameters. The outcomes demonstrate that the salting-out impact of the salts was huge, with the goal that an improvement in the phenol distribution coefficient. In this way, the salting-out impact showed up in the request LiCl > NaCl > KCl under similar conditions, in agreement with the Hofmeister series. Results were interpreted in terms of the salt hydration shells and the ability of the phenol compounds to form hydrogen-bond with water. The Bachman and Hand equations confirmed the consistency of the measured tie-line data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Experimental regeneration of LiCl on PP vertical circular cylinder is studied. • Regeneration performance of PP circular cylinder and plate surfaces are compared. • Circular cylinder surface offered 50.5% improvement in regeneration rate. • A new generalized regeneration effectiveness correlation is proposed. • The proposed correlation showed good prediction capability MEPE of 16.5% The corrosion problem of liquid desiccants hampers the development of liquid desiccant-based air-conditioning systems. Plastic surfaces can be a promising alternative because of their anti-corrosive property. However, plastic has the inherent problem of low wettability. The present experimental study investigated the regeneration performance of a liquid desiccant over multi-inline vertical polypropylene circular cylinder surfaces in an adiabatic mode, to find a substitute of vertical plate surfaces for developing low flow falling film towers. The mechanical surface modification method was explored to elevate the performance level of the circular cylinder surface. A comparative performance analysis was conducted between the circular cylinder and plate surface. It was found that the regeneration rate of the Conventional circular cylinder surface was superior to the Conventional plate surface by 50.5% for the evaluated conditions. The regeneration rate of the circular cylinder surface can reach up to 0.684 g/s at a 2.5 mass flow rate ratio of the solution to air. A new generalized empirical correlation was proposed to estimate the effectiveness of falling film regenerators by incorporating the driving potential of heat and mass transfer process and wetness parameters. The prediction accuracy of the present correlation was 16.5% (i.e. mean effective percentage error) against nine datasets. The outcome of the present study would be beneficial for developing low-flow solar-assisted plastic falling film liquid desiccant regenerators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Surface pre-reacted glass fillers containing lithium chloride are biocompatible with pulp tissues. • Hydroxyapatite can be formed on these cements, resulting in good sealing with dentin. • Li-containing surface pre-reacted glass fillers exhibit bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against oral biofilms. [Display omitted] Surface pre-reacted glass fillers (S-PRG) can release different types of ions and in our previous study, we modified these fillers with lithium chloride (S-PRG/Li-100 mM) to induce reparative dentin formation by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Here, we assessed the biological performance of S-PRG/Li-100 mM and compared it with that of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and S-PRG without additives. In vivo studies were conducted on male Wistar rats using Masson's trichrome staining in pulp-capped molars. The test materials were implanted subcutaneously to evaluate their capacity for vascularization and biocompatibility. The ability of the test materials to form apatite was tested by immersing them in simulated body fluid. Rhodamine-B staining was conducted to assess their sealing ability in bovine teeth, while their antibacterial activity was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei in terms of colony-forming units and by live/dead staining. Masson's trichrome staining and tissue-implantation tests confirmed the biocompatibility of S-PRG/Li-100 mM and it was similar to that of MTA and S-PRG; inflammation regression was observed 14 days after operation in the subcutaneous tissues. S-PRG/Li-100 mM promoted the formation of apatite on its surface. Both the S-PRG groups showed higher sealing capability and bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity against oral bacterial biofilms than MTA. Lithium-containing surface pre-reacted glass cements exhibit better antibacterial and sealing capabilities than MTA, suggesting their potential as high-performance direct pulp-capping materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel LiCl solution for three-phase absorption thermal energy storage is proposed. • The energy storage density of the solution is enhanced by adding two types of additives. • The LiCl crystal slurry overcomes the fluidity problem caused by crystallization. • Thermal and physical properties of the modified solution are measured by experiments. Absorption thermal energy storage (TES) is gaining increasing attention due to its large energy storage density (ESD), mobility and long-term thermal storage capability. Expanding the working concentration difference of a solution can significantly enhance its ESD; however, this may result in crystallization, influencing fluidity and blocking flow channels in a TES device. Furthermore, bulky crystals are difficult to dissolve during energy discharge. In this paper, a novel modified LiCl solution is proposed for three-phase absorption TES, which allows the growth of fine crystals and the formation of well suspended slurry. For the first time, two types of additives with competing mechanism are introduced into the solution: ethylene glycol as a crystallization inhibitor and SiO 2 nanoparticles (SNPs) as a nucleating agent. Compared with traditional working fluids, the proposed solution has a larger ESD and good fluidity. The expanded concentration difference is determined by experiments on solubility and suspension. The optimal mass ratio of the LiCl solution, ethylene glycol and SiO 2 nanoparticles are obtained considering both ESD and fluidity. Heat and cold storage density using this novel LiCl crystal slurry can be enhanced by 24.8% and 156.0% respectively. Measurements on thermal and physical properties including vapor pressure, density and viscosity are also carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue engineered scaffolds need to possess various functionalities, including biocompatibility, mechanical support, bioactivity, and vascularization. The design and fabrication of bioscaffolds to attain mutual coordination among these functionalities with minimal processing complexity are a highly challenging but rewarding task. In this study, a simple, effective one-step electrospinning method was developed to fabricate hierarchical spiderweb-like bioscaffolds that achieve both superior biological and mechanical functionalities. By incorporating ionic drugs of deferoxamine mesylate and lithium chloride, the spiderweb-inspired structures with adjustable coverages (up to 100 %) were successfully created, imparting the fibrous bioscaffolds with remarkable tensile strengths (∼88.28 MPa). The strengthening mechanisms endowed by the spiderweb structure in optimizing stress distribution to delay damage and enhance load-bearing ability were elucidated through finite element simulations. Furthermore, this hierarchical spiderweb-like bioscaffold demonstrated favorable biological characteristics, including biocompatibility, osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and hemostasis. The presence of the nano-spiderweb structures significantly improved cell adhesion and differentiation on the scaffold and increased the spreading area of cells by 2–3 times. The dual-drug loaded bioscaffolds with full coverages of the spiderweb structure exhibited the least amount of bleeding (45.33 ± 27.47 mg) and the fastest hemostasis speed (82 ± 8.19 s) in the hemostasis test, compared to the control group. Overall, the outstanding performance makes the developed bioscaffolds a promising alternative for tissue repair and regeneration in the field of tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The hydrogel containing low dissociation energy diselenide bonds was prepared. • The LiCl-endowed anti-freezing mechanism of ionic hydrogels was verified. • The ionic hydrogel can ultra-fast self-heal within 5 min at −20 °C. • The hydrogel can be applied as wearable sensors for monitoring various human motions. Anti-freezing and self-healing hydrogels have been developed extensively for their irreplaceable advantages in flexible bioelectronics. However, the self-healing performance of hydrogels is extremely inefficient or even disappears in cryogenic environments, resulting in device damage and economic loss. Here, we proposed a ultra-fast cryogenic self-healing ionic hydrogel (ASCL) based on aldehyded hyaluronic acid (AHA) with the synergistic effect of dynamic Schiff base bonds and diselenide bonds. With the addition of lithium chloride (LiCl), the ASCL hydrogel can be rapidly self-healed within 5 min at a cryogenic temperature of −20 °C. The mechanism of LiCl for enhancing the anti-freezing property of hydrogels was demonstrated by molecular dynamics simulations and a series of tests at cryogenic temperatures. ASCL hydrogels exhibited good flexibility and high electrical conductivity of 0.27 S/m at cryogenic temperatures. The assembled ASCL hydrogel strain sensors and pressure sensors enable sensitive detection of various human motions at −20 °C, which possess a gauge factor of 1.07 and a sensing sensitivity of 0.29 kPa−1, respectively. This work provides a new paradigm for developing flexible wearable hydrogel bioelectronics in extreme environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An innovative desiccant-based atmospheric water generator is proposed. • The aim is to remove source/sink reservoirs conventionally needed for desalination. • Humidification dehumidification with liquid desiccant and a moisture extractor. • The system has two loops: one for a desiccant solution and another for airflow. • Model is developed for humidifier, dehumidifier, and moisture extractor. This study introduces a zero-brine discharge approach, eliminating the necessity for continuous seawater input and brine disposal—major drawbacks in traditional desalination methods. This research's core is a humidification-dehumidification (HDH) system operating under variable pressures, significantly boosting efficiency. The system comprises two synergistic components: a variable-pressure HDH unit and a desiccant-based moisture extractor utilizing a lithium chloride solution. After freshwater is extracted, the concentrated desiccant cycles through the moisture extractor to absorb atmospheric water vapor, diluting it for reuse and thus completing the desiccant loop. The heat and mass transfer processes were scrutinized through mathematical modeling, and parameters for maximizing the Gain Output Ratio (GOR) were optimized. The results underscore the system's capacity for sustainable, efficient freshwater production. This methodology offers a feasible solution to challenges in desalination and significantly contributes to alleviating global water scarcity, particularly in coastal areas. Further analysis shows that systematic optimization of key parameters, such as pressure ratios and desiccant temperatures, considerably improves performance metrics. Adjusting the pressure ratio from 1.22, where the GOR peaks at 2.44, to 1.56 directly impacts system efficiency. Modulating the maximum desiccant temperature at an optimal pressure ratio of 1.25 reveals that the GOR can increase from 1.635 at 0.7 to 2.44 at an effectiveness of 0.8. Optimized manipulation of these parameters can potentially enhance the GOR by up to 50% and improve mass transfer efficiency by about 20% within the HDH process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a water-soluble bacterial cellulose sulfate (BCS) was prepared with sulfur trioxide pyridine complex (SO3· Py) in a lithium chloride (LiCl)/dimethylacetamide (DMAc) homogeneous solution system using bacterial cellulose (BC). The structural study showed that the value for the degrees of substitution of BCS was 1.23. After modification, the C-6 hydroxyl group of BC was completely substituted and the C-2 and C-3 hydroxyl groups were partially substituted. In an aqueous solution, the BCS existed as a linear polymer with irregular coil conformation, which was consistent with the findings observed using atomic force microscopy. The steady-state shear flow and dynamic viscoelasticity were systematically determined over a range of BCS concentrations (1 %–4 %, w/v) and temperature (5 °C–50 °C). Steady-state flow experiments revealed that BCS exhibited shear thinning behavior, which increased with an increase in concentration and a decrease in temperature. These observations were quantitatively demonstrated using the cross model. Moreover, based on the dynamical viscoelastic properties, we confirmed that BCS was a temperature-sensitive and weak elastic gel, which was somewhere between a dilute solution and an elastic gel. Therefore, considering the special synthetic strategy and rheological behavior, BCS might be used as a renewable material in the field of biological tissue engineering, especially in the manufacture of injectable hydrogels, cell scaffolds, and as a drug carrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 and molten LiCl–Li 2 O (2 wt%) was studied for 24–52 h at 650–710 °C in an argon atmosphere. Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 is analyzed as a promising structural material for sensors used during pyrochemical reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and for long-term storage or final disposal of high-level nuclear wastes. The chemical stability of Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 relative to the components of the LiCl–Li 2 O melt was thermodynamically evaluated. The surface morphology and structure of the samples before and after the experiment were analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy. The formation of a new Li+-doped phase based on Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 and the Gd 2 O 3 evolution onto the material surface was revealed by the X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Changes in the microstructure of the samples confirm the presence of large particles in the surface layer corresponding to the Gd 2 O 3 phase, which is in good agreement with the XRD data. A profilometer was used to measure the roughness of the ceramics. Presumably, the thickness of the lithium-doped Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 film, which is inhomogeneously distributed over the surface of the samples, was 3 μm. Therefore, it was found that dense Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 (F) and Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 (P) ceramics can be used in LiCl–Li 2 O (2 wt %) as a structural material resistant to the high-temperature chemical attack. • The interaction between Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 and the LiCl–Li 2 O (2 wt%) melt was investigated. • A new doped Li+phase based on Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 was found to form during 52 h exposure in the LiCl–Li 2 O (2 wt%) melt at 710 °C. • Gd 2 O 3 appeared at the surface of the ceramics after the exposure in the LiCl–Li 2 O (2 wt%) melt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterogeneous structure of lignocellulosic biomass makes it difficult to dissolve its main components (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) by solvent action with the aim of further applying the mixture of the biological macromolecules generated in the solvent medium. In the present study, the dissolution efficiency (DE) of lignocellulosic sisal fibers in the lithium chloride/dimethylacetamide solvent system (LiCl/DMAc) was evaluated for further application in the formation of hydrogels. Catalytic amounts of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were used in some experiments, which increased the DE from 40% to 90%. The regeneration of the solutions, either previously filtered or not, led to hydrogels based on sisal lignocellulosic biomass. In brief, the properties of the hydrogels were influenced by the content of the lignocellulosic components in the hydrogels, present both in the dissolved fraction and in the incorporated undissolved fraction (when nonfiltered solutions were used). Hydrogels presented water absorption up to 7479% and resorption content in the lyophilized hydrogel up to 2133%. Extracts obtained from preselected hydrogels exhibited cell viability up to 127% compared to the control group when in contact with fibroblast cultures, exhibiting their noncytotoxic properties. This attribute increased the range of possible applications of these hydrogels, ranging from agriculture to biocompatible materials. • Sisal lignocellulosic fibers were deconstructed; solvent system:LiCl/dimethylacetamide. • Biological macromolecules released-solvent medium: cellulose/hemicelluloses/lignin • Solutions regeneration → hydrogels based on the components of sisal fiber • Hydrogels' water absorption: reached approximately 7500% • Some hydrogels → cell viability analysis → noncytotoxic → increased applications range [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid desiccant dehumidification is promising as it could be driven by renewable energy. In the present study, it newly investigated the dehumidification characteristics of KCOOH solution in an internally cooled dehumidifier. To select suitable concentration range, the vapor pressure of KCOOH solution with different solution concentration and temperature was measured with static method firstly. Then comparative experimental study was conducted to identify the dehumidification performance of KCOOH and LiCl solution under different solution and air flow rate, temperature and air humidity. Experimental results indicated that 70.3% KCOOH solution had almost the same vapor pressure as 35% LiCl solution. Under the same experimental conditions, the absolute moisture removal of 70.3% KCOOH solution was slightly higher than that of 35% LiCl solution as a result of the increased wetting area. It was found that the mass transfer coefficients of the two liquid desiccants were almost the same. An empirical correlation of S h number was obtained to predict the mass transfer coefficient of KCOOH solution for dehumidification with a mean absolute relative deviation of 7.81%. • 70.3% KCOOH had almost the same vapor pressure as 35% LiCl. • Absolute moisture removal of 70.3% KCOOH was higher than that of 35% LiCl. • Wetting ratio is higher for KCOOH than LiCl. • A correlation of S h number was fitted for KCOOH dehumidification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium chloride (LiCl), a pharmacological compound, was effective in reducing inflammation, but whether it can protect against abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is largely unknown. This study is designed to investigate therapeutic effects of LiCl on AAA and the potential mechanism. Rat AAA models were induced by periaortic application of CaCl 2. AAA rats were treated by daily intraperitoneal injection of LiCl or vehicle alone to study the protection effects of LiCl in vivo. Rat primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α served as an in vitro model. LiCl treatment prevented the development of AAA through inhibiting the inflammatory cells infiltration and inflammatory cytokines overproduction, as well as attenuating superoxide production and elastin degradation in aorta of AAA rats. Additionally, the downregulation of p-GSK3β(Ser9) and SIRT1, upregulation of NF-κB(p-65), MMP-2 and MMP-9 in AAA were abolished by LiCl treatment. In vitro by upregulating p-GSK3β(Ser9), LiCl significantly induced SIRT1 expression, along with inhibition of the NF-κB activation and decreased elastin level elicited in VSMCs by TNF-α stimulation. SIRT1 activator SRT1720 achieved similar repressive effects as LiCl on TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation and decreased elastin in VSMCs. Moreover, administration of LiCl also caused regression of established rats AAA. This study provided the first evidence that LiCl prevented the development of AAA through inhibiting inflammation, MMPs, and superoxide production, and facilitating the biosynthesis of elastin. The beneficial effect of LiCl may be mediated by regulation GSK3β/SIRT1/NF-κB cascade. [Display omitted] • Lithium chloride prevented AAA development by inhibiting inflammation, superoxide production and elastin degradation. • Lithium chloride regulated GSK3β/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway involved inflammatory response both in AAAs and cells. • Pharmacological inhibition of GSK3β or activation of SIRT1 may be effective therapeutic approaches for AAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon-based anode material is one of the most promising alternative anodes for graphite due to its advantages of abundant reserves, environmental protection and high-energy-density. However, silicon still cannot be directly applied commercially as anode materials owing to the existences of huge volume change during the alloying and dealloying process. Herein, porous Si@C composites are prepared by employment of nano silicon as the active substance particles, lithium chloride as the template and pitch powder as the carbon precursor. Results of electrochemical performance tests show that the cell based on the in-situ prepared porous Si@C composites deliver a reversible good cycle stability. Besides, porous Si@C composites show a lower thickness expansion rate of electrode (15.38%), compared with pure nano silicon (162.46%) and conventional Si@C anodes (40.24%), respectively. It is believed that the improved performance is benefitted from the porous structure, which provides a buffer for the expansion of silicon, reduces the volume expansion of the electrode during the charge and discharge process, and thus inhibits the damage to the solid electrolyte interphase film outside the Si@C composites. This work provides an environmentally friendly method to prepare porous Si@C composite anode materials, which is suitable for large-scale preparation and industrialized production. Image 1 • Porous Si@C composites is constructed by an environmentally friendly method. • LiCl template can be removed easily by washing and recycled by recrystallization. • The porous structure provides a buffer for the expansion of silicon. • The porous structure inhibits the damage to the solid electrolyte interphase film. • Differential potential EIS was used to analyze the formation of SEI film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, well-crystallized lithium chloride (LiCl) intercalated graphite carbonitride (g-C 3 N 4) nanotubes (LiCl–CN) as ceramic films have been rationally designed and fabricated through the molten salt preparation. The as-synthetic material exhibited nanotube morphology and showed significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance on the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) compared with g-C 3 N 4 in the presence of simulated solar light. The catalytic performance of LiCl–CN was remarkably improved due to the structural alteration of g-C 3 N 4. The results demonstrated 100% BPA could be effectively removed with 0.3 g/L LiCl–CN at pH 5.0 in this investigated reactive system, and the degradation behavior was consistent with pseudo first order reaction kinetic model. Besides, LiCl–CN photocatalyst exhibited excellent photostability and recyclability for BPA photolysis. Mechanistic study revealed that both superoxide radicals (·O 2 -) and photogenerated holes (h+) were the dominant activated species for the degradation of BPA by LiCl–CN. The findings of this work further open an avenue for the application of g-C 3 N 4 based ceramics materials for organic pollutant removal from wastewater. Image 1 • LiCl–CN with enhanced visible light - driven photocatalytic active was rationally designed and fabricated. • BPA can be completely degraded by LiCl–CN nanotubes as ceramic films. • O 2 - and h+ are the main active species for BPA degradation by LiCl–CN. • LiCl–CN nanotubes processed remarkable stability and repeatability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible and wearable supercapacitor gained considerable attention in recent years due to the demand for flexible energy storage devices in the upcoming wearable electronics appliances. Herein, a highly flexible and wearable planar supercapacitor was fabricated by a simple cut and stick technique over an adhesive tape, utilizing manganese dioxide nanoflowers coated a specially designed carbon fiber cloth (MnO 2 /CFC) with polyvinyl alcohol/lithium chloride gel polymer electrolyte (PVA/LiCl). The developed MnO 2 /CFC planar supercapacitor shows a maximum areal capacitance value of ~54 mF cm−2 with excellent energy and power densities (7.5 μWh cm−2 and 2.5 mW cm−2). Moreover, the MnO 2 /CFC planar device exhibited good cyclic stability of ~89% and ~100% of columbic efficiency for 10000 charge/discharge cycles. And the MnO 2 /CFC planar supercapacitor considerably retains it areal capacitance even in the bent or rolled state, which demonstrating promising mechanical stability of the device satisfactory for the development of wearable electronic devices. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is a sustainable clean and green energy source used to eliminate the problem of greenhouse effect. In the present work, the feasibility of gas permeability in separation of H 2 from CO 2 and N 2 have been examined using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes synthesised in our laboratory by the phase inversion process. Effect of various non-solvent additives, such as lithium chloride (LiCl) and Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in the PVDF dope solution, have been studied. The resulted asymmetric flat sheet microporous hydrophobic membrane, shows higher hydrogen permeability and selectivity over other gases (CO 2 & N 2). It has been observed that the MT5 membrane has shown the highest selectivity for hydrogen in comparison to CO 2 and N 2. The highest value of selectivity was obtained as 4.8 and 3.7 in case of H 2 /CO 2 and H 2 /N 2 respectively. The permeability of membrane has been obtained in the range of 2.3–4.2 mega barrer. SEM analysis is used for the investigation of membrane surface morphology. • Pore size increased (0.05–0.65 μm) by LiCl addition. • Porosity increased (25.2–52.3%) by LiCl in PVDF and further by adding TEOS(87.6%). • LiCl increased H 2 Permeability (upto 4.2 MBarrer) and selectivity of H 2 /CO 2 (upto 3.2). • Selectivity of H 2 /CO 2 (upto 4.8) obtain with TEOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DHPG postconditioning (PostC) induces tolerance by reducing ROS formation. • DHPG PostC induces neuroprotection through PI3K/Akt/GSK3β activation. • The GSK3β inhibitors are neuroprotective in OGD. • The GSK3β inhibitors can be used as PostC agents. Ischemic postconditioning (PostC) is an endogenous neuroprotective strategy for cerebral ischemia induced by low activation of glutamate receptors. We have previously shown that the application of the mGluR1/5 agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) 5 min after 30 min of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) reduces CA1 damage in organotypic hippocampal slices by activating the PI3K–Akt signalling pathway. In order to extend these data, we analysed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) signalling pathway. Our results show that DHPG PostC was associated with a reduction in the formation of ROS that is massively increased 24 h after OGD exposure. This reduction was prevented by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, indicating that there is a link between the PI3K/Akt pathway and the formation of ROS in the protective mechanisms of PostC. DHPG PostC also induces a transient increased in GSK3β phosphorylation and inactivation that is followed by nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, that probably lead to the up-regulation of neuroprotective genes. Our results propose GSK3β as new target for neuroprotection, therefore, we verified that the two GSK3β inhibitors N-(3-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine (TC-G 24) and LiCl are neuroprotective agents in OGD and also can be used as PostC agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • LiCl nanoparticle-embedded MOF composite, LiCl@Mg 2 (dobpdc)-5 , was prepared via wet impregnation method. • LiCl@Mg 2 (dobpdc)-5 exhibits the highest volumetric and gravimetric NH 3 capacities. • LiCl@Mg 2 (dobpdc)-5 shows negligible volume expansion after formation of LiCl(NH 3) 4. • This study presents a practical strategy for fostering progress in NH 3 storage systems for hydrogen carriers. Although porous adsorbents show potential for NH 3 capture and storage, practical issues such as stability and limited gravimetric/volumetric capacity persist. Lithium chloride (LiCl), which possesses the highest theoretical NH 3 capacity among metal halides, faces challenges such as a significantly high plateau pressure and inevitable volume expansion in the LiCl(NH 3) 4 complex, hindering static NH 3 storage. Herein, we introduce a series of M 2 (dobpdc)-based composites, specifically LiCl@Mg 2 (dobpdc)-5 , showcasing the highest gravimetric/volumetric NH 3 adsorption capacity (48.3 mmol g−1/65.8 mmol cm−3) and superior NH 3 storage density (1.12 g cm−3) at 298 K and 1 bar. Notably, the indirect gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity was calculated to be 14.6 wt%, which is comparable to the hydrogen storage capacity of NH 3 itself (17.8 wt%). This remarkable performance stems from the presence of LiCl in the metal nodes, highly dispersed LiCl nanoparticles (NPs), and open metal sites. Additionally, the composite avoids volume expansion even after LiCl(NH 3) 4 formation at 273 K. Thorough analysis using van der Waals-corrected density functional theory calculations confirmed the efficacy of the LiCl impregnation method, suggesting its potential to advance NH 3 storage systems for hydrogen carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this case, various characterization technologies have been employed to probe dissociation mechanism of cellulose in N , N -dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl) system. These results indicate that coordination of DMAc ligands to the Li+–Cl− ion pair results in the formation of a series of Li x (DMAc) y Cl z (x = 1, 2; y = 1, 2, 3, 4; z = 1, 2) complexes. Analysis of interaction between DMAc ligand and Li center indicate that Li bond plays a major role for the formation of these Li x (DMAc) y Cl z complexes. And the saturation and directionality of Li bond in these Li x (DMAc) y Cl z complexes are found to be a tetrahedral structure. The hydrogen bonds between two cellulose chains could be broken at the nonreduced end of cellulose molecule via combined effects of basicity of Cl− ion and steric hindrance of [Li (DMAc) 4 ]+ unit. The unique feature of Li bond in Li x (DMAc) y Cl z complexes is a key factor in determination of the dissociation mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A Li/Na dual-cation borohydride system with ZnCl 2 introduced as reactive additives. • In-situ formed Zn(BH 4) 2 as a metastable phase to trigger dehydrogenation at 60 °C. • Further formed Zn as catalytic nucleation sites for (de)hydrogenation of LiBH 4 /NaBH 4. • LiCl acts as interfacial stabilizer to keep the dispersity of borohydride particles. • A high capacity retention of nearly 70% is reached after 5 cycles. Dual-cation borohydrides composed of alkali or alkaline-earth metals attract considerable attention for hydrogen storage, thanks to their high hydrogen capacity and low eutectic melt point; however, they still suffer from high-temperature-dependent dehydrogenation and poor reversibility. In-situ catalyzation and nanoconfinemnt are effective for easing these problems, but a simple and efficient method is required to achieve their coulping. Here inspired from the structural stabilization and performance improvement roles on anodes of metal batteries by constructing metallophilic Zn sites and interfacial LiCl layers, we develop a 0.62LiBH 4 -0.38NaBH 4 system with ZnCl 2 as reactive additives by one-step ball milling. In-situ evolved LiCl and Zn(BH 4) 2 are surprisingly identified as interfacial stabilizers and metastable phases to disperse borohydride particles and to trigger hydrogen release below 100 °C, respectively. Further formed Zn from the decomposition of Zn(BH 4) 2 acts as catalytic nucleation sites to promote the one-step and reversible (de)hydrogenation of LiBH 4 and NaBH 4 , without producing high chemical potential intermediates, benefiting from the strong affinity of Zn towards Li and Na. These factors contribute to a cyclic stability of nearly 70 %, the highest for dual-cation borohydrides reported so far. The present work provides new insights and a feasible scheme for developing promising borohydride-based storage systems towards practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase equilibria of quaternary systems LiCl+KCl+NaCl+H 2 O and LiCl+KCl+MgCl 2 +H 2 O at 308.2 K were investigated by isothermal dissolution equilibrium method. The results reveal that the phase diagram of the quaternary system LiCl+KCl+NaCl+H 2 O consists of one invariant point, three univariable curves and three equilibrium solid crystallization fields (LiCl·H 2 O, NaCl and KCl). Two double salts appear in the quaternary system LiCl+KCl+MgCl 2 +H 2 O, namely KCl·MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O and LiCl·MgCl 2 ·7H 2 O, and the phase diagram is composed of three invariant points, seven univariable curves and five crystallization fields (LiCl·MgCl 2 ·7H 2 O, MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O, LiCl·H 2 O, KCl and KCl·MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O). Moreover, the solubilities of salts in two quaternary systems are predicted by applying the Pitzer model. The calculated phase diagrams were in good accordance with the experimental phase diagrams. The results clearly show that lithium chloride crystallizes as LiCl·2H 2 O at low temperatures; however, it is precipitated as LiCl·H 2 O at 308.2 K. Compared with KCl·MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O, LiCl·MgCl 2 ·7H 2 O has a smaller crystallization zone. The phase equilibria in invariant points of quaternary systems LiCl+KCl+NaCl+H 2 O and LiCl+KCl+MgCl 2 +H 2 O at 308.2 K have been explored for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the burgeoning membrane market focusing on moisture control applications, air/water filtered membranes find increasing use in diverse fields from electronics to food preservation. Fabrication and investigations of lithium chloride (LiCl)/Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/sulfone composite films designed to dehumidify the surrounding air have been conducted. These films combine hydrophilic PVA with sulfone, a material known for its water vapor selectivity. Additionally, this research analyzes the impact of LiCl concentration on the film's performance, revealing that an optimal balance between water permeability and air blockage can be achieved by adjusting material compositions. Various material characterizations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), optical microscopy (OM), and confocal optical surface measurements, shed light on the film's surface morphology, lattice structure, and optical properties. The results demonstrate that the LiCl/PVA/sulfone composite films hold promise as effective dehumidifying components with potential applications in air conditioning and smart wearable garments. • Novel PVA Sulfone composite films exhibit superior water vapor selectivity. • LiCl incorporation enhances water separation in composite films. • Material characterizations reveal optimization for moisture control and air blockage. • Compactness adjustment enhances membrane blockage against air permeation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hydrogels expressed excellent antimicrobial, water retention and anti-freezing. • Starch is a natural macromolecular polysaccharide with outstanding biocompatibility. • Hydrogels could also detect human movements, including speech and joint bending. • Hydrogels possess biocompatibility and antimicrobial as implantable sensors. Hydrogel sensors have been widely researched for their good biocompatibility and mechanical properties similar to those of human skin, enabling the monitoring and transmission of a wide range of signals, thus promoting the development of flexible wearable electronic devices. However, long-term direct contact between hydrogel sensors and human skin can cause bacterial infection phenomena, and endowing hydrogel materials with antimicrobial properties is an important challenge in sensing applications. Here, an antimicrobial hydrogel was researched and explored via a freeze–thaw method introducing soluble starch, polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride, glycerin, lithium chloride, and polyvinyl alcohol. The hydrogel expressed remarkable frost resistance, water retention, fatigue resistance, stability, sensitivity, responsiveness, electrical conductivity. The hydrogel exhibited an inhibitory loop resistant to Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis and emerged an inhibitory stability over 7 days. Simultaneously, the hydrogel expressed biocompatibility without tissue contamination, inflammation and other adverse phenomena under the skin of mice for 14 days. Furthermore, the hydrogel could record the signals of deformation during the process of the human motion. Therefore, the simple strategy is promising for medical fields including human motion detection, physiological signal recording and medical health detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorimetric sensors with visual color changes toward toxic gas have been investigated to prevent potential hazardous accidents caused by leakage. The sensitivity of most colorimetric sensors in practical applications is interfered with ambient humidity. This work introduced a hygroscopic substance lithium chloride (LiCl) to be used as humidity compensation to alleviate humidity interference to colorimetric sensor. Cellulose-based colorimetric fibers were prepared from waste cotton using chlorophenol red as an indicator dye in a LiCl/DMAc solvation system. The obtained colorimetric fibers responded quickly to NH 3 within 30 s at 50% RH. At the same time, this colorimetric fiber has excellent selectivity and excellent reusability, which could maintain 82% of the original colorimetric response over several cycles. Because of the flexibility, this NH 3 sensing colorimetric fiber can be sewn into patterned textiles for manufacturing wearable toxic gas sensors with visual output. • Hygroscopic agent was incorporated into regenerated cellulose fiber to develop colorimetric sensor for NH 3. • The use of hygroscopic substances can minimize humidity interference and improve sensitivity. • The colorimetric sensor has high sensitivity, excellent selectivity and fast response time (<30 s). • The colorimetric fiber has good flexibility and can be sewn into textiles as wearable gas sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented work sets out to investigate the influence of LiCl and NaCl, the typical by-products of the mechanochemical synthesis of complex metal hydrides such as alanates and boranates, on the kinetics and thermodynamics of the dehydrogenation of Sr(AlH 4) 2. We found no effect of NaCl on the decomposition pathway of Sr(AlH 4) 2. Although LiCl does not affect the first dehydrogenation to SrAlH 5 , it does alter the further decomposition to the final products. Thermodynamic properties such as the heat capacity functions, enthalpies of formation and absolute entropies were determined for Sr(AlH 4) 2 itself and its decomposition product SrAlH 5 within this study. [Display omitted] • Influence of synthesis by-products on the decomposition of Sr(AlH 4) 2 detected. • None of the decomposition steps of Sr(AlH 4) 2 are affected by NaCl. • LiCl changes the decomposition steps from SrAlH 5 onward. • Determination of thermodynamic data (Δ F H , S and C p (T)) of Sr(AlH 4) 2 and SrAlH 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochars are attained by direct pyrolysis of the mixture of rice husk (RH) powders and lithium chloride within 600–800 °C. The physical and chemical properties of RH biochars are studied using diverse characterization techniques. Effects of pyrolysis temperature and salt/biomass ratio on the structure properties and CO 2 adsorption performances of RH biochars are tested at 25 °C and 100 kPa. The results show that the CO 2 uptakes of RH biochars first ascend and then descend with incremental pyrolysis temperature and basically increase with the elevation of the salt/biomass ratio. The biochar prepared at 700 °C with the salt/biomass ratio of 7.5 in an air atmosphere presents the highest CO 2 uptake of 2.70 mmol/g, which is much higher than the one (1.98 mmol/g) obtained at 700 °C without addition of LiCl salts in a nitrogen stream mainly due to its bigger specific surface area, higher contents of chemisorbed oxygen and carbon defect structures. Pyrolysis of rice husk in molten LiCl can effectively improve the porosity and the surface functionality of the biochar, thereby enhancing its CO 2 capture performance. • Biochars are prepared using molten salt pyrolysis method in an air atmosphere. • Molten LiCl can improve the physical and chemical property of rice husk biochar. • Temperature and salt greatly affect the structure and CO 2 adsorption of biochar. • Molten salt biochar visibly outperformed common biochar toward CO 2 adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To advance clinical translation of regenerative medicine, there is, amongst others, still need for better insights in tissue development and disease. For this purpose, more precise imaging of the 3D microstructure and spatial interrelationships of the different tissues within organs is crucial. Despite being destructive towards the sample, conventional histology still is the gold standard for structural analysis of biological tissues. It is, however, limited by 2D sections of a 3D object, prohibiting full 3D structural analysis. MicroCT has proven to provide full 3D structural information of mineralized tissues and dense biomaterials. However, the intrinsic low X-ray absorption of soft tissues requires contrast-enhancing staining agents (CESAs). In a previous study, we showed that hafnium-substituted Wells-Dawson polyoxometalate (Hf-WD POM) allows simultaneous contrast-enhanced microCT (CE-CT) visualization of bone and its marrow vascularization and adiposity. In this study, other POM species have been examined for their potential as soft tissue CESAs. Four Wells-Dawson POMs, differing in structure and overall charge, were used to stain murine long bones and kidneys. Their staining potential and diffusion rate were compared to those of Hf-WD POM and phosphotungstic acid (PTA), a frequently used but destructive CESA. Monolacunary Wells-Dawson POM (Mono-WD POM) showed similar soft tissue enhancement as Hf-WD POM and PTA. Moreover, Mono-WD POM is less destructive, shows a better diffusion than PTA, and its synthesis requires less time and cost than Hf-WD POM. Finally, the solubility of Mono-WD POM was improved by addition of lithium chloride (LiCl) to the staining solution, enhancing further the soft tissue contrast. To advance clinical translation of regenerative medicine, there is, amongst others, still need for better insights in tissue development and disease. For this purpose, more precise imaging of the 3D microstructure and spatial interrelationships of the different tissues within organs is crucial. Current standard structural analysis techniques (e.g. 2D histomorphometry), however, do not allow full 3D assessment. Contrast-enhanced X-ray computed tomography has emerged as a powerful 3D structural characterization tool of soft biological tissues. In this study, from a library of Wells Dawson polyoxometalates (WD POMs), we identified monolacunary WD POM together with lithium chloride, dissolved in phosphate buffered saline, as the most suitable contrast-enhancing staining agent solution for different biological tissues without tissue shrinkage. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Chronic administration of LiCl promoted hematoma resolution in an ICH rat model. • Phagocytosis and M2-phenotype differentiation of microglia promoted hematoma resolution in the early stage of ICH. • Angiogenesis promoted hematoma resolution in the chronic phase of ICH. • Neurogenesis may also promoted hematoma resolution in the chronic phase of ICH. • GSK-3β-mediated pathways were related to the hematoma resolution after ICH. Some neuroprotective agents have been used clinically to address the resulting various adverse effects after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Particularly, effectively removing the hematoma is of practical significance to exert neuroprotective effects following ICH. However, such agents are still in need of development. Lithium chloride (LiCl) has shown neuroprotective effects through glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibition in a variety of central nervous system diseases. However, the impact of LiCl on hematoma clearance and the potential molecular mechanisms have not been reported. We hypothesize that LiCl may exert neuroprotective roles after ICH, partly through promoting hematoma resolution. In this study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to ICH followed by intraperitoneal injection of LiCl (60 mg/kg). The hematoma volumes of ipsilateral hemisphere were determined using Drabkin's method. The sensorimotor deficits were evaluated by neurobehavioral tests. The expressions of target molecules involved in the process of hematoma clearance were assayed using immunofluorescence and Western blot. Our results showed that animals treated with LiCl presented significantly reduced hematoma volume after ICH, which was coupled with enhanced microglia phagocytosis and its differentiation into M2-phenotype within the first 7 days and up-regulated angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the next 7 days. Meanwhile, GSK-3β was inhibited by LiCl and β-catenin became stabilized, which was followed by up-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and CD36 from days 3 to 7, and increase of vascular endothelial growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor from days 7 to 14. These data suggest that LiCl promotes hematoma resolution via enhancing microglia phagocytosis and M2-phenotype differentiation in the early stage (< 7 days) and angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the chronic phase (days 7–14), thus eventually improving the functional outcomes of ICH rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SCS samples with DS of 0.23–2.56 were prepared with SO 3 /Py in DMA/LiCl. • The method is very appropriate to prepare SCS with low and high DS values. • Celluloses with low and high DP w values exhibited similar reactivity for sulfation. • DS value is tunable by the amount of the sulfating reagent or time and temperature. • The reaction produced SCS with low chain degradation and high yield. Synthesis possibility of cellulose sulfates with a low and high degree of substitution (DS) by direct homogenous sulfation of cotton cellulose in N , N -dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMA/LiCl) using SO 3 /pyridine (Py) complex was studied comprehensively. The sulfation reactions were carried at different temperatures, time durations, amount of the sulfating reagent and celluloses with varying weight average degree of polymerization (DP w). It was found that the method is very appropriate to prepare sodium cellulose sulfate (SCS) with low and high DS from celluloses having wide range DP w. Completely water-soluble SCS samples with regulable DS values from 0.23 to 2.56 were obtained. Suitable conditions were proposed to gain high sulfate content and the samples with DS values of 2.16–2.32, and yield of 69.4–77.8% could be prepared in these conditions. Celluloses with low and high DP w values exhibited similar reactivity for sulfation. Precipitation of the product and drastic depolymerization in the polymer chain have not occurred during the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the features of S-shape water sorption isotherm and low desorption temperature, MIL-101(Cr) has been considered as up-and-coming adsorbent for adsorption heat pumps (AHPs). In order to improve water vapor uptake at the low relative pressure (P/P 0 ≤ 0.3) for AHPs, a new type of solid adsorbent was fabricated by impregnating porous MIL-101(Cr) with the aqueous solution of hygroscopic salt such as CaCl 2 and LiCl. The effect of impregnation salt concentration on hygroscopicity of composite salt-MIL-101(Cr) was discussed. The crystalline phase, pore structure, morphology and the composition of the composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, pore size analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry. And their adsorption and desorption performances were evaluated. The experimental results indicated that the composites obtained by dipping MIL-101(Cr) with the solution of 25% CaCl 2 and 15% LiCl, exhibited excellent adsorption capacities and fast adsorption rates. Their amounts adsorbed at P/P 0 of 0.3 reached 0.44, 0.45 g/g, respectively, which were much higher than the pristine MIL-101(Cr). Additionally, fifty separate adsorption/desorption cycles suggested that the composite had excellent reversibility. All the results indicated that the novel composite salt-MIL-101(Cr) are expected to be a promising candidate for AHPs. Image 1 • Salt-MIL-101(Cr) composite sorbents were prepared for adsorption heat pumps. • Water adsorption isothermal of salt-MIL-101(Cr) shifts to lower relative pressure. • Ca25 and Li15 were determined to be the suitable sample. • The composite salt-MIL-101(Cr) possesses faster water vapor adsorption kinetics than pristine MIL-101(Cr). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface pre-reacted glass (S-PRG) fillers are new bioactive molecules used in dental clinic work to fill tooth defects. These fillers release various types of ions (Al+3, BO−3, Na+, SiO 3 −2, Sr+2 and F−) and exhibit high biocompatibility, antibacterial capability, reduced plaque accumulation, and enhanced osteoblast differentiation. We previously showed that cement of S-PRG fillers could induce tertiary dentin formation in rat models. Previous work also showed that lithium ions can activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in vitro and induce dentin formation in pulpotomized teeth in vivo. In the current study, we sought to enhance the effect of S-PRG cement by incorporating LiCl. We show that treatment of human dental pulp stem cells with eluates from S-PRG/LiCl combination cements leads to an upregulation in cell migration, differentiation, and mineralization in vitro. In pulp-capping animal trials, we found that S-PRG/LiCl cements could induce tertiary dentin formation 28-days post-capping. At 7 days post-capping, we identified both β-catenin and Axin2 expression using immunofluorescence, indicative of Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity. In conclusion, S-PRG/LiCl cement is highly effective in promoting human dental pulp stem cells profiles and in enhancing reparative dentin formation in rat teeth through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin canonical signaling pathway. This is the first study to assess the behavior of S-PRG fillers containing lithium ions on human dental pulp stem cells. We show that this new combination cement promotes positive cell responses by activating the endogenous Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the pulp. The Wnt/β-catenin canonical signaling pathway is involved in many developmental and wound healing processes. The released lithium ions from the S-PRG cement were systematically detected <0.01 mmol/L in our rat model. But it was efficient to induce tertiary dentin formation at the defect site. Since this novel bioactive cement is potentially a promising material for clinical pulp regenerative therapy, future human clinical trials will be needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we investigate the involvement of the ventral pallidum (VP) in the anti-nausea effect of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition with PF-3845, and examine the pharmacological mechanism of such an effect. We explored the potential of intra-VP PF-3845 to reduce the establishment of lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced conditioned gaping (a model of acute nausea) in male Sprague-Dawley rats. As well, the role of the cannabinoid 1 (CB 1) receptors and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-α (PPARα) in the anti-nausea effect of PF-3845 was examined. Finally, the potential of intra-VP GW7647, a PPARα agonist, to reduce acute nausea was also evaluated. Intra-VP PF-3845 dose-dependently reduced acute nausea by a PPARα mechanism (and not a CB 1 receptor mechanism). Intra-VP administration of GW7647, similarly attenuated acute nausea. These findings suggest that the anti-nausea action of FAAH inhibition may occur in the VP, and may involve activation of PPARα to suppress acute nausea. • Intra-ventral pallidum (VP) infusion of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor PF-3845 reduced acute nausea. • This effect was mediated by a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α- (PPARα) mechanism. • Similarly, intra-VP microinfusion of the PPARα agonist GW7647 attenuated acute nausea. • FAAH inhibition's anti-nausea effects may occur in the VP and involve PPARα activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]