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• Dehumidification performance of polymer composite desiccants were compared. • PVA/PEO/LiCl ratio and thickness with the greatest performance were mastered. • Cycling performance of PVA/PEO/LiCl remains unchanged after numerous tests. • Mechanism of dehumidification of PVA/PEO/LiCl has been discovered. Composite desiccants have led to a growing interest because of their eco-friendliness, sustainability, and excellent dehumidification properties. In this paper, we present a method for constructing a dehumidification composite of PVA/PEO/LiCl that is eco-friendly and recyclable. The results show that PVA/PEO/LiCl has better dehumidification performance than SG, SG/LiCl, PVA/PEO, and PVA/PEO/CaCl 2 as coated heat exchangers desiccants. The addition of LiCl caused the internal hydrophilic polymeric hygroscopic carriers to work in concert with the membrane porosity. This resulted in a considerable increase in the membrane's hygroscopic rate and capacity, as well as improved mechanical qualities. As the concentration of LiCl was increased, the surface sealing of the PVA/PEO polymer improved dramatically, and the shape of the polymer-formed film changed from loose to firmly packed. The structural shift toward densification boosted the strength of the co-blended dehumidified films. With a PVA/PEO/LiCl ratio of 1:1:2.5 and the coating thickness of 10–15 µm, the greatest dehumidification effectiveness is achieved. During five subsequent sorption and desorption procedures, the sorption of PVA/PEO/LiCl remained between 70 and 75%, demonstrating its outstanding reusability and cycling stability. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a facile approach of depolymerizing cellulosic biomass by a physical pressing intensified inorganic salt hydrolysis (PIISH) process, in which inorganic ion (e.g. Li+) as an activation agent can be drilled into the outlayers of cellulose particles so as to break down the hydrogen bonds in cellulose, and the fragments detached from bulk cellulose could be further converted to glucose or other soluble carbohydrates by in situ formed LiOH or HCl catalyzed hydrolysis. The particle size, morphology and surface structure of microcrystalline cellulose are markedly changed which have been observed by a series of physicochemical characterization of PIISH treated cellulose. The cellulose depolymerization was related to the applied pressure and the type of inorganic ions, and about 4.5% cellulose was converted into glucose using LiCl salt at 20–30 MPa pressing. Platinized TiO 2 prepared by different approaches has been characterized and screened for photocatalytic H 2 production utilizing the cellulose decomposed products as sacrificial agents under UV light irradiation. The apparent quantum efficiencies in 5 h and 35 h for H 2 production under 365 ± 10 nm irradiation are about 6.12% and 2.36%. This facile approach has been applied for depolymerizing cellulosic biomass resources for solar driven H 2 production. • A facile and rapid physical pressing intensified hydrolysis of cellulose through LiCl activation. • Synergistic effect of applied pressure and inorganic salt ions for cellulose depolymerization has been found. • Enhanced photocatalytic H 2 production from water utilizing hydrolyzed cellulose has been revealed. • This approach has been applied for depolymerizing cellulosic biomass for solar driven H 2 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive hydrogels have attracted increasing attention for applications in wearable and flexible strain sensors. However, owing to their relatively weak strength, poor elasticity, and lack of anti-freezing ability, their applications have been limited. Herein, we present a skin-mimicking strategy to fabricate cellulose-enhanced, strong, elastic, highly conductive, and anti-freezing hydrogels. Self-assembly of cellulose to fabricate a cellulose skeleton is essential for realizing a skin-mimicking design. Furthermore, two methods, in situ polymerization and solvent replacement, were compared and investigated to incorporate conductive and anti-freezing components into hydrogels. Consequently, when the same ratio of glycerol and lithium chloride was used, the anti-freezing hydrogels prepared by in situ polymerization showed relatively higher strength (1.0 MPa), while the solvent-replaced hydrogels exhibited higher elastic recovery properties (94.6 %) and conductivity (4.5 S/m). In addition, their potential as strain sensors for monitoring human behavior was analyzed. Both hydrogels produced reliable signals and exhibited high sensitivity. This study provides a new horizon for the fabrication of strain sensors that can be applied in various environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Nanocellulose nanocomposite is a suitable and sustainable material for nanocomposite membranes fabrication. • Lithium chloride coupled PVDF Nanocellulose Nanocomposite membranes are highly efficient for dye rejection. • Lithium chloride incorporation enhances the performance of PVDF NCMs for both dye rejection and water filtration. • PVDF and LiCl interactions enhances membrane surface properties. Demand for sustainable materials for membrane fabrication is rapidly increasing, particularly in Sarawak coastal areas. nanocellulose emerges as a promising alternative for membrane development due to its availability, intrinsic biodegradability, and high strength. However, the hydrophobicity of nanocellulose limits its applicability in water treatment operations. Hence necessitating the need for innovative solutions. Herein, we examine the potential of bamboo-derived nanocellulose to enhance nanocomposite membrane-based water treatment systems by incorporating lithium chloride as a pore-forming additive. Nanocomposite membranes (NCMs) were synthesised using a LiCl-doped solution of nanocellulose and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) through phase inversion and controlled solidification methods. The results show that nanocellulose incorporation induces structural alterations in NCMs, with reduced size in cellulose microfibrils. The crystallinity of nanocellulose was enhanced through interactions between PVDF and nanocellulose. The integration of nanocellulose along with lithium chloride was observed to have a significant impact on water permeation flux, attaining 104 L/m2h due to improved hydrophobicity and reduced fouling. In addition, the developed NCMs recorded 93 % methylene blue (MB) removal within 10 min. Revealing high potential of NCMs as an alternative and sustainable material for the development of nanocomposite membranes to mitigate contemporary challenges of water scarcity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healing diabetic ulcers with chronic inflammation is a major challenge for researchers and professionals, necessitating new strategies. To rapidly treat diabetic wounds in rat models, we have fabricated a composite scaffold composed of alginate (Alg) and silk fibroin (SF) as a wound dressing that is laden with molecules of lithium chloride (LC). The physicochemical, bioactivity, and biocompatibility properties of Alg-SF-LC scaffolds were investigated in contrast to those of Alg, SF, and Alg-SF ones. Afterward, full-thickness wounds were ulcerated in diabetic rats in order to evaluate the capacity of LC-laden scaffolds to regenerate skin. The characterization findings demonstrated that the composite scaffolds possessed favorable antibacterial properties, cell compatibility, high swelling, controlled degradability, and good uniformity in the interconnected pore microstructure. Additionally, in terms of wound contraction, re-epithelialization, and angiogenesis improvement, LC-laden scaffolds revealed better performance in diabetic wound healing than the other groups. This research indicates that utilizing lithium chloride molecules loaded in biological materials supports the best diabetic ulcer regeneration in vivo , and produces a skin replacement with a cellular structure comparable to native skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potentiometric response of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with membranes simultaneously containing two ionophores: valinomycin and lithium ionophore Li VIII, as well as the cation exchanger potassium tetrakis(p-Cl-phenyl) borate in different concentrations is studied in KCl, LiCl and KCl + LiCl solutions. It is shown that ISEs with a membrane containing an excess of ionophores over the ion-exchanger provide Nernstian response to K+ and to Li+ ions. However, membranes with an excess of the ion-exchanger over valinomycin show Nernstian response to K+ only in mixed KCl + LiCl solutions with constant ratios of the concentrations of these electrolytes. On the contrary, the response to Li+ is obtained both in mixed and pure LiCl solutions. The results are semi-quantitatively explained using a simple mathematical model and respective computer simulation. [Display omitted] • Potentiometric response of ISEs with two ionophores and excess of ion-exchanger. • Valinomycin and Li VIII: non-Nernstian response in KCl, Nernstian in LiCl. • Nernstian response to K+ and to Li+ in mixed KCl + LiCl solutions. • Response to more strongly complexed ion (K+) is more prone to ion-exchanger excess. • Semi-quantitative explanation by computer simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The hydrogel containing low dissociation energy diselenide bonds was prepared. • The LiCl-endowed anti-freezing mechanism of ionic hydrogels was verified. • The ionic hydrogel can ultra-fast self-heal within 5 min at −20 °C. • The hydrogel can be applied as wearable sensors for monitoring various human motions. Anti-freezing and self-healing hydrogels have been developed extensively for their irreplaceable advantages in flexible bioelectronics. However, the self-healing performance of hydrogels is extremely inefficient or even disappears in cryogenic environments, resulting in device damage and economic loss. Here, we proposed a ultra-fast cryogenic self-healing ionic hydrogel (ASCL) based on aldehyded hyaluronic acid (AHA) with the synergistic effect of dynamic Schiff base bonds and diselenide bonds. With the addition of lithium chloride (LiCl), the ASCL hydrogel can be rapidly self-healed within 5 min at a cryogenic temperature of −20 °C. The mechanism of LiCl for enhancing the anti-freezing property of hydrogels was demonstrated by molecular dynamics simulations and a series of tests at cryogenic temperatures. ASCL hydrogels exhibited good flexibility and high electrical conductivity of 0.27 S/m at cryogenic temperatures. The assembled ASCL hydrogel strain sensors and pressure sensors enable sensitive detection of various human motions at −20 °C, which possess a gauge factor of 1.07 and a sensing sensitivity of 0.29 kPa−1, respectively. This work provides a new paradigm for developing flexible wearable hydrogel bioelectronics in extreme environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue engineered scaffolds need to possess various functionalities, including biocompatibility, mechanical support, bioactivity, and vascularization. The design and fabrication of bioscaffolds to attain mutual coordination among these functionalities with minimal processing complexity are a highly challenging but rewarding task. In this study, a simple, effective one-step electrospinning method was developed to fabricate hierarchical spiderweb-like bioscaffolds that achieve both superior biological and mechanical functionalities. By incorporating ionic drugs of deferoxamine mesylate and lithium chloride, the spiderweb-inspired structures with adjustable coverages (up to 100 %) were successfully created, imparting the fibrous bioscaffolds with remarkable tensile strengths (∼88.28 MPa). The strengthening mechanisms endowed by the spiderweb structure in optimizing stress distribution to delay damage and enhance load-bearing ability were elucidated through finite element simulations. Furthermore, this hierarchical spiderweb-like bioscaffold demonstrated favorable biological characteristics, including biocompatibility, osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and hemostasis. The presence of the nano-spiderweb structures significantly improved cell adhesion and differentiation on the scaffold and increased the spreading area of cells by 2–3 times. The dual-drug loaded bioscaffolds with full coverages of the spiderweb structure exhibited the least amount of bleeding (45.33 ± 27.47 mg) and the fastest hemostasis speed (82 ± 8.19 s) in the hemostasis test, compared to the control group. Overall, the outstanding performance makes the developed bioscaffolds a promising alternative for tissue repair and regeneration in the field of tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to prepare high-performance flexible and power-generation humidity sensors based on lithium chloride (LiCl) coated on laser-induced porous graphene (LIPG). LIPG was produced on the polyimide film (PI) as a substrate through an ultraviolet laser processing system. By using a primary cell structure, the humidity sensor consisted of Cu and Al electrodes and a LiCl active layer. Humidity sensors based on LiCl/LIPG composites were manufactured using a LiCl concentration of 1.5 mol/L, a PI microdrilling spacing of 1.5 mm, and an electrode gap of 1 mm due to their highest regression coefficient of 0.9866 for output voltage versus relative humidity (HR), the shortest response/recovery times of 17.1/24 s, and maximum response of 0.77 V, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed sensor demonstrated an excellent sensitivity of 8.12 mV/%RH, a small hysteresis of 5.66 % RH, a high long-term stability, high repeatability, and high bendability. In this study, the self-powered sensor was used for the application of non-contact switches and power generation. In addition, this research provided facile and practical technology to fabricate flexible and self-powered humidity sensors. [Display omitted] • Self-powered humidity sensors were prepared using LiCl/LIPG composites. • The LiCl/LIPG-based sensor revealed the shortest response/recovery times of 17.1/24 s. • The proposed sensor exhibited an excellent sensitivity of 8.12 mV/%RH. • The sensor had a small hysteresis of 5.66 % RH and a high long-term stability. • The developed sensors were applied for non-contact switches and power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The undoped and Eu-doped LiCl transparent ceramics were synthesized, and their photoluminescence (PL) and optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) properties were evaluated. The PL properties of the undoped sample revealed as emission band due to a defect center. Additionally, the Eu-doped samples exhibited an emission band due to the 5d–4f transitions of Eu2+ ions. The OSL phenomenon was observed only in the Eu-doped samples and was not present in the undoped sample. The OSL spectra of the Eu-doped samples showed as emission band at 430 nm under stimulated at 490 nm, which was due to the 5d–4f transitions of Eu2+ ions. Based on the dose response functions, the lower detection limits of the Eu-doped samples were indicated as 10 mGy (0.1% Eu) and 1 mGy (0.5% and 1.0% Eu), and the 0.5% Eu-doped sample exhibited the highest OSL intensity among the Eu-doped samples. • We have synthesized Eu-doped LiCl transparent ceramics by spark plasma sintering method. • We have characterized the photoluminescence, and optical-stimulated luminescence properties. • All the samples showed luminescence properties due to the 5d-4f transitions of Eu2+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An innovative desiccant-based atmospheric water generator is proposed. • The aim is to remove source/sink reservoirs conventionally needed for desalination. • Humidification dehumidification with liquid desiccant and a moisture extractor. • The system has two loops: one for a desiccant solution and another for airflow. • Model is developed for humidifier, dehumidifier, and moisture extractor. This study introduces a zero-brine discharge approach, eliminating the necessity for continuous seawater input and brine disposal—major drawbacks in traditional desalination methods. This research's core is a humidification-dehumidification (HDH) system operating under variable pressures, significantly boosting efficiency. The system comprises two synergistic components: a variable-pressure HDH unit and a desiccant-based moisture extractor utilizing a lithium chloride solution. After freshwater is extracted, the concentrated desiccant cycles through the moisture extractor to absorb atmospheric water vapor, diluting it for reuse and thus completing the desiccant loop. The heat and mass transfer processes were scrutinized through mathematical modeling, and parameters for maximizing the Gain Output Ratio (GOR) were optimized. The results underscore the system's capacity for sustainable, efficient freshwater production. This methodology offers a feasible solution to challenges in desalination and significantly contributes to alleviating global water scarcity, particularly in coastal areas. Further analysis shows that systematic optimization of key parameters, such as pressure ratios and desiccant temperatures, considerably improves performance metrics. Adjusting the pressure ratio from 1.22, where the GOR peaks at 2.44, to 1.56 directly impacts system efficiency. Modulating the maximum desiccant temperature at an optimal pressure ratio of 1.25 reveals that the GOR can increase from 1.635 at 0.7 to 2.44 at an effectiveness of 0.8. Optimized manipulation of these parameters can potentially enhance the GOR by up to 50% and improve mass transfer efficiency by about 20% within the HDH process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • LiCl nanoparticle-embedded MOF composite, LiCl@Mg 2 (dobpdc)-5 , was prepared via wet impregnation method. • LiCl@Mg 2 (dobpdc)-5 exhibits the highest volumetric and gravimetric NH 3 capacities. • LiCl@Mg 2 (dobpdc)-5 shows negligible volume expansion after formation of LiCl(NH 3) 4. • This study presents a practical strategy for fostering progress in NH 3 storage systems for hydrogen carriers. Although porous adsorbents show potential for NH 3 capture and storage, practical issues such as stability and limited gravimetric/volumetric capacity persist. Lithium chloride (LiCl), which possesses the highest theoretical NH 3 capacity among metal halides, faces challenges such as a significantly high plateau pressure and inevitable volume expansion in the LiCl(NH 3) 4 complex, hindering static NH 3 storage. Herein, we introduce a series of M 2 (dobpdc)-based composites, specifically LiCl@Mg 2 (dobpdc)-5 , showcasing the highest gravimetric/volumetric NH 3 adsorption capacity (48.3 mmol g−1/65.8 mmol cm−3) and superior NH 3 storage density (1.12 g cm−3) at 298 K and 1 bar. Notably, the indirect gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity was calculated to be 14.6 wt%, which is comparable to the hydrogen storage capacity of NH 3 itself (17.8 wt%). This remarkable performance stems from the presence of LiCl in the metal nodes, highly dispersed LiCl nanoparticles (NPs), and open metal sites. Additionally, the composite avoids volume expansion even after LiCl(NH 3) 4 formation at 273 K. Thorough analysis using van der Waals-corrected density functional theory calculations confirmed the efficacy of the LiCl impregnation method, suggesting its potential to advance NH 3 storage systems for hydrogen carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tie-line data for the systems containing phenol, 2-butanol, water and inorganic salts, were determined experimentally at temperature 298.15 K under 101.1 kPa. The addition of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and lithium chloride (LiCl) to the aqueous phase was tested. The selected salt amounts in initial aqueous solutions were 5% and 10%. Meanwhile, the well-known NRTL and UNIQUAC activity coefficient models were employed to reproduce the measured liquid-liquid equilibrium data and obtaining the binary interaction parameters. The outcomes demonstrate that the salting-out impact of the salts was huge, with the goal that an improvement in the phenol distribution coefficient. In this way, the salting-out impact showed up in the request LiCl > NaCl > KCl under similar conditions, in agreement with the Hofmeister series. Results were interpreted in terms of the salt hydration shells and the ability of the phenol compounds to form hydrogen-bond with water. The Bachman and Hand equations confirmed the consistency of the measured tie-line data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Experimental regeneration of LiCl on PP vertical circular cylinder is studied. • Regeneration performance of PP circular cylinder and plate surfaces are compared. • Circular cylinder surface offered 50.5% improvement in regeneration rate. • A new generalized regeneration effectiveness correlation is proposed. • The proposed correlation showed good prediction capability MEPE of 16.5% The corrosion problem of liquid desiccants hampers the development of liquid desiccant-based air-conditioning systems. Plastic surfaces can be a promising alternative because of their anti-corrosive property. However, plastic has the inherent problem of low wettability. The present experimental study investigated the regeneration performance of a liquid desiccant over multi-inline vertical polypropylene circular cylinder surfaces in an adiabatic mode, to find a substitute of vertical plate surfaces for developing low flow falling film towers. The mechanical surface modification method was explored to elevate the performance level of the circular cylinder surface. A comparative performance analysis was conducted between the circular cylinder and plate surface. It was found that the regeneration rate of the Conventional circular cylinder surface was superior to the Conventional plate surface by 50.5% for the evaluated conditions. The regeneration rate of the circular cylinder surface can reach up to 0.684 g/s at a 2.5 mass flow rate ratio of the solution to air. A new generalized empirical correlation was proposed to estimate the effectiveness of falling film regenerators by incorporating the driving potential of heat and mass transfer process and wetness parameters. The prediction accuracy of the present correlation was 16.5% (i.e. mean effective percentage error) against nine datasets. The outcome of the present study would be beneficial for developing low-flow solar-assisted plastic falling film liquid desiccant regenerators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Surface pre-reacted glass fillers containing lithium chloride are biocompatible with pulp tissues. • Hydroxyapatite can be formed on these cements, resulting in good sealing with dentin. • Li-containing surface pre-reacted glass fillers exhibit bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against oral biofilms. [Display omitted] Surface pre-reacted glass fillers (S-PRG) can release different types of ions and in our previous study, we modified these fillers with lithium chloride (S-PRG/Li-100 mM) to induce reparative dentin formation by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Here, we assessed the biological performance of S-PRG/Li-100 mM and compared it with that of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and S-PRG without additives. In vivo studies were conducted on male Wistar rats using Masson's trichrome staining in pulp-capped molars. The test materials were implanted subcutaneously to evaluate their capacity for vascularization and biocompatibility. The ability of the test materials to form apatite was tested by immersing them in simulated body fluid. Rhodamine-B staining was conducted to assess their sealing ability in bovine teeth, while their antibacterial activity was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei in terms of colony-forming units and by live/dead staining. Masson's trichrome staining and tissue-implantation tests confirmed the biocompatibility of S-PRG/Li-100 mM and it was similar to that of MTA and S-PRG; inflammation regression was observed 14 days after operation in the subcutaneous tissues. S-PRG/Li-100 mM promoted the formation of apatite on its surface. Both the S-PRG groups showed higher sealing capability and bactericidal/bacteriostatic activity against oral bacterial biofilms than MTA. Lithium-containing surface pre-reacted glass cements exhibit better antibacterial and sealing capabilities than MTA, suggesting their potential as high-performance direct pulp-capping materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel LiCl solution for three-phase absorption thermal energy storage is proposed. • The energy storage density of the solution is enhanced by adding two types of additives. • The LiCl crystal slurry overcomes the fluidity problem caused by crystallization. • Thermal and physical properties of the modified solution are measured by experiments. Absorption thermal energy storage (TES) is gaining increasing attention due to its large energy storage density (ESD), mobility and long-term thermal storage capability. Expanding the working concentration difference of a solution can significantly enhance its ESD; however, this may result in crystallization, influencing fluidity and blocking flow channels in a TES device. Furthermore, bulky crystals are difficult to dissolve during energy discharge. In this paper, a novel modified LiCl solution is proposed for three-phase absorption TES, which allows the growth of fine crystals and the formation of well suspended slurry. For the first time, two types of additives with competing mechanism are introduced into the solution: ethylene glycol as a crystallization inhibitor and SiO 2 nanoparticles (SNPs) as a nucleating agent. Compared with traditional working fluids, the proposed solution has a larger ESD and good fluidity. The expanded concentration difference is determined by experiments on solubility and suspension. The optimal mass ratio of the LiCl solution, ethylene glycol and SiO 2 nanoparticles are obtained considering both ESD and fluidity. Heat and cold storage density using this novel LiCl crystal slurry can be enhanced by 24.8% and 156.0% respectively. Measurements on thermal and physical properties including vapor pressure, density and viscosity are also carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a water-soluble bacterial cellulose sulfate (BCS) was prepared with sulfur trioxide pyridine complex (SO3· Py) in a lithium chloride (LiCl)/dimethylacetamide (DMAc) homogeneous solution system using bacterial cellulose (BC). The structural study showed that the value for the degrees of substitution of BCS was 1.23. After modification, the C-6 hydroxyl group of BC was completely substituted and the C-2 and C-3 hydroxyl groups were partially substituted. In an aqueous solution, the BCS existed as a linear polymer with irregular coil conformation, which was consistent with the findings observed using atomic force microscopy. The steady-state shear flow and dynamic viscoelasticity were systematically determined over a range of BCS concentrations (1 %–4 %, w/v) and temperature (5 °C–50 °C). Steady-state flow experiments revealed that BCS exhibited shear thinning behavior, which increased with an increase in concentration and a decrease in temperature. These observations were quantitatively demonstrated using the cross model. Moreover, based on the dynamical viscoelastic properties, we confirmed that BCS was a temperature-sensitive and weak elastic gel, which was somewhere between a dilute solution and an elastic gel. Therefore, considering the special synthetic strategy and rheological behavior, BCS might be used as a renewable material in the field of biological tissue engineering, especially in the manufacture of injectable hydrogels, cell scaffolds, and as a drug carrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 and molten LiCl–Li 2 O (2 wt%) was studied for 24–52 h at 650–710 °C in an argon atmosphere. Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 is analyzed as a promising structural material for sensors used during pyrochemical reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and for long-term storage or final disposal of high-level nuclear wastes. The chemical stability of Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 relative to the components of the LiCl–Li 2 O melt was thermodynamically evaluated. The surface morphology and structure of the samples before and after the experiment were analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy. The formation of a new Li+-doped phase based on Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 and the Gd 2 O 3 evolution onto the material surface was revealed by the X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Changes in the microstructure of the samples confirm the presence of large particles in the surface layer corresponding to the Gd 2 O 3 phase, which is in good agreement with the XRD data. A profilometer was used to measure the roughness of the ceramics. Presumably, the thickness of the lithium-doped Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 film, which is inhomogeneously distributed over the surface of the samples, was 3 μm. Therefore, it was found that dense Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 (F) and Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 (P) ceramics can be used in LiCl–Li 2 O (2 wt %) as a structural material resistant to the high-temperature chemical attack. • The interaction between Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 and the LiCl–Li 2 O (2 wt%) melt was investigated. • A new doped Li+phase based on Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 was found to form during 52 h exposure in the LiCl–Li 2 O (2 wt%) melt at 710 °C. • Gd 2 O 3 appeared at the surface of the ceramics after the exposure in the LiCl–Li 2 O (2 wt%) melt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterogeneous structure of lignocellulosic biomass makes it difficult to dissolve its main components (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) by solvent action with the aim of further applying the mixture of the biological macromolecules generated in the solvent medium. In the present study, the dissolution efficiency (DE) of lignocellulosic sisal fibers in the lithium chloride/dimethylacetamide solvent system (LiCl/DMAc) was evaluated for further application in the formation of hydrogels. Catalytic amounts of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were used in some experiments, which increased the DE from 40% to 90%. The regeneration of the solutions, either previously filtered or not, led to hydrogels based on sisal lignocellulosic biomass. In brief, the properties of the hydrogels were influenced by the content of the lignocellulosic components in the hydrogels, present both in the dissolved fraction and in the incorporated undissolved fraction (when nonfiltered solutions were used). Hydrogels presented water absorption up to 7479% and resorption content in the lyophilized hydrogel up to 2133%. Extracts obtained from preselected hydrogels exhibited cell viability up to 127% compared to the control group when in contact with fibroblast cultures, exhibiting their noncytotoxic properties. This attribute increased the range of possible applications of these hydrogels, ranging from agriculture to biocompatible materials. • Sisal lignocellulosic fibers were deconstructed; solvent system:LiCl/dimethylacetamide. • Biological macromolecules released-solvent medium: cellulose/hemicelluloses/lignin • Solutions regeneration → hydrogels based on the components of sisal fiber • Hydrogels' water absorption: reached approximately 7500% • Some hydrogels → cell viability analysis → noncytotoxic → increased applications range [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this case, various characterization technologies have been employed to probe dissociation mechanism of cellulose in N , N -dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl) system. These results indicate that coordination of DMAc ligands to the Li+–Cl− ion pair results in the formation of a series of Li x (DMAc) y Cl z (x = 1, 2; y = 1, 2, 3, 4; z = 1, 2) complexes. Analysis of interaction between DMAc ligand and Li center indicate that Li bond plays a major role for the formation of these Li x (DMAc) y Cl z complexes. And the saturation and directionality of Li bond in these Li x (DMAc) y Cl z complexes are found to be a tetrahedral structure. The hydrogen bonds between two cellulose chains could be broken at the nonreduced end of cellulose molecule via combined effects of basicity of Cl− ion and steric hindrance of [Li (DMAc) 4 ]+ unit. The unique feature of Li bond in Li x (DMAc) y Cl z complexes is a key factor in determination of the dissociation mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A Li/Na dual-cation borohydride system with ZnCl 2 introduced as reactive additives. • In-situ formed Zn(BH 4) 2 as a metastable phase to trigger dehydrogenation at 60 °C. • Further formed Zn as catalytic nucleation sites for (de)hydrogenation of LiBH 4 /NaBH 4. • LiCl acts as interfacial stabilizer to keep the dispersity of borohydride particles. • A high capacity retention of nearly 70% is reached after 5 cycles. Dual-cation borohydrides composed of alkali or alkaline-earth metals attract considerable attention for hydrogen storage, thanks to their high hydrogen capacity and low eutectic melt point; however, they still suffer from high-temperature-dependent dehydrogenation and poor reversibility. In-situ catalyzation and nanoconfinemnt are effective for easing these problems, but a simple and efficient method is required to achieve their coulping. Here inspired from the structural stabilization and performance improvement roles on anodes of metal batteries by constructing metallophilic Zn sites and interfacial LiCl layers, we develop a 0.62LiBH 4 -0.38NaBH 4 system with ZnCl 2 as reactive additives by one-step ball milling. In-situ evolved LiCl and Zn(BH 4) 2 are surprisingly identified as interfacial stabilizers and metastable phases to disperse borohydride particles and to trigger hydrogen release below 100 °C, respectively. Further formed Zn from the decomposition of Zn(BH 4) 2 acts as catalytic nucleation sites to promote the one-step and reversible (de)hydrogenation of LiBH 4 and NaBH 4 , without producing high chemical potential intermediates, benefiting from the strong affinity of Zn towards Li and Na. These factors contribute to a cyclic stability of nearly 70 %, the highest for dual-cation borohydrides reported so far. The present work provides new insights and a feasible scheme for developing promising borohydride-based storage systems towards practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase equilibria of quaternary systems LiCl+KCl+NaCl+H 2 O and LiCl+KCl+MgCl 2 +H 2 O at 308.2 K were investigated by isothermal dissolution equilibrium method. The results reveal that the phase diagram of the quaternary system LiCl+KCl+NaCl+H 2 O consists of one invariant point, three univariable curves and three equilibrium solid crystallization fields (LiCl·H 2 O, NaCl and KCl). Two double salts appear in the quaternary system LiCl+KCl+MgCl 2 +H 2 O, namely KCl·MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O and LiCl·MgCl 2 ·7H 2 O, and the phase diagram is composed of three invariant points, seven univariable curves and five crystallization fields (LiCl·MgCl 2 ·7H 2 O, MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O, LiCl·H 2 O, KCl and KCl·MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O). Moreover, the solubilities of salts in two quaternary systems are predicted by applying the Pitzer model. The calculated phase diagrams were in good accordance with the experimental phase diagrams. The results clearly show that lithium chloride crystallizes as LiCl·2H 2 O at low temperatures; however, it is precipitated as LiCl·H 2 O at 308.2 K. Compared with KCl·MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O, LiCl·MgCl 2 ·7H 2 O has a smaller crystallization zone. The phase equilibria in invariant points of quaternary systems LiCl+KCl+NaCl+H 2 O and LiCl+KCl+MgCl 2 +H 2 O at 308.2 K have been explored for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the burgeoning membrane market focusing on moisture control applications, air/water filtered membranes find increasing use in diverse fields from electronics to food preservation. Fabrication and investigations of lithium chloride (LiCl)/Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/sulfone composite films designed to dehumidify the surrounding air have been conducted. These films combine hydrophilic PVA with sulfone, a material known for its water vapor selectivity. Additionally, this research analyzes the impact of LiCl concentration on the film's performance, revealing that an optimal balance between water permeability and air blockage can be achieved by adjusting material compositions. Various material characterizations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), optical microscopy (OM), and confocal optical surface measurements, shed light on the film's surface morphology, lattice structure, and optical properties. The results demonstrate that the LiCl/PVA/sulfone composite films hold promise as effective dehumidifying components with potential applications in air conditioning and smart wearable garments. • Novel PVA Sulfone composite films exhibit superior water vapor selectivity. • LiCl incorporation enhances water separation in composite films. • Material characterizations reveal optimization for moisture control and air blockage. • Compactness adjustment enhances membrane blockage against air permeation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hydrogels expressed excellent antimicrobial, water retention and anti-freezing. • Starch is a natural macromolecular polysaccharide with outstanding biocompatibility. • Hydrogels could also detect human movements, including speech and joint bending. • Hydrogels possess biocompatibility and antimicrobial as implantable sensors. Hydrogel sensors have been widely researched for their good biocompatibility and mechanical properties similar to those of human skin, enabling the monitoring and transmission of a wide range of signals, thus promoting the development of flexible wearable electronic devices. However, long-term direct contact between hydrogel sensors and human skin can cause bacterial infection phenomena, and endowing hydrogel materials with antimicrobial properties is an important challenge in sensing applications. Here, an antimicrobial hydrogel was researched and explored via a freeze–thaw method introducing soluble starch, polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride, glycerin, lithium chloride, and polyvinyl alcohol. The hydrogel expressed remarkable frost resistance, water retention, fatigue resistance, stability, sensitivity, responsiveness, electrical conductivity. The hydrogel exhibited an inhibitory loop resistant to Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis and emerged an inhibitory stability over 7 days. Simultaneously, the hydrogel expressed biocompatibility without tissue contamination, inflammation and other adverse phenomena under the skin of mice for 14 days. Furthermore, the hydrogel could record the signals of deformation during the process of the human motion. Therefore, the simple strategy is promising for medical fields including human motion detection, physiological signal recording and medical health detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorimetric sensors with visual color changes toward toxic gas have been investigated to prevent potential hazardous accidents caused by leakage. The sensitivity of most colorimetric sensors in practical applications is interfered with ambient humidity. This work introduced a hygroscopic substance lithium chloride (LiCl) to be used as humidity compensation to alleviate humidity interference to colorimetric sensor. Cellulose-based colorimetric fibers were prepared from waste cotton using chlorophenol red as an indicator dye in a LiCl/DMAc solvation system. The obtained colorimetric fibers responded quickly to NH 3 within 30 s at 50% RH. At the same time, this colorimetric fiber has excellent selectivity and excellent reusability, which could maintain 82% of the original colorimetric response over several cycles. Because of the flexibility, this NH 3 sensing colorimetric fiber can be sewn into patterned textiles for manufacturing wearable toxic gas sensors with visual output. • Hygroscopic agent was incorporated into regenerated cellulose fiber to develop colorimetric sensor for NH 3. • The use of hygroscopic substances can minimize humidity interference and improve sensitivity. • The colorimetric sensor has high sensitivity, excellent selectivity and fast response time (<30 s). • The colorimetric fiber has good flexibility and can be sewn into textiles as wearable gas sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented work sets out to investigate the influence of LiCl and NaCl, the typical by-products of the mechanochemical synthesis of complex metal hydrides such as alanates and boranates, on the kinetics and thermodynamics of the dehydrogenation of Sr(AlH 4) 2. We found no effect of NaCl on the decomposition pathway of Sr(AlH 4) 2. Although LiCl does not affect the first dehydrogenation to SrAlH 5 , it does alter the further decomposition to the final products. Thermodynamic properties such as the heat capacity functions, enthalpies of formation and absolute entropies were determined for Sr(AlH 4) 2 itself and its decomposition product SrAlH 5 within this study. [Display omitted] • Influence of synthesis by-products on the decomposition of Sr(AlH 4) 2 detected. • None of the decomposition steps of Sr(AlH 4) 2 are affected by NaCl. • LiCl changes the decomposition steps from SrAlH 5 onward. • Determination of thermodynamic data (Δ F H , S and C p (T)) of Sr(AlH 4) 2 and SrAlH 5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochars are attained by direct pyrolysis of the mixture of rice husk (RH) powders and lithium chloride within 600–800 °C. The physical and chemical properties of RH biochars are studied using diverse characterization techniques. Effects of pyrolysis temperature and salt/biomass ratio on the structure properties and CO 2 adsorption performances of RH biochars are tested at 25 °C and 100 kPa. The results show that the CO 2 uptakes of RH biochars first ascend and then descend with incremental pyrolysis temperature and basically increase with the elevation of the salt/biomass ratio. The biochar prepared at 700 °C with the salt/biomass ratio of 7.5 in an air atmosphere presents the highest CO 2 uptake of 2.70 mmol/g, which is much higher than the one (1.98 mmol/g) obtained at 700 °C without addition of LiCl salts in a nitrogen stream mainly due to its bigger specific surface area, higher contents of chemisorbed oxygen and carbon defect structures. Pyrolysis of rice husk in molten LiCl can effectively improve the porosity and the surface functionality of the biochar, thereby enhancing its CO 2 capture performance. • Biochars are prepared using molten salt pyrolysis method in an air atmosphere. • Molten LiCl can improve the physical and chemical property of rice husk biochar. • Temperature and salt greatly affect the structure and CO 2 adsorption of biochar. • Molten salt biochar visibly outperformed common biochar toward CO 2 adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CRMs of LiCl solution for water activity were prepared using gravimetric method. • Purity of LiCl was determined using mass balance approach and potentiometric titration, then molality (m) of solution was calculated. • Osmotic coefficient (ϕ) of LiCl was calculated using m and standard data expressed as the Debye–Hückel equation. • Certified value was calculated using an exponential function of the product of ϕ , m , and M. • Certified values of two CRMs were 0.250 ± 0.006 and 0.500 ± 0.007. • CRMs can be used to calibrate water activity meters. Water activity (a) is used to assess the microbiological stability, shelf life, and safety of food. Water activity meters using electric humidity sensors can measure water activity conveniently. To calibrate water activity meters, certified reference materials (CRMs) of lithium chloride (LiCl) solution for water acidity were prepared by using the gravimetric method. Both the mass balance approach and potentiometric titration were combined to determine the purity of LiCl, and the molality (m) was calculated. The osmotic coefficient (ϕ) was calculated using m and the standard data for ϕ expressed as the Debye–Hückel equation. The certified value of a was calculated using an exponential function of the product of ϕ , m , and molecular mass of water. The certified values and uncertainty (U , k = 2) of two CRMs were 0.250 ± 0.006 and 0.500 ± 0.007, respectively. These two CRMs can be used to calibrate water activity meters and validate analytical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient moisture exchange between liquid desiccants and air is essential for optimizing dehumidification and air-conditioning systems, with the interfacial layer playing a critical role. This work investigates the influence of electrostatic fields (E-fields) on the structural and transport properties of the liquid-vapor interface between aqueous lithium chloride solutions and air at a microscopic scale using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our research reveals that negative normal E-fields deplete ions within the interfacial layer, weakening their interactions with water molecules. Conversely, positive normal E-fields enrich surface ions, attracting a higher concentration of water molecules to the interface. The E-field enhances interactions between water molecules, increasing hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) at the interface. This weakens cohesion between water molecules and the liquid phase, ultimately reducing surface tension and the associated interfacial free energy barrier, facilitating the departure of water molecules from the liquid phase. Negative normal E-fields demonstrate greater advantages due to their pronounced alteration of the interface structure and the polarization of water molecules. [Display omitted] • Molecular dynamics study of electrostatic field effects on interfacial structure and transport in LiCl solution. • The electrostatic fields enhance the water molecule vaporization at the liquid-vapor interface in LiCl solution. • The normal electrostatic field reduces surface tension and diminishes energy barriers for water release from the solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane-based polyether sulfone (PES) is a potential candidate for hemodialysis because of its properties such as high mechanical strength, thermal stability, and chemical resistance. However, the nature of the hydrophobicity in the PES membrane inhibits their performance in transporting creatinine. In this study, polyethersulfone (PES) membranes were modified using a sulfonation process and the addition of chitosan (CS) and lithium chloride (LiCl) to improve its performance in transporting creatinine. The FTIR spectrum of the modified membrane shows peaks of the sulfonate (-SO 2), amine (NH), and hydroxyl (-OH) groups in absorption areas of 1065 cm−1, 1650 cm−1, and 3384 cm−1, respectively, indicating that the membrane SPES/CS-LiCl has been successfully prepared. The modified PES membranes shows a higher porosity, swelling, water absorption, and hydrophilicity than pure PES membrane. The modification of the PES membrane in this study also enhances the ability of the membrane to transport creatinine. In the pure PES membrane, the creatinine clearance is 0.30 mg/dL, while in the SPES/CS-LiCl (5:2) membrane the creatinine clearance is 0.42 mg/dL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Memory consolidation is an essential process of long-term memory formation. Neurotrophins have been suggested as key regulators of activity dependent changes in the synaptic efficacy and morphology, which are considered the downstream mechanisms of memory consolidation. The neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), a member of the neurotrophin family, and its high affinity receptor TrkC, are widely expressed in the insular cortex (IC), a region with a critical role in the consolidation of the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm, in which an animal associates a novel taste with nausea. Nevertheless, the role of this neurotrophin in the cognitive processes that the IC mediates remains unexamined. To answer whether NT-3 is involved in memory consolidation at the IC, adult male Wistar rats were administered with NT-3 or NT-3 in combination with the Trk receptors inhibitor K252a into the IC, immediately after CTA acquisition under two different conditions: a strong-CTA (0.2 M lithium chloride i.p.) or a weak-CTA (0.1 M lithium chloride i.p.). Our results show that NT-3 strengthens the memory trace of CTA, transforming a weak conditioning into a strong one, in a Trk-dependent manner. The present evidence suggests that NT-3 has a key role in the consolidation process of an aversive memory in a neocortical region. • NT-3 into the IC strengthens the CTA memory. • NT-3 enhances the CTA memory in a Trk dependent manner. • NT-3 is a key molecular actor of the consolidation process in the adult neocortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase change materials (PCMs) present promising solutions for enhancing energy efficiency in solar heat pump systems. In our study, we have innovatively developed a composite PCMs (CPCMs) by combining sodium acetate trihydrate (CH 3 COONa·3H 2 O, SAT), lithium chloride (LiCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and incorporating expanded graphite (EG). This addition of high thermal conductivity EG was aimed at bolstering the CPCM's thermal stability. Our findings reveal that SAT-LiCl-KCl/EG CPCMs, with 14 wt% EG, significantly enhances thermal energy storage performance while preserving the fundamental phase change characteristics. The resulting CPCMs demonstrates a phase transition temperature of 49.3 °C and a latent heat of 196.4 J/g, ideally suited to meet the demands of hot water heat pump systems operating in the 45–50 °C range. Notably, the thermal conductivity of this CPCMs, following the incorporation of 14 wt% EG, registers at 4.54 W/(m K), representing a remarkable 10.6-fold increase compared to the SAT-LiCl-KCl ternary eutectic salt. To ensure long-term stability, secondary encapsulation with a thermally conductive sealant was applied. Subsequent tests involved subjecting the CPCM to 3000 heating/cooling cycles, resulting in minimal deviations, with the phase transition temperature shifting by approximately 1 °C and a modest 6 % reduction in latent heat of phase transition. These outcomes underscore the robustness and reliability of our developed composite phase change materials. • A ternary eutectic phase change material based on sodium acetate trihydrate. • The material melts at 49.3 °C and is more efficient for heat pump systems (45–50 °C). • Secondary encapsulation of composite phase change materials improves its stability. • The material has good thermal properties after 3000 heating/cooling cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Rats avoid LiCl ingestion after as few as 5 licks, compared to NaCl intake which rapidly increases after first contact. • Chronic LiCl access as the sole source of fluid leads to decreased food and fluid intake, a decrease in licking bout size, and a decrease in lick volume. • Decreased LiCl intake is likely a combination of acute toxic effects and an acquired taste aversion which generalizes to NaCl. Chronic lithium administration to rodents is used to explore the potential neural mechanisms of mood stabilization, as well as to model the side effects of chronic lithium on multiple organ systems. Oral administration of lithium in the maintenance diet or drinking water is convenient, but lithium can acutely affect intake and it can mediate acquisition of conditioned taste aversions (CTA). We compared ad libitum food and fluid intake by male rats with LiCl or NaCl solutions as their sole source of fluid across 20 days, with a commonly used dosage of LiCl (24 mM: 1 g / L LiCl). To quantify the pattern of intake, rats were housed in cages equipped with lickometers to detect licks and infrared photobeams to detect food access with 6-s resolution. To determine if rats formed a CTA to LiCl, they were subsequently tested with access to NaCl. Rats showed an immediate avoidance of the LiCl solution, as seen on the first day of access by an increased latency to initiate drinking and a decreased size of drinking bouts. Rats showed a differential response to LiCl vs. NaCl after as few as 5 licks. Chronic consumption of LiCl solution led to significantly decreased food and fluid intake compared to baseline, with concomitant weight loss. The decreased intake was realized by marked changes in the pattern of drinking and feeding bouts: a decrease in per-lick volume and a decrease in licks per drinking bout, and an increase in feeding bout duration resulting in an overall decrease in eating rate. Conversely, chronic NaCl access led to an increase in drinking bout number and licks/bout. The avoidance of LiCl was likely a combination of toxic effects of ingested LiCl and rapid acquisition of a learned aversion to the taste of LiCl, as shown by an extinguishable generalized aversion to NaCl solution during subsequent NaCl test days. The marked effect of chronic oral LiCl on ingestion may impact the oral dosing of lithium as well as the rat's metabolic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid desiccant dehumidification is promising as it could be driven by renewable energy. In the present study, it newly investigated the dehumidification characteristics of KCOOH solution in an internally cooled dehumidifier. To select suitable concentration range, the vapor pressure of KCOOH solution with different solution concentration and temperature was measured with static method firstly. Then comparative experimental study was conducted to identify the dehumidification performance of KCOOH and LiCl solution under different solution and air flow rate, temperature and air humidity. Experimental results indicated that 70.3% KCOOH solution had almost the same vapor pressure as 35% LiCl solution. Under the same experimental conditions, the absolute moisture removal of 70.3% KCOOH solution was slightly higher than that of 35% LiCl solution as a result of the increased wetting area. It was found that the mass transfer coefficients of the two liquid desiccants were almost the same. An empirical correlation of S h number was obtained to predict the mass transfer coefficient of KCOOH solution for dehumidification with a mean absolute relative deviation of 7.81%. • 70.3% KCOOH had almost the same vapor pressure as 35% LiCl. • Absolute moisture removal of 70.3% KCOOH was higher than that of 35% LiCl. • Wetting ratio is higher for KCOOH than LiCl. • A correlation of S h number was fitted for KCOOH dehumidification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium chloride (LiCl), a pharmacological compound, was effective in reducing inflammation, but whether it can protect against abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is largely unknown. This study is designed to investigate therapeutic effects of LiCl on AAA and the potential mechanism. Rat AAA models were induced by periaortic application of CaCl 2. AAA rats were treated by daily intraperitoneal injection of LiCl or vehicle alone to study the protection effects of LiCl in vivo. Rat primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α served as an in vitro model. LiCl treatment prevented the development of AAA through inhibiting the inflammatory cells infiltration and inflammatory cytokines overproduction, as well as attenuating superoxide production and elastin degradation in aorta of AAA rats. Additionally, the downregulation of p-GSK3β(Ser9) and SIRT1, upregulation of NF-κB(p-65), MMP-2 and MMP-9 in AAA were abolished by LiCl treatment. In vitro by upregulating p-GSK3β(Ser9), LiCl significantly induced SIRT1 expression, along with inhibition of the NF-κB activation and decreased elastin level elicited in VSMCs by TNF-α stimulation. SIRT1 activator SRT1720 achieved similar repressive effects as LiCl on TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation and decreased elastin in VSMCs. Moreover, administration of LiCl also caused regression of established rats AAA. This study provided the first evidence that LiCl prevented the development of AAA through inhibiting inflammation, MMPs, and superoxide production, and facilitating the biosynthesis of elastin. The beneficial effect of LiCl may be mediated by regulation GSK3β/SIRT1/NF-κB cascade. [Display omitted] • Lithium chloride prevented AAA development by inhibiting inflammation, superoxide production and elastin degradation. • Lithium chloride regulated GSK3β/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway involved inflammatory response both in AAAs and cells. • Pharmacological inhibition of GSK3β or activation of SIRT1 may be effective therapeutic approaches for AAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon-based anode material is one of the most promising alternative anodes for graphite due to its advantages of abundant reserves, environmental protection and high-energy-density. However, silicon still cannot be directly applied commercially as anode materials owing to the existences of huge volume change during the alloying and dealloying process. Herein, porous Si@C composites are prepared by employment of nano silicon as the active substance particles, lithium chloride as the template and pitch powder as the carbon precursor. Results of electrochemical performance tests show that the cell based on the in-situ prepared porous Si@C composites deliver a reversible good cycle stability. Besides, porous Si@C composites show a lower thickness expansion rate of electrode (15.38%), compared with pure nano silicon (162.46%) and conventional Si@C anodes (40.24%), respectively. It is believed that the improved performance is benefitted from the porous structure, which provides a buffer for the expansion of silicon, reduces the volume expansion of the electrode during the charge and discharge process, and thus inhibits the damage to the solid electrolyte interphase film outside the Si@C composites. This work provides an environmentally friendly method to prepare porous Si@C composite anode materials, which is suitable for large-scale preparation and industrialized production. Image 1 • Porous Si@C composites is constructed by an environmentally friendly method. • LiCl template can be removed easily by washing and recycled by recrystallization. • The porous structure provides a buffer for the expansion of silicon. • The porous structure inhibits the damage to the solid electrolyte interphase film. • Differential potential EIS was used to analyze the formation of SEI film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, well-crystallized lithium chloride (LiCl) intercalated graphite carbonitride (g-C 3 N 4) nanotubes (LiCl–CN) as ceramic films have been rationally designed and fabricated through the molten salt preparation. The as-synthetic material exhibited nanotube morphology and showed significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance on the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) compared with g-C 3 N 4 in the presence of simulated solar light. The catalytic performance of LiCl–CN was remarkably improved due to the structural alteration of g-C 3 N 4. The results demonstrated 100% BPA could be effectively removed with 0.3 g/L LiCl–CN at pH 5.0 in this investigated reactive system, and the degradation behavior was consistent with pseudo first order reaction kinetic model. Besides, LiCl–CN photocatalyst exhibited excellent photostability and recyclability for BPA photolysis. Mechanistic study revealed that both superoxide radicals (·O 2 -) and photogenerated holes (h+) were the dominant activated species for the degradation of BPA by LiCl–CN. The findings of this work further open an avenue for the application of g-C 3 N 4 based ceramics materials for organic pollutant removal from wastewater. Image 1 • LiCl–CN with enhanced visible light - driven photocatalytic active was rationally designed and fabricated. • BPA can be completely degraded by LiCl–CN nanotubes as ceramic films. • O 2 - and h+ are the main active species for BPA degradation by LiCl–CN. • LiCl–CN nanotubes processed remarkable stability and repeatability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible and wearable supercapacitor gained considerable attention in recent years due to the demand for flexible energy storage devices in the upcoming wearable electronics appliances. Herein, a highly flexible and wearable planar supercapacitor was fabricated by a simple cut and stick technique over an adhesive tape, utilizing manganese dioxide nanoflowers coated a specially designed carbon fiber cloth (MnO 2 /CFC) with polyvinyl alcohol/lithium chloride gel polymer electrolyte (PVA/LiCl). The developed MnO 2 /CFC planar supercapacitor shows a maximum areal capacitance value of ~54 mF cm−2 with excellent energy and power densities (7.5 μWh cm−2 and 2.5 mW cm−2). Moreover, the MnO 2 /CFC planar device exhibited good cyclic stability of ~89% and ~100% of columbic efficiency for 10000 charge/discharge cycles. And the MnO 2 /CFC planar supercapacitor considerably retains it areal capacitance even in the bent or rolled state, which demonstrating promising mechanical stability of the device satisfactory for the development of wearable electronic devices. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is a sustainable clean and green energy source used to eliminate the problem of greenhouse effect. In the present work, the feasibility of gas permeability in separation of H 2 from CO 2 and N 2 have been examined using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes synthesised in our laboratory by the phase inversion process. Effect of various non-solvent additives, such as lithium chloride (LiCl) and Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in the PVDF dope solution, have been studied. The resulted asymmetric flat sheet microporous hydrophobic membrane, shows higher hydrogen permeability and selectivity over other gases (CO 2 & N 2). It has been observed that the MT5 membrane has shown the highest selectivity for hydrogen in comparison to CO 2 and N 2. The highest value of selectivity was obtained as 4.8 and 3.7 in case of H 2 /CO 2 and H 2 /N 2 respectively. The permeability of membrane has been obtained in the range of 2.3–4.2 mega barrer. SEM analysis is used for the investigation of membrane surface morphology. • Pore size increased (0.05–0.65 μm) by LiCl addition. • Porosity increased (25.2–52.3%) by LiCl in PVDF and further by adding TEOS(87.6%). • LiCl increased H 2 Permeability (upto 4.2 MBarrer) and selectivity of H 2 /CO 2 (upto 3.2). • Selectivity of H 2 /CO 2 (upto 4.8) obtain with TEOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DHPG postconditioning (PostC) induces tolerance by reducing ROS formation. • DHPG PostC induces neuroprotection through PI3K/Akt/GSK3β activation. • The GSK3β inhibitors are neuroprotective in OGD. • The GSK3β inhibitors can be used as PostC agents. Ischemic postconditioning (PostC) is an endogenous neuroprotective strategy for cerebral ischemia induced by low activation of glutamate receptors. We have previously shown that the application of the mGluR1/5 agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) 5 min after 30 min of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) reduces CA1 damage in organotypic hippocampal slices by activating the PI3K–Akt signalling pathway. In order to extend these data, we analysed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) signalling pathway. Our results show that DHPG PostC was associated with a reduction in the formation of ROS that is massively increased 24 h after OGD exposure. This reduction was prevented by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, indicating that there is a link between the PI3K/Akt pathway and the formation of ROS in the protective mechanisms of PostC. DHPG PostC also induces a transient increased in GSK3β phosphorylation and inactivation that is followed by nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, that probably lead to the up-regulation of neuroprotective genes. Our results propose GSK3β as new target for neuroprotection, therefore, we verified that the two GSK3β inhibitors N-(3-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine (TC-G 24) and LiCl are neuroprotective agents in OGD and also can be used as PostC agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To advance clinical translation of regenerative medicine, there is, amongst others, still need for better insights in tissue development and disease. For this purpose, more precise imaging of the 3D microstructure and spatial interrelationships of the different tissues within organs is crucial. Despite being destructive towards the sample, conventional histology still is the gold standard for structural analysis of biological tissues. It is, however, limited by 2D sections of a 3D object, prohibiting full 3D structural analysis. MicroCT has proven to provide full 3D structural information of mineralized tissues and dense biomaterials. However, the intrinsic low X-ray absorption of soft tissues requires contrast-enhancing staining agents (CESAs). In a previous study, we showed that hafnium-substituted Wells-Dawson polyoxometalate (Hf-WD POM) allows simultaneous contrast-enhanced microCT (CE-CT) visualization of bone and its marrow vascularization and adiposity. In this study, other POM species have been examined for their potential as soft tissue CESAs. Four Wells-Dawson POMs, differing in structure and overall charge, were used to stain murine long bones and kidneys. Their staining potential and diffusion rate were compared to those of Hf-WD POM and phosphotungstic acid (PTA), a frequently used but destructive CESA. Monolacunary Wells-Dawson POM (Mono-WD POM) showed similar soft tissue enhancement as Hf-WD POM and PTA. Moreover, Mono-WD POM is less destructive, shows a better diffusion than PTA, and its synthesis requires less time and cost than Hf-WD POM. Finally, the solubility of Mono-WD POM was improved by addition of lithium chloride (LiCl) to the staining solution, enhancing further the soft tissue contrast. To advance clinical translation of regenerative medicine, there is, amongst others, still need for better insights in tissue development and disease. For this purpose, more precise imaging of the 3D microstructure and spatial interrelationships of the different tissues within organs is crucial. Current standard structural analysis techniques (e.g. 2D histomorphometry), however, do not allow full 3D assessment. Contrast-enhanced X-ray computed tomography has emerged as a powerful 3D structural characterization tool of soft biological tissues. In this study, from a library of Wells Dawson polyoxometalates (WD POMs), we identified monolacunary WD POM together with lithium chloride, dissolved in phosphate buffered saline, as the most suitable contrast-enhancing staining agent solution for different biological tissues without tissue shrinkage. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A first-order association can be formed between toxin-induced nausea and a context, as well as nausea and a taste cue. However, comparatively little is understood about second-order associations. The present study examined if the bacterial endotoxin, LPS, could impair the first- and second-order conditioning of context aversion (anticipatory nausea paradigm) and subsequent conditioned taste avoidance (two-bottle task). Adult male Long Evans rats were treated with LiCl (127 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]) or vehicle control (NaCl) and then exposed to a distinct context for 4 first-order conditioning trials. LPS (200 μg/kg, i.p.) or NaCl were administered 24 h after each trial. Seventy-two h after the final first-order conditioning trial, rats underwent 2 second-order conditioning trials where they were treated with 2% saccharin (i.p.) and then exposed to the same context. Twenty-four h after the final second-order conditioning trial, rats were tested in a two-bottle task (2 trials), where they were given a choice between water and a palatable 0.2% saccharin solution. LiCl-treated rats demonstrated a context aversion by the 3rd conditioning trial in the anticipatory nausea paradigm. Rats previously exposed to LiCl also displayed a conditioned taste avoidance of saccharin within the two-bottle task. LPS attenuated first-order context aversion but did not alter either second-order context aversion or conditioned taste avoidance in the two-bottle task. This study demonstrated that a secondary association formed within an aversive context could result in a conditioned taste avoidance. Further, LPS may be able to attenuate primary conditioning, but not secondary conditioning. • Disgust behaviours were conditioned to a context using LiCl (primary conditioning). • Secondary conditioning was produced by pairing the aversive context with a taste cue. • LPS attenuated the primary conditioning of context aversion. • LPS did not alter the secondary conditioning of context aversion or taste avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Liquid desiccant regeneration was realized using direct-contact membrane distillation. • Theoretical model of liquid desiccant regeneration was developed and validated. • Performance of spacer-filled or empty channels was evaluated. • Spacer-filled channels improved permeate flux by reducing the polarization effect. • Liquid desiccant was regenerated at a solution temperature of 50 ℃. Membrane-based absorptive dehumidification is an attractive technique for humidity control that reduces energy consumption. The process involves a dehumidifier that absorbs moisture with a liquid desiccant, and a regenerator that concentrates the desiccant solution to complete the process cycle. In this study, a regeneration module employing a membrane distillation (MD) mechanism was developed, and its performance was evaluated theoretically and experimentally. Detailed theoretical investigations demonstrated the impact of the spacer on the convective thermal and material transport at the membrane surface at a high desiccant concentration. The module employs a hydrophobic and microporous composite membrane consisting of a polypropylene support layer and an active layer composed of polytetrafluoroethylene. For all the experiments, the desiccant solution used was an aqueous solution containing 25 wt% of lithium chloride. The transmembrane flux of the regeneration module was evaluated at different feed and permeate flow rates from 0.6 to 1.4 L/min at solution temperatures of 45 to 80 ℃ and a permeate temperature of 25 ℃. The permeate flux of the regeneration module with the spacer-filled channel increased by more than 50 % compared with that of the empty channel. The regeneration module using spacers achieved a permeate flux ranging from 1.9 to 4.3 kg/m2h during desiccant regeneration at a solution temperature of 50 ℃. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A simple strategy is proposed to synthesise strain-sensitive hydrogels. • The introduction of inorganic salt ions makes it frost resistant and electrically conductive. • The introduction of hydroxyethyl cellulose makes it biocompatible. Ion-conducting hydrogels are a widely recognised material for skin sensors and significant progress has been made in the development of stretchable and self-healing conductive materials. However, hydrogels still present challenges in terms of water retention and frost resistance, which have a profound impact on their mechanical and conductive properties. In order to address these issues, we have used a straightforward approach to fabricate novel ion-conductive hydrogels. In this study, physical interactions and covalent binding in the hydrogel-based system conferred excellent tensile properties (up to 1071.3 % strain) and high toughness (927 kJ/m3), in addition to the introduction of hydroxyethyl cellulose that enabled the hydrogels to have good biocompatibility and mechanical properties, and the strong hydration of lithium chloride that conferred the hydrogels high electrical conductivity (2.16 S/m) and frost resistance. In particular, the hydrogel containing 5 wt% lithium chloride showed significant flexibility and extensibility even under the harsh conditions of −15℃, indicating its potential for cold climate applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some halogen ions (X = Cl-,Br-,I-) dissociated from alkali-metal-salt analyte (NaX (aq) , KX (aq)) were used to enhance SERS signals in colloid substrates. The currently proposed mechanisms of halogen ions enhanced colloid SERS signals is the halogen ions as an aggregating agent to enhance analyte molecules on the hotspots. No effect of solid-state halogen salt on the solid SERS substrates is reported and remaining unclear. Here, a novel dipole-enhancement mechanism of new LiCl (s) salt addition to bisphenol A (BPA) of environmental hormone as co-adsorbates on solid SERS substrates is proposed, which exhibits the strong dipoles interaction of the solid state LiCl (s) with phenol and the better affinity of LiCl-BPA than BPA on the surface of substrate. The dipoles of solid-state LiCl (s) can attract the OH- bonds and benzene rings of BPA molecules, leading to specific amplification of those closer bonds. Also, LiCl interrupts the H-bonds of solution, resulting in better affinity and hydrophilicity, which enables nonspecific amplification of SERS spectra. A low concentration of 1 ppb BPA was detected by adding 1 wt% LiCl and a good coefficient of determination (R2 =0.9955) of BPA was achieved. Testing commercial plastic spoons and zipper bags with Bisphenol about 7.3 and 20.1 ppb were practically demonstrated. [Display omitted] • The traditional halogen anions (X = Cl-, Br-, I-) in MX salts (aq) (M=Na+,K+) may enhance SERS signals in colloid substrates. • Such ion-enhancement mechanism is related to halogen anions to enrich the analyte molecules on hotspots. • Here, a novel SERS dipole-enhancement mechanism using new LiCl salt on solid substrates is proposed. • It is attributed to the strong dioples interaction of solid-state LiCl (s) and the better hydrophilicity between the analyte and substrate. • Very-low LOD of 1 ppb bispehnol is obtained by the LiCl (s) -SERS that tests both plastic spoons and zipper bags of 7.3 and 20.1 ppb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional fractionation of lignocellulose is generally carried out at high temperatures, high acid or alkali, or using organic solvents due to the rigid matrix of lignocellulose and crystallinity of cellulose, leading to the condensation of lignin and environmental pollution, and hindering the further value-added utilization of lignin. In this work, a rapid fractionation method was proposed, in which hemicellulose and cellulose (holocellulose) were first dissolved and partially hydrolyzed in acidified LiCl molten salt hydrates, followed by a filtration process to isolate the lignin solid with a purity of 88.3%. It was found that the dissolution of holocellulose required the addition of a small amount of acid to break the cellulose chain into short chains. Due to the small amount of acid added and the rapid dissolution, the obtained lignin has as high as 89.5% of β-O-4 bond content close to the theoretical value, suggesting that a promising native lignin structure was preserved. The isolated lignin can be selectively depolymerized into monophenol over Ru/C catalyst with a high yield of 24.2%. In addition, the dissolved holocellulose without containing lignin was selectively hydrolyzed into sugars in acidified LiCl molten salt hydrates, giving 63.1% of xylose, 43.9% of glucose, 29.5% of xylan oligomers, and 48.2% of glucan oligomers, respectively. [Display omitted] • LiCl molten salt hydrates required little acid to dissolve holocellulose. • LiCl-AMSH could quickly dissolve holocellulose and separate noncondensed lignin. • 88.3% purity of noncondensed lignin was fractionated. • 24.2% of monophenol (88.0% to theoretical) was obtained from noncondensed lignin. • 63.1% of xylose, 43.9% of glucose, 29.5% of xylan oligomers, and 48.2% of glucan oligomers were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Solid MoS 2 can be electro-reduced to the metal and sulfur in LiCl with a rapid speed which mainly because that the participation of Li+ changed the reaction routes and lower the reaction energy, moreover, the LiCl melt showed an ability to dissolve S2− ion and the generated S2− ion can quickly diffuse to anode. • The graphite anode was proven to be ideally non-consumable, on which the S2− ion was oxidized to sulfur gas. • The current efficiency and energy consumption are 95% and 1.02 k Wh /kg- Mo respectively. • These findings can form the basis for the development of a new, fast, and environmentally friendly electrolytic process for the metallurgy of MoS 2 and the commercial production of nano-Mo powders. Fast–reaction rate production of Mo with energy-saving and environmental protection is important for industries. However, the present preparation of Mo by pyrometallurgical process in industry is challenging. Here we demonstrate a solution route through direct electro- desulfidation solid MoS 2 at 973 K in LiCl melt with a fast and environment-friendly method. When the scan rate was 50 mV/s, the total reduction (0.5 mg MoS 2 in the MCE.) time was less 16 s, and the peak current density was as high as 38 A/cm2 with reference to the geometric surface of the cavity (ca. 0.004 cm2) Nano molybdenum powder can be obtained on cathode and element sulfur on anode. The current efficiency was 95% and energy consumption was 1.02 kWh/kg- Mo. The details of the electro-desulfidation mechanism of solid MoS 2 was also investigated by cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic and constant voltage electrolysis. Accordingly, the electro-desulfidation mechanism may be speculated as followings: the intercalation compound containing Li+ (Li x MoS 2) was first generated and then Li x MoS 2 was reduced to nanometer Mo powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in developing composite hydrogels with superior mechanical and conductive properties. In this study, triple-network (TN) cellulose nanofiber hydrogels were prepared by using cellulose nanofiber as the first network, isotropic poly(acrylamide- co -acrylic acid) as the second network, and polyvinyl alcohol as the third network via a cyclic freezing-thawing process. The strong (9.43 ± 0.14 MPa tensile strength, (445.5 ± 7.0)% elongation-at-break), tough (15.12 ± 0.14 MJ/m3 toughness), and conductive (0.0297 ± 0.00021 S/cm ionic conductivity) TN cellulose nanofiber hydrogels were effectively created after being pre-stretched in an external force field, cross-linked by Fe3+ and added Li+. The produced composite TN cellulose nanofiber hydrogels were successfully used as a flexible sensor for real-time monitoring and detecting human movements, highlighting their potential for wearable electronics, medical technology, and human-machine interaction. Acrylamide (PubChem CID: 6579); Acrylic acid (PubChem CID: 6581); Ammonium persulfate (PubChem CID: 6579); N , N ′-methylene bisacrylamide (PubChem CID: 17956053); Sodium bromide (PubChem CID: 253881); Sodium hydroxide (PubChem CID: 14798); Sodium hypochlorite (PubChem CID: 23665760); Sodium chlorite (PubChem CID: 23668197); 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxide (PubChem CID: 2724126); Polyvinyl alcohol (PubChem CID: 11199); Lithium chloride (PubChem CID: 433294); Iron nitrate nonahydrate (PubChem CID: 129774236) [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Electron-Stimulated desorption of ultra-thin LiCl films on graphene. • Evolution of desorption kinetics through two desorption regimes. • Differences between Photon- and Electron-Stimulated desorption kinetics. Ultra-thin alkali halide films are an important substrate for studying single quantum objects at the atomic scale, as they serve as decoupling scaffolds. However, their stability upon exposure to electrons and photons, the most common probes used to study nanomaterials, is not fully understood. Here we present a study of the evolution of the structure of ultra-thin LiCl films, grown on graphene, upon low-energy electron irradiation by means of microspot-low-energy electron diffraction and microscopy. We find that the intensity of the LiCl diffraction spots irradiated at various electron energies follows a bi-exponential decay function, which can be rationalized by two different desorption regimes. In addition, we detect a change in the work function caused by the electron irradiation, confirming desorption of the LiCl film from the graphene layer. We understand the underlying mechanisms for the electron-induced desorption of the salt film in terms of the evolution of the elementary quasiparticles involved in the process: holes, excitons and F and H center pairs. Moreover, a direct comparison of the electron-induced and the soft X-ray photon-induced processes reveal that, in addition to LiCl desorption, the intercalation of lithium into graphene reported for X-ray induced desorption does not take place in electron-stimulated desorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]