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Bottom and fly ashes streams collected along a year in several biomass thermal plants were studied. The bulk composition of ashes and other chemical characteristics that may impact soil application showed a high variability depending on the ash stream, combustion technology and ash management practice at the power plants. The acid neutralization capacity (ANC) and metal’s availability for leaching at fixed pH 7 and 4 was performed according with EA NEN 7371, as a quick evaluation method to provide information on the long-term behavior of ashes, regarding heavy metals and also plant nutrients release. Also the pH dependence leachability study was performed according to CEN/TS 14429 for predicting the leaching behavior under different scenarios. Leachability profiles were established between pH 3 and 12, allowing to distinguish different solubility control phenomena of toxic heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb) as well as other salts (Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cl). The ANC of fly ashes at pH 4 (3.6–9.6 molH + /kg) were higher than that observed for the bottom ashes (1.2–2.1 molH + /kg). Ashes were also characterized for persistent organic pollutants (POP), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and paradibenzodioxines and furanes (PCDD/F). Contents were found to be much higher in fly ash than in bottom ash streams. None of the PAH levels did reach the current national limit value of sewage sludge application in soils or the guide value for ash in north European countries. However, PCDD/F contents, which are not regulated, varied from non-detectable levels to high amounts, regardless the level of loss on ignition (LOI) or unburned carbon content in fly ashes. Given the current ash management practices and possible use of blends of bottom and fly ash streams as soil conditioners resembles clear the urgent need to regulate ash utilization in soils, incorporating limit values both for heavy metals, PAH and PCDD/F. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Three species of biomass origin (straw pellets, olive cake and wood pellets) and two coals from different countries (Coal Polish and Coal Colombian) have been studied to understand the fate of their ash forming matter during the combustion process and to investigate the influence of co-firing biomass with coal. Three different approaches to investigate the ash behaviour were employed: (1) chemical fractionation analysis to evaluate the association/reactivity of ash forming elements in the fuels as a prediction tool, (2) establishment of elements partitioning in ash streams produced in the combustion and co-combustion trials, and (3) evaluation of enrichment factors of elements in the ash streams. The chemical fractionation analysis was applied to all fuels used to evaluate how the association/reactivity of elements making up ash may influence their behaviour during combustion. Combustion tests were carried out on a pilot scale fluidized bed combustor (FBC). Four ash streams were obtained at different locations. The uncertainty of measurements was estimated allowing a critical evaluation of mass balances over the combustion system and the partitioning of elements in the ash streams. The enrichment factors of elements in the several ash streams were estimated, incorporating uncertainties associated with analytical measurements. Results obtained showed that for FBC the relation between the chemical fractionation and the experimental partitioning is strongly affected by elutriation of particles. The element enrichment factor estimated for each ash stream, using Al as a reference element, revealed better correlations with the elements reactivity obtained by chemical fractionation because it overcomes particles elutriation effects. Nevertheless, it was observed that the reactivity estimated by chemical fractionation could not be solely interpreted as tendency of the elements to volatilize on FBC system, as reaction in bed zone of boiler may also occur retaining reactive elements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents the study of the combustion of char residues produced during co-gasification of coal with pine with the aim of characterizing them for their potential use for energy. These residues are generally rich in carbon with the presence of other elements, with particular concern for heavy metals and pollutant precursors, depending on the original fuel used. The evaluation of environmental toxicity of the char residues was performed through application of different leaching tests (EN12457-2, US EPA-1311 TCLP and EA NEN 7371:2004). The results showed that the residues present quite low toxicity for some of pollutants. However, depending on the fuel used, possible presence of other pollutants may bring environmental risks. The utilization of these char residues for energy was in this study evaluated, by burning them as a first step pre-treatment prior to landfilling. The thermo-gravimetric analysis and ash fusibility studies revealed an adequate thermochemical behavior, without presenting any major operational risks. Fluidized bed combustion was applied to char residues. Above 700°C, very high carbon conversion ratios were obtained and it seemed that the thermal oxidation of char residues was easier than that of the coals. It was found that the char tendency for releasing SO2 during its oxidation was lower than for the parent coal, while for NO X emissions, the trend was observed to increase NO X formation. However, for both pollutants the same control techniques might be applied during char combustion, as for coal. Furthermore, the leachability of ashes resulting from the combustion of char residues appeared to be lower than those produced from direct coal combustion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper analyses the formation of sulphur and halogens compounds during co-gasification of low grade coals with different types of wastes that include: pine, petcoke and polyethylene (PE) with the aim of taking profit of waste energy value with the smallest possible impact on the environment. The influence of different types of catalysts or sorbents was studied: calcined dolomite, dolomite enriched with nickel, olivine, nickel and magnesium oxides, zinc oxide and cobalt and molybdenum oxides. The presence of dolomite led to the lowest HCl, HF and H2S concentrations in the syngas produced. ZnO also gave rise to significant decrease in H2S concentration, though higher concentrations were obtained than those with dolomite. It was found that when catalysts or sorbents were used, a significant fraction of sulphur, halogens and heavy metals were trapped in the solid residue left behind in the bed and cyclone. Higher temperatures increased the volatility of some metals and sulphur. Leachability assays of solids showed that small quantities of and Cl− could be released and most metals were not leachable, although the use of dolomite slightly increased metals leachability, because of the higher alkaline nature of residual solids produced. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this work is to analyse the possibility of using co-gasification technology to process coal mixed with wastes to take profit of its energy content and at the same time to minimize the environmental impact associated with the use of wastes and to diminish the costs of flue gas treatment. The addition to coal of different types of materials, like: pine based waste, petcoke and polyethylene (PE), was not found to give rise to any operational problems, regarding both the feeding system and gasification process and led to higher energy conversions, however, the gas presented higher tars and hydrocarbons content. Several catalysts were tested, such as, dolomite, olivine, nickel and magnesium oxides, zinc oxides and cobalt and molybdenum oxides. Catalyst action was analysed in tars release and also in ammonia compounds reduction. The presence of catalysts allowed increasing hydrogen release, whilst there was a decrease in hydrocarbons and tars contents. A nickel–magnesium oxide was the catalyst that led to the highest reduction in hydrocarbons and tars. This catalyst also led to the lowest NH3 content in the fuel gas produced, due to the catalyst efficiency in NH3 destruction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Cell therapy utilizing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from healthy donors (HE-MSCs) is a promising strategy for treating osteoporotic bone defects. This study investigated the effects of interaction between HE-MSCs and MSCs from osteoporotic donors (ORX-MSCs) on osteoblast differentiation of MSCs and of HE-MSCs on bone formation in calvarial defects of osteoporotic rats. Osteoporosis was induced by orchiectomy (ORX) and its effects on the bone were evaluated by femur microtomography (μCT) and osteoblast differentiation of bone marrow MSCs. HE- and ORX-MSCs were cocultured, and osteoblast differentiation was evaluated using genotypic and phenotypic parameters. HE-MSCs were injected into the calvarial defects of osteoporotic rats, and bone formation was evaluated by μCT, histology, and gene expression of osteoblast markers. ORX-induced osteoporosis was revealed by reduced bone morphometric parameters and osteoblast differentiation in ORX-MSCs. HE-MSCs partially recovered the osteogenic potential of ORX-MSCs, whereas HE-MSCs were mildly affected by ORX-MSCs. Additionally, the bone morphogenetic protein and wingless-related integration site signaling pathway components were similarly modulated in cocultures involving ORX-MSCs. HE-MSCs induced meaningful bone formation, highlighting the effectiveness of cell therapy even in osteoporotic bones. These results provide new perspectives on the development of cell-based therapies to regenerate bone defects in patients with disorders that affect bone tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background aims Regenerative medicine strategies based on cell therapy are considered a promising approach to repair bone defects. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of subculturing on the osteogenic potential of osteoblasts derived from newborn rat calvaria and the effect of these osteoblasts on bone repair of rat calvaria defects. Methods Cells were obtained from 50 newborn rat calvaria, and primary osteoblasts (OB) were compared with first passage (OB-P1) in terms of osteogenic potential by assaying cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, extracellular matrix mineralization and gene expression of the osteoblastic markers RUNX2, ALP, osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein. Then, 5-mm calvaria defects were created in 24 Wistar rats, and after 2 weeks, they were locally injected with 50 µL of phosphate-buffered saline containing either 5 × 106 osteoblasts (OB-P1, n = 12) or no cells (control, n = 12). Four weeks post-injection, the bone formation was evaluated by micro-computed tomography and histological analyses. Data were compared by analysis of variance, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls's test or Student's t -test (P ≤ 0.05). Results OB-P1 showed high proliferation and ALP activity, and despite the reduced gene expression of osteoblastic markers and extracellular matrix mineralization compared with OB, they displayed osteogenic potential, being a good choice for injection into calvaria defects. The micro-tomographic and histological data showed that defects treated with OB-P1 presented higher bone formation compared with control defects. Discussion Our results indicate that cells derived from newborn rat calvaria retain osteoblastic characteristics after subculturing and that these osteoblasts stimulate bone repair in a rat calvaria defect model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The release of H2S and NH3 into syngas during co-gasification of two coals (German and Polish) mixed with wastes (pine, olive bagasse and polyethylene) was studied. Sulphur and nitrogen contents in feedstock were found to have a great influence on H2S and NH3 concentrations in syngas, as the highest contents of these elements led to the highest releases. Air/steam or oxygen/steam mixtures were used in the gasification medium, keeping constant experimental conditions, including equivalent ratio. However, when air was added instead of oxygen, higher flow rates were used, due to the introduction of nitrogen and thus lower residence times were used. Different H2S and NH3 contents were obtained by changing the gasification medium. In presence of oxygen and steam higher H2S contents and lower NH3 concentrations were obtained than those produced in presence of air and steam. However, after syngas hot treatment in two fixed bed reactors, the first one with dolomite and the second one with a Ni-based catalyst (G-90 B 5) these differences lost significance. On the other hand, different final compositions of H2S and NH3 were obtained for different feedstocks. Those with highest sulphur and nitrogen contents led to the highest final H2S and NH3 contents in syngas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The co-combustion of coal and meat and bone meal (MBM) is a possible energetic valorization route for this residue. Nevertheless, the properties of ashes produced need to be studied. To evaluate these properties, three combustion tests were performed in a fluidized bed reactor: 1) coal combustion; 2) coal+MBM (85%+15%) co-combustion; 3) MBM combustion. The characterization of ashes was focused on the following aspects: (1) Determination of bulk content of Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Ba, Mo, Sb, Se, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Al and K; (2) Leaching properties of ashes based on the European Standard EN12457-2. The eluates were characterized for some of the metals referred above and for Cr VI, CN−, pH, Cl−, F−, SO4 2−, dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved solids. The eluates were also characterized for ecotoxicological levels by using the following bio-indicators: bacterium V. fischeri, microalgae S. capricornutum and microcrustacean D. magna. The ashes produced in the combustion of coal and co-combustion of coal+MBM have not shown evidences of ecotoxicity, while the ashes produced in the combustion of MBM were classified as ecotoxic. An assessment of the relationship between the chemical and the ecotoxicological properties of the ashes was performed. pH seemed to be the chemical parameter that most influences the ecotoxicological level of ashes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Two combustion tests were performed in a fluidized bed combustor of a thermo-electric power plant: (1) combustion of coal; (2) co-combustion of coal (68.7% w/w), sewage sludge (9.2% w/w) and meat and bone meal (MBM) (22.1% w/w). Three samples of ashes (bottom, circulating and fly ashes) were collected in each combustion test. The ashes were submitted to the following assays: (a) evaluation of the leaching behaviour; (b) stabilization/solidification of fly ashes and evaluation of the leaching behaviour of the stabilized/solidified (s/s) materials; (c) production of concrete from bottom and circulating ashes. The eluates of all materials were submitted to chemical and ecotoxicological characterizations. The crude ashes have shown similar chemical and ecotoxicological properties. The s/s materials have presented compressive strengths between 25 and 40MPa, low emission levels of metals through leaching and were classified as non-hazardous materials. The formulations of concrete have presented compressive strengths between 12 and 24MPa. According to the Dutch Building Materials Decree, some concrete formulations can be used in both scenarios of limited moistening and without insulation, and with permanent moistening and with insulation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The main aim of this work was to study the chemical and ecotoxicological properties of ashes produced in a biomass boiler of a pulp and paper industry and evaluate possible differences depending on the particle size of bottom and fly ashes. This industry produces electricity by burning eucalyptus and pine bark in a bubbling fluidized bed combustor. Bottom and fly ashes and their size fractions, obtained by sieving, were analysed for a set of metals and leaching behaviour. The eluates were also submitted to ecotoxicological characterization, using five indicators. The highest concentrations of metals and metalloids were found in the lower particle size fractions of bottom and fly ashes. However, generally, it could not be observed any specific releasing pattern of metals depending on the particle size, except for fly ashes in which the releasing rate of some earth and alkali-earth metals seemed to increase for lower particle size fractions. No specific pattern of the ecotoxicity levels could be associated to the different particle size fractions of ashes. The fractions of bottom ashes with 4,000–10,000μm and >10,000μm have presented the lowest ecotoxicity levels. All the samples were classified as ecotoxic, except the fraction of bottom ashes >10,000μm. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Coal mixed with different types of wastes was co-gasified in a pilot-scale installation. The syngas produced was hot treated in two catalytic fixed-bed reactors. In the first one, dolomite was used and in the second reactor, a nickel-based catalyst was employed. Two different grade coals were tested, Puertollano and Colombian. Puertollano coal had high ash and sulphur contents, 42.5% and 2.4%, respectively, while ash and sulphur contents of Colombian coal were, respectively, 12.7% and 0.9%. Pine, bagasse, RDF and PE were the wastes mixed with both coals. After dolomite fixed-bed reactor, H2S and NH3 contents in syngas were much lower than those of the gas leaving the gasifier. For most coal and waste blends, NH3 reductions changed between 30% and 50% depending on feedstock nitrogen content, while H2S reductions achieved values from 68% to 74%, also depending on H2S concentration in syngas. After syngas had gone through the nickel-based catalyst, it presented H2S and NH3 contents that allowed its use in boilers and gas engines for most coal and waste blends. The overall syngas treatment led to H2S and NH3 reductions higher than 97%. For most experiments, final H2S and NH3 concentration in syngas were below 20ppmv and 30ppmv, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Co-gasification of poor quality coals mixed with wastes has the advantage of diversifying energy resources and of decreasing the dependency on imported fossil fuels. However, the use of wastes like plastics increased the production of tar and gaseous hydrocarbons. Although, the correct adjustment of gasification experimental conditions, like temperature and air flow, may lead to some reduction of undesirable compounds, this procedure is not usually enough to accomplish effective reductions of tar and hydrocarbons, thus obliging to the use of further gas treatment. Co-gasification studies were undertaken in a pilot-scale installation. The syngas produced, after going through a cyclone to decrease particulates content, was further treated in two catalytic fixed bed reactors. In the first fixed bed reactor was used a low cost catalyst, like dolomite, to reduce H2S content in the gas and also to promote some tar destruction. In the second fixed bed reactor, Ni based catalysts were employed to achieve effective reduction of tar and other undesirable compounds. After the second fixed bed reactor, H2 content was much higher than that of the gas leaving the gasifier, values higher than 50% were obtained, while gaseous hydrocarbons contents were much lower, particularly C n H m contents were quite low, usually below the detection limit of the method used. The presence of tar was never detected after the second fixed bed reactor. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]