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The poor outcome of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treated with immunotherapy is attributed to the profound immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and the lack of effective delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Radiation therapy (RT) induces an immunogenic antitumor response that is counteracted by evasive mechanisms, among which transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activation is the most prominent factor. We report an extracellular vesicle (EV)-based nanotherapeutic that traps TGF-β by expressing the extracellular domain of the TGF-β type II receptor and targets GBM by decorating the EV surface with RGD peptide. We show that short-burst radiation dramatically enhanced the targeting efficiency of RGD peptide-conjugated EVs to GBM, while the displayed TGF-β trap reversed radiation-stimulated TGF-β activation in the TME, offering a synergistic effect in the murine GBM model. The combined therapy significantly increased CD8+ cytotoxic T cells infiltration and M1/M2 macrophage ratio, resulting in the regression of tumor growth and prolongation of overall survival. These results provide an EV-based therapeutic strategy for immune remodeling of the GBM TME and eradication of therapy-resistant tumors, further supporting its clinical translation. [Display omitted] • Extracellular vesicles are engineered for targeted TGF-β trapping in glioblastoma. • Radiation improves targeting efficiency of extracellular vesicles to glioblastoma. • Engineered extracellular vesicles synergize with radiation to enhance immunotherapy. • Providing extracellular vesicle-based combined strategy for immune remodeling. • Providing strategy for large-scale production of functionalized extracellular vesicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmonic heterojunctions present excellent photocatalytic performance for water splitting. Herein, a novel S-scheme heterojunction of CdS-ZnO nanorods assisted with low-content Au (<1 wt%) plasmon was achieved successfully, which possessed the H 2 -generated efficiency of 14.36 mM h−1 g−1. Remarkable catalytic activity stems from the S-scheme mechanism, metal plasma resonance and the unique flower-shaped morphology. S-scheme endues the heterojunction with efficient carrier separation and strong redox capacity, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) generated from low-content Au broadens light absorption range and injects hot electrons into the heterojunction. In-situ XPS measurements verified an S-scheme carrier migration mechanism as well as hot electrons transfer. Other optical and photoelectric characterizations, as well as simulation calculation by finite difference time domain (FDTD) were also utilized to conjecture the probable mechanism. Low content noble metal and unique morphology accelerate the photocatalytic H 2 -production, and it likely proposes the promising strategy for practical application of photocatalysis for solar energy conversion. [Display omitted] • Three-dimensional flower-like structure is composed of nanorods. • Heterostructure presented an efficient H 2 -production rate of 14.36 mM h−1 g−1. • SPR of low-content Au accelerated photocatalytic hydrogen production. • In-situ XPS verified S-scheme carrier migration and SPR hot electrons transfer. • S-scheme endued heterojunction with an excellent redox capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the utilization rate of superfine iron tailings (SIT), a novel coal fly ash (CFA)/SIT-based three-dimensional printing geopolymers (CS-3DPG) were synthesized for high-value resource application of SIT. The optimal preparation parameters of CS-3DPG were sodium citrate of 0.4%, water-solid ratio of 38%, SiO 2 /Na 2 O molar ratio of 1 and alkali activator of 6%, with the compressive strength of 32.14 MPa. Besides, the yield stress and plastic viscosity (rheological properties) of CS-3DPG reached 284 Pa and 18.8 Pa·S, respectively. The sodium aluminum silicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gels were identified as dominant hydration products by the selective chemical extractions. Microstructural analysis also successfully indicated that the retarder caused some CFA and SIT to be unreacted, resulting in the decrease of early compressive strength compared with CS-3DPG. Based on the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) values, kinetics of hydration and hydration kinetic contribution degree results, retarders effectually inhibited nucleation and growth (NG) and diffusion (D). The phase-boundary interaction (I) reaction played a major role after adding retarders. This work successfully reveals the early retarding mechanism of CS-3DPG, and provides the possibility of large-scale resource application of SIT-based 3DPG in 3D printing construction. • A novel three-dimensional printing geopolymers (CS-3DPG) was synthesized. • CS-3DPG exhibited excellent compressive strength and rheological properties. • The N-A-S-H gels were identified as leading hydration products. • The early retarding mechanism of CS-3DPG was attributed to I reaction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel Z-scheme heterostructure photocatalyst (g-C 3 N 4 /α-FOD) was synthesized. • g-C 3 N 4 /α-FOD activating persulfate synergistically degraded tetracycline (TCH). • Ring contraction and elimination reaction were the two main degradation pathways of TCH. • The degradation was mainly attributed to the active sites attacked by free radicals. Tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) as an emerging pollutant poses challenges for removal using traditional treatment methods. A new and high-efficient photocatalyst graphitic carbon nitride/α-ferrous oxalate dihydrate (g-C 3 N 4 /α-FOD) was synthesized to solve this issue, which acted as a Z-scheme heterojunction for efficient activation of persulfate (PS) degradation TCH under visible (Vis) light irradiation. A comprehensive characterization of the g-C 3 N 4 /α-FOD photocatalyst was performed to analyze the structural, morphological, optical, and electrochemical properties. The Z-scheme heterojunction enabled broader visible-light absorption and enhanced charge transfer. In g-C 3 N 4 /α-FOD/PS/Vis system, SO 4 −, OH, and O 2 − were identified as the main reactive species and contributed to the efficient degradation of TCH. The initial 100 mg/L TCH concentration can be degraded to 11.3 mg/L within 120 min, reaching a high mineralization rate of 83 %. Density functional theory calculation successfully predicted that the sites on TCH molecules with high Fukui index were preferable to be attacked by the reactive species. The ring contraction and elimination reaction were found to be two major degradation pathways of TCH. The cycling experiments confirmed the good stability and reusability of the g-C 3 N 4 /α-FOD photocatalyst. This study successfully confirms that heterojunction materials can enhance the activation potential of PS, which provides a reference for realizing the harmless degradation of environmental pollutants under visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Owing to few thermal populations or spectral absence at extreme low temperature, fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique based on thermal coupling levels is sometimes unpractical for low temperature sensing. Herein, using bandwidth as a sensing parameter, the low temperature sensing performances of YOF:Yb3+/Tm3+ phosphor are reported. The YOF:10%Yb3+/0.2%Tm3+ phosphor is prepared by hydrothermal and calcined methods. Under 980 nm excitation, the temperature dependent upconversion spectra are recorded in the range of 12–300 K, and the temperature sensing behaviors are investigated in detail. The phosphor exhibits a single-band near-infrared (NIR) luminescence composed of multiple narrow peaks. Thereinto, the ultranarrow bandwidths of 12,485 cm−1 (800.9 nm) and 12,580 cm−1 (794.9 nm) emission bands are only 14 cm−1 (0.9 nm) and 12 cm−1 (0.75 nm) at 12 K, respectively. Based on temperature dependent bandwidth, the maximum relative sensitivities are found to be 0.60% K−1 (12–190 K) and 0.84% K−1 (190–300 K), which enable the YOF:10%Yb3+/0.2%Tm3+ phosphor to be a promising thermometer for low temperature sensing. Graphical abstract fx1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Field and simulated car-following trajectories were compared in the Wiedemann Cartesian systems. • The existence of the regime structure led to the "acceleration cliffs". • The "acceleration cliffs" were found to be responsible for the unrealistic VSP distributions. • The "acceleration cliffs" could be eliminated by implementing continuous acceleration models. Abstract Errors have been found in the speed-specific vehicle specific power (VSP) distributions generated by the Wiedemann car-following model. The impact of the existence of the regime structure on the distributions was investigated in this paper. The analysis was conducted based on massive field car-following trajectories and numerical simulation of the Wiedemann model. The field and simulated speed-specific VSP distributions and acceleration distributions were compared. The field and simulated accelerations were analyzed with the help of the Wiedemann Cartesian systems. The unrealistic "acceleration cliffs" were found along with the regime borders. It was indicated that the "acceleration cliff" was a source of the generated emission errors. The existence of the discrete regimes was responsible for the "acceleration cliff." It was indicated that the "acceleration cliff" could not be eradicated by the parameter calibration, unless the logics of the regimes were modified. A data-driven model was designed based on the Wiedemann plane. The "acceleration cliffs" were successfully eliminated by implementing continuous accelerations. It was indicated that the Wiedemann model had the potential to generate realistic VSP distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing the difference in compatibility and phase transition among PA6, monoglyceride (MG), octaphenylsilsesquioxane (OPS) and zinc diethylphosphinate (ZDP), a PA6 composite with microporous-micronucleus structure is simulated and designed. Due to the passivation micro-cracks effect of microporous-micronucleus structure, the MG/OPS/ZDP/PA6 composite exhibits excellent low-temperature impact strength (5.58 kJ m−2, 203.3% higher than neat PA6 at −170 °C). The nano-gap and nano-cage OPS endows the MG/OPS/ZDP/PA6 with low dielectric constant (2.95 at 100 Hz). The thermal insulation effect of micropores and the synergistic effect of OPS and ZDP in the micronucleus lead to the high flame retardancy of MG/OPS/ZDP/PA6. Meanwhile, the MG on the inner surface of the micropore and the ZDP in the micronucleus endow a dual antibacterial activity. This work provides a guideline for the construction of microporous-micronucleus structure to realize the functional design of composite. [Display omitted] • A heterogenous microporous-micronucleus PA6 composite is simply prepared. • The universal formation mechanism of micropore-micronucleus structure is proposed. • MG/OPS/ZDP/PA6 is toughened at extremely low temperature (−170 °C). • Microporous structure and nanocage OPS endow low dielectric constant. • Microporous and MG/OPS/ZDP endow flame retardancy and antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nearly pure green and red emissions of Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 were realized by tri-doping Eu 3+ and Ce 3+ , respectively. The Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 powder, radiating intense green and red emissions, was prepared by a typical sol-gel method. Under the excitation of 980 nm laser, the red-to-green ratio was tuned from 0.2 to 4 as the concentration of Eu 3+ changed from 6 to 0 mol%, attributed to the energy transfer processes between Ho 3+ and Eu 3+ . Meanwhile, the red-to-green ratio altered from 4 to 20 as the concentration of Ce 3+ changed from 0 to 20 mol% via the cross relaxing processes between Ho 3+ and Ce 3+ . The prepared phosphors, possessing large tuning range of red-to-green ratio and resisting high temperature, can be potentially applied to colorful display and solid-state lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methods of modulating emitting color are greatly important for up-conversion phosphors to broaden their applications, ranging from information storage to surface display. In this paper, the Ho 3+ /Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ tri-doped Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 phosphors are synthesized by typical sol-gel method. It is found that the phosphors can radiate intense blue (475 nm), green (542 nm) and red (660 nm) up-conversion luminescence under 980 nm or 915 nm laser excitation. Especially, the emission color of the phosphors can be tuned from red to lavender by adjusting the excitation power of 980 nm or 915 nm continuous lasers. In addition, the up-conversion luminescence is also investigated under the excitation of 980 nm pulse laser. The emission color varies from green to blue and green to yellow by altering the pulse width and frequency, respectively. Combining the above methods, multi-color and white light are realized, indicating the potential application in dynamic colorful display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strategy to improve the sensitivity of NaLuF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ is elaborated via incorporation Mn 2+ ions, which results a closed energy transfer between Er 3+ and Mn 2+ ions ( 4 S 3/2 (Er 3+ ) → 4 T 1 (Mn 2+ ) → 4 F 9/2 (Er 3+ )). The NaLuF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ and NaLuF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ /Mn 2+ phosphors are prepared by a hydrothermal method. Notably, incorporation Mn 2+ for NaLuF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ phosphor rusults in enhancing the red to green intensity ratio, which acts as a bridge for energy transfer between 4 S 3/2 and 4 F 9/2 levels of Er 3+ . The temperature sensing behaviors of two phosphors are investigated in the 295–595 K range using a ratiometric technique under 980 nm excitation. Based on thermally ( 2 H 11/2 and 4 S 3/2 ) and non-thermally ( 4 F 9/2 and 4 S 3/2 ) coupled levels of Er 3+ , the influences of this energy transfer are discussed in detail. The sensitivity of NaLuF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ doping with Mn 2+ ions based on non-thermally coupled levels is much higher than that without Mn 2+ ions based on both thermally and non-thermally coupled levels in the 295–525 K range. The maximum sensitivity is 10.99 × 10 −3 K −1 at 295 K for NaLuF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ /Mn 3+ phosphor. These meaning results indicate that incorporation Mn 2+ ions in NaLuF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ phosphor is an effective method for enhancing sensitivity in the 295–525 K range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ phosphor with respective functions of optical temperature sensing and optical heater are investigated in detail. The Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ film (~200 nm) and powder are successfully prepared, respectively. The crystalline structure is characterized by XRD and the relevant morphologies are analyzed by SEM and AFM, respectively. Based on fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique, photo-thermal behaviors of Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ powder are illustrated. Under 980 nm excitation, the temperature induced by laser is calculated, which varies from 323 to 617 K as exciting power increased from 0.03 to 3.78 W. Additionally, the temperature sensing behaviors of Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ film are investigated. Highly accurate temperature sensing can be realized due to the negligible photo-thermal effect. This thermal sensor exhibited a high sensitivity in the range of 295–660 K, and the maximum value of relative sensitivity was determined as 13.4×10 −3 K −1 at 295 K. These results demonstrate that Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ phosphor can be applied in terms of temperature sensing and optical heater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ZnO/CdS clustered nanotube on the FTO is synthesized by hydrothermal methods. • Hydrogen evolution rate of ZnO/CdS is 7669 μmol g-1h−1 with the AQE of 55.25 %. • S-scheme mechanism enhances the high separation efficiency of carriers. • The recovery rate of ZnO/CdS on FTO substrates is over 99% after 2 circles. Herein, a cluster-like ZnO/CdS nanotube heterojunction photocatalyst was prepared on an FTO conductive glass substrate by a two-step hydrothermal method. The photocatalytic performance and electron transfer mechanism of ZnO and ZnO/CdS composite structures were analyzed through comparing the hydrogen production efficiency of ZnO and ZnO/CdS. The photocatalytic hydrogen production activity of ZnO/CdS (molar ratio 1:1) achieved 7669 μmol/g/h with the AQE of 55.25 %. Unique clustered tubular structure, wider light absorption range and higher carrier transfer rate endowed the composite with marvellous photocatalytic hydrogen production activity. In addition, the measurement of hydroxyl radicals and ESR verified that the electron transfer mechanism followed the S-scheme, which improved the separation efficiency of electron-hole pairs. The residual ratio of catalysts on the FTO substrate remained above 99 % after two cycles, which was remarkably higher than that of the powder catalyst (63 %). This work provides terrific potential for high-efficient, low-cost and recyclable photocatalysts of hydrogen production in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Flame morphologic characteristic of vertical downward jet fires quantified. • Three regions of a downward jet fire distinguished. • A physical model considering momentum, buoyancy and entrainment developed. • CFD simulation showing the inner structure of flame conducted. • The characteristic length scale for flame geometrical characteristics proposed. This work explored the flame geometrical characteristics of vertical downward turbulent jet fires in still air, whose flame buoyancy was opposite to its initial momentum. Experiments were carried out under varied fuel supply rates with propane as fuel. Three circular nozzles having diameters of 3, 5 and 7 mm were employed. CFD simulation to show the combustion structure inside the flame was conducted in the work, contributing to proposing a new physical model. The inner flow field and average mixture fraction of a downward jet fire have been revealed and the CFD result was validated by experimental data. A downward jet fire can be distinguished in three regions: the downward core flow region where the initial flame momentum is opposed by buoyancy, the flow reversal dome region where the momentum reverses direction, and the upward combusting flow region, which surrounds the core, dominated by buoyancy. Three basic flame morphologic lengths of the downward jet fires were measured, namely the flame downward length below the nozzle, the flame width, and the total flame height. The inherent differences between downward, upward and horizontal jet, caused by the momentum direction, were discussed by comparing the flame sizes of these three types of jet flames. A physical model considering the initial downward volumetric momentum, the flame buoyancy and the air entrainment volume until complete combustion occurs was raised to depict the flame geometric characteristics derived from three characteristic length scales, namely a momentum-buoyancy competition length scale, a flow-rate length scale linked with the source diameter and a total combustion buoyancy length scale. All measured experimental flame lengths were normalized using dimensionless groups (such as L m L q and S m ̇ f / ρ ∞ g ′ L m L m 2 ) derived by these three length scales. The geometric properties of downward jet fires were shown to be well modelled by the proposed non-dimensional groups which were different from previously used length scales in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although lanthanide doped luminescent materials have been extensively investigated, a quantitative analysis of how temperature affects upconversion luminescence is still incomplete. The Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ phosphor is synthetized by sol-gel method. Based on the absorption spectra of Er 3+ ions, J-O intensity parameters and radiative transition probabilities are computed to estimate the optical properties. In view of ion-phonon interaction, the phonon-assisted energy transfer and multiphonon relaxation are responsible for the temperature dependent luminescence. Additionally, cross relaxation probability for 4 I 11/2 + 4 I 11/2 → 4 I 15/2 + 4 F 7/2 is determined to be 240 s −1 through quantitative simulation of ion-ion interaction. These meaningful results are of vital values for the field of laser crystal and optical temperature sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, Au island-modified Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ thin films were fabricated through an electrostatic layer-by-layer (LBL) technique and spin-coating method. Spectroscopic results indicated that the addition of Au islands could greatly enhance the upconversion luminescence of Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 thin films at 522, 550, and 660 nm. The maximum enhancement factor reached 15.5 at 522 nm. Furthermore, the intensity-based temperature sensitivity of green emissions from Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ thin films with Au islands reached 0.017 K −1 at 312 K, which was ∼2 times as large as the 0.009 K -1 of the thin films without Au islands. In addition, the lifetime of Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ thin films with Au islands at 550 nm was studied and the experimental results showed that the lifetime decreased dramatically with the rise in temperature from 309 to 400 K. The lifetime-based temperature sensitivity reached 0.011 K −1 at 309 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • PFS is an effective adsorbent for removal COD. • The treated SFW could be reused in scheelite-flotation system. • Amorphous Fe(OH) 3(s) reacted with oleate to the formation of iron carboxylate. • The COD removal mechanism of PFS was deduced and described. This study investigated an efficient method for removal COD of scheelite flotation wastewater (SFW) with polyferric sulfate (PFS) and the reuse of the treated water into the flotation system. The mechanism of COD removal was studied by scanning electronmicroscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy, species distribution calculation and kinetics. Results showed that 66.85 % COD removal was achieved with PFS treatment under the optimum conditions (Contact time: 30 min, PFS dose: 1.5 g/L, and initial solution pH: 8). The COD of SFW was reduced from 207.36 mg/L to 68.75 mg/L and the COD removal capacity could reach 92.41 mg/g. The treated SFW could be reused in scheelite-flotation system without affecting index of scheelite. In addition, amorphous ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH) 3(s)) was formed during Fe(III) hydrolysis, and it could reacted with oleate to the formation of iron carboxylate, resulting the removal of COD in SFW. The kinetic analysis of PFS treatment process showed that the removal of COD obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the main rate-limiting step of the adsorption of amorphous Fe(OH) 3(s) was chemisorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A trimeric Fab-selective IgG-binding domain C Fab -tri was highly expressed as soluble protein in E. coli. • C Fab -tri shows high affinities for Fab derived from humans, rats, mice, and rabbits. • C Fab -tri is comparable to protein G and protein A as a ligand for IgG purification. • C Fab -tri is superior to protein G and protein L as a ligand for Fab purification. Fragment antigen-binding (Fab) has several advantages in the treatment and diagnosis of some diseases. The lack of highly efficient affinity chromatography platform creates a purification bottleneck for the downstream processing of Fab-based products, which raises the urgent need for a novel immunoglobin G (IgG)-binding domain (IgBD) with both high affinity and broad specificity for Fab. SpG C3Fab RR (designated C Fab) was previously identified as a Fab-selective IgBD, which triggered our interest in evaluating the potential of C Fab for Fab purification. However, we found that monomeric C Fab showed weak Fab-binding. To increase its affinity, a self-trimerizing domain (tri) was fused to C Fab to produce C Fab -tri. It was found that C Fab -tri existed as a trimer and showed promising binding to Fab derived from IgG of humans, rhesus monkeys, mice, rats, and rabbits. Affinity chromatography demonstrated that the recovery rates of Fab derived from IgG of humans, rats, mice, and rabbits by C Fab -tri-HP column were 2- to 5-fold of those by protein G-HP column. Human Fab was effectively purified by both protein L- and C Fab -tri-HP column. However, unlike C Fab -tri-HP column, protein L-HP column was inefficient for purification of Fab derived from IgG of rats, mice, and rabbits. Notably, rat Fab spiked into the extract of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was effectively recovered by C Fab -tri-HP column. These results indicate that C Fab -tri outperforms protein G and protein L as a ligand for Fab purification, and C Fab -tri-based affinity chromatography might be developed as a novel platform for Fab purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have examined the non-enzymatic disassembly of cell walls in persimmon fruits. The objective of the study was to investigate the changes in the levels of reactive oxygen species and in the activity of antioxidative enzymes and, to evaluate the effect of OH on the in vitro breakdown of cell wall polysaccharides of persimmon fruit at different ripening stages. After harvest, persimmon ( Diospyros kaki , ‘Mopan’) fruits were treated with 95% CO 2 at room temperature, and the results showed that fruit firmness rapidly decreased and the respiratory and ethylene release rates increased. At the same time, hydroxyl radicals ( OH) and O 2 − rapidly accumulated, and the activities of related antioxidant enzymes such as dismutase peroxidase, catalase and peroxidase superoxide, also changed. The effects of OH induced by the Fenton reaction on the cell wall materials in vitro were investigated; the water soluble pectin and CDTA-soluble pectin contents increased, and Na 2 CO 3 -soluble pectin content decreased. Due to the increasing levels of reactive oxygen species, especially OH, during persimmon fruit softening, and the in vitro effect of OH on the scission of cell wall polysaccharides, we postulated that OH may be involved in persimmon fruit softening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other respiratory inflammatory diseases are often associated with cigarette smoke exposure. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced inflammation and pyroptosis in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. CSE was administered to HBE cells and inflammation and pyroptosis were assessed. The mRNA levels of S1PR2, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 in HBE cells were detected by quantitative RT-PCR. Secreted protein levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in the culture supernatants were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blotting was used to measure the levels of S1PR2 and pyroptosis-related proteins (NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18). Our study revealed an upregulated expression of S1PR2, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and regulated IL-18 in HBE cells after CSE exposure. Genetic blockage of S1PR2 could reverse the increased expression of these proteins related to CSE-induced pyroptosis. Conversely, S1PR2 overexpression increased CSE-induced pyroptosis by upregulating the expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18 in HBE cells. Our results revealed that a novel S1PR2 signaling pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of CSE-induced inflammation and pyroptosis in HBE cells. Thus, S1PR2 inhibitors could be an effective treatment for cigarette smoke-induced airway inflammation and injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma techniques to degrade pollutants are generally more efficient than conventional methods, but exist some problems such as high energy consumption, incomplete degradation of pollutants, and secondary pollution caused by highly toxic intermediates. In this study, the dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBDP) combined with the Ti-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) catalysts (P25/NH 2 -MIL-125(Ti)) was used to degrade fluorene in the soil. The synergistic treatment technique used in soil remediation can realize a green and promising treatment efficiency with relatively low energy consumption. Compared with DBDP system alone, the synergetic treatment system of DBDP and P25/NH 2 -MIL-125(Ti) considerably increased the degradation efficiency of fluorene in the soil to above 90% at 10 min, even with a relatively low discharge voltage (5 kV). The synergistic treatment system achieved 88.8% of fluorene mineralization at 60 min. Optical emission spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy both showed that •OH and •O 2 − played an important role in the synergetic treatment system. Nine main intermediates were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The main degradation of fluorine in soil was caused by the electronic transition of the catalytic material excited by DBDP, and finally mineralized into CO 2 and H 2 O. The fluorene and its toxic intermediates were effectively removed. This study provides an insight for achieving high efficiency and environmentally friendly application perspective in soil remediation. [Display omitted] • A novel combination of DBDP with Ti-based MOFs was used to degrade fluorine. • Enhanced removal and less energy consumption were achieved by synergistic effect.. • P25/NH 2 -MIL-125(Ti) addition to the DBDP system increases active species quantity. • Potential degradation pathways and mechanism of fluorine are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood–wood friction is an ancient subject, and its related mechanisms have been elucidated. However, the tribological mechanism of wood–wood friction at a high speed is still unclear. In this paper, an experimental equipment of wood friction welding was designed and fabricated. The influences of welding equipment and wood parameters on frictional force, normal force, and welding interface temperature were studied. Results show that the speed of welding into wood has a significant effect on interfacial force and normal force. Increase in wood moisture content reduces frictional and normal forces, and increase in fiber angle increases frictional force, normal force, and welding interface temperature. This study provides theoretical and technical basis for the study of wood friction welding. • The influences of welding equipment and wood parameters on friction force, normal force, and temperature were studied. • The speed of welding into wood had a significant effect on interfacial normal force and friction forces. • Increased in fiber angle increases friction force, normal force, and welding interface temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CaCl 2 could remove suspended solids in weathered tungsten-ore beneficiation wastewater. • The Ca2+ supplied by CaCl 2 can neutralize the negative charge on suspended solids' surface. • CaCO 3(S) and CaSiO 3(S) were formed by the reaction of Ca2+ with CO 3 2– and SiO 3 2– in wastewater. • The reuse of treated water into tungsten-flotation system did not affect flotation index. The direct reuse of weathered tungsten-ore beneficiation wastewater (WTBW) in tungsten-flotation system seriously deteriorates the flotation index of tungsten because of its high content of suspended solids (SS). In the present study, an innovative technology using calcium chloride (CaCl 2) to remove SS from WTBW was established based on the theory of electroneutralization and chemical precipitation. A series of laboratory tests was performed to determine the optimal conditions for SS removal from WTBW. Species-distribution calculation, zeta potential, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to analyze the underlying mechanism. Results showed that the content of SS in WTBW decreased from 25.16 × 10 3 mg/L to 22.56 mg/L after CaCl 2 treatment. A concentrate with tungsten grade and recovery of 1.93% and 74.81%, respectively, was obtained by reusing the treated wastewater in the tungsten-flotation system. Compared with untreated wastewater, the tungsten grade and recovery of concentrate increased by 0.45% and 12.20%, respectively. Moreover, the Ca2+ supplied by CaCl 2 can neutralize the negative charge on SS surface and further react with CO 3 2– and SiO 3 2– in solution to form CaCO 3(S) and CaSiO 3(S) , which explained why CaCl 2 can promote the aggregation and sedimentation of SS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The recurrence of leukemia is largely due to the presence of residual cells. • To predict their prognosis, Minimal Residual Disease is needed to monitor patients' response to therapy. • This is the first meta-analysis which systematically investigates the prognostic value of Minimal Residual Disease for patients with Mantle Cell Lymphoma. • To complement the understanding of Mantle Cell Lymphoma and demonstrate its strong association with clinical outcomes in Mantle Cell Lymphoma patients, we conducted this meta-analysis. Some studies have elucidated that Minimal residual disease (MRD) in patient with Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) was a significant prognostic factor, with potential value in assessing overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). However, most studies were widely varied in included population, sample sources and MRD detection time points. Some studies even have conflicting results. In view of this, a meta-analysis was performed to evaluate association of MRD levels with clinical outcomes in patients with MCL. We identified 7 included articles, which were published in recent 20 years. Then, we extracted or calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Our results reveal that patients with MRD negativity have improved OS (HR = 0.63; 95 % CI: 0.50−0.79) and PFS (HR = 0.40, 95 % CI: 0.21−0.76), comparing with patients with MRD positivity. There are also consistent results in subgroups based on sample sources and MRD detection time points. Our study also demonstrates that MRD level is a strong prognostic factor of clinical outcomes. Thus, MRD is expected to be an effective clinical indicator for assessing prognosis and guide treatment decisions in MCL patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber-shaped asymmetric supercapacitors (FASCs) with high electrochemical performance have become an important component of modern wearable fiber-shaped electronic devices. However, terrible cycling stability restricts their further development in energy storage fields. The most common strategy is to coat the carbon layer on the surface of the electrode materials, whereas the carbon layer is prone to peel off during bending process, which decrease the cyclic stability of the electrodes or devices. To overcome this challenge, the coaxial fiber electrodes have been achieved via 3D printing direct ink writing (DIW) technology and the FASC device has the excellent electrochemical cycle performance owing to the compact architectures of the positive and negative electrode. Benefited from the suitable charge match of two electrodes and the uniformity of carbon layer coated on the surface of electrodes, the as-fabricated FASC device embraces high areal capacitance of 318.82 mF cm-2, superior areal energy density of 143.15 μWh cm-2, and excellent long-term cycling performance with capacitance retention of 98.63% after 12,000 cycles. The fiber-shaped asymmetric supercapacitor was constructed by twisting two 3D printing coaxial fiber electrode, which exhibits ultralong cyclic stability and wearability. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most thermometers suffer from thermal quenching resulting in low signal to noise ratio at elevated temperature. To overcome thermal quenching, we fabricated a negative thermal expansion (NTE) thermometer based on Sc 2 Mo 3 O 12 :Nd3+/Yb3+/Er3+ phosphor. Under 808 nm excitation, the upconversion (UC) emissions of Er3+ ions show the thermal enhancement and its 524 nm emission increases 10-fold as the temperature increased from 310 to 670 K. Furthermore, the temperature sensing behaviors are investigated. It is found fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of 524–559 nm is linear with temperature over a wide range of 310–790 K. The maximum relative sensitivity is 0.84% K−1 at 310 K. These results indicate such phosphor not only achieves a high sensitivity, but also exhibits excellent performances at high temperature due to its thermal enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical application of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is predominantly limited by its inefficient apoptosis induction in tumor cells, which might be improved by using molecular superglue-mediated hyperoligomerization to increase its valency. Here, the minimal superglue peptide pairs, including Snoopligase-catalyzed SnoopTagJr/SnoopDogTag and SpyStapler-catalyzed SpyTag/SpyBDTag, were individually fused at the N- or C-terminus of the TRAIL promoter to produce superglue-fusion TRAIL variants. Similar to native trivalent TRAIL, these superglue-fusion TRAIL variants were highly expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and spontaneously trimerized. In the presence of Snoopligase or SpyStapler, the trivalent superglue-fusion TRAIL variants were predominantly crosslinked into hexavalent TRAIL variants. Nevertheless, Snoopligase was more efficient than SpyStapler in the production of hexavalent TRAIL variants. In particular, Snoopligase-catalyzed trivalent TRAIL variants with N-terminal fusion of SnoopTagJr/SnoopDogTag produced hexavalent SnHexaTR with the highest yield (∼70%). The in vitro cytotoxicity of SnHexaTR was 10–40 times greater than that of TRAIL in several tumor cells. In addition, compared to trivalent TRAIL, hexavalent SnHexaTR showed a longer serum half-life and greater tumor uptake, which resulted in eradication of 50% of tumor xenografts of TRAIL-sensitive COLO 205. In mice bearing TRAIL-resistant HT-29 tumor xenografts, hexavalent SnHexaTR combined with bortezomib encapsulated in liposomes also showed robust tumor growth suppression, indicating that hyperoligomerization mediated by minimal molecular superglue significantly increased the cytotoxicity and antitumor effect of TRAIL. As a novel anticancer agent candidate, the hexavalent SnHexaTR has great potential for clinical application in cancer therapy. [Display omitted] • TRAIL variants with superglue fusion are highly expressed in E. coli. • Trivalent TRAIL were predominantly crosslinked into hexavalent TRAIL by both Snoopligase and SpyStapler. • Snoopligase is more effective than SpyStapler in hexavalent TRAIL crosslinking. • Hexavalent TRAIL exerts better pharmacokinetics and greater antitumor effect than trivalent TRAIL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up-conversion phosphor is a potential candidate as non-contact temperature sensor because of its unjammable and unique detection abilities. In this work, we investigate the influence of Yb 3+ concentration on the emission color, thermal sensing and optical heater behavior of Er 3+ doped Y 6 O 5 F 8 phosphor. Our results show that the emission color of Er 3+ and Yb 3+ co-doped Y 6 O 5 F 8 powder changes from green to yellow with the Yb 3+ concentration increasing. Importantly, the temperature sensing sensitivities of Er 3+ and Yb 3+ co-doped Y 6 O 5 F 8 powder reach 0.008, 0.009, 0.010 and 0.011 K −1 as the sample doped with 2%, 5%, 8% and 11% Yb 3+ at 476 K, respectively. Moreover, the temperature of high Yb 3+ concentration sample shows preferable optical heating behavior, whose temperature is ascended by a large value of 94 K when the excitation pump power density changes from 1.0 to 13.1 W cm −2 . These results suggest Er 3+ and Yb 3+ co-doped Y 6 O 5 F 8 powder has great potential in colorful display, temperature sensing and optical heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuity of acceleration changes is often overlooked by existing car-following models, leading to a limitation in capturing realistic driving dynamics for emission estimation, which are essential for the application in microscopic traffic evaluations. This paper investigated and modeled the jerk-constrained acceleration stochastic process using the Markov model. A new car-following model considering the acceleration stochastic process was proposed, which incorporated two modes of unconscious following and active acceleration approaching. Additionally, a bi-objective model calibration framework was introduced to balance the trade-off between traffic-related performance and emission estimation performance. Numerical simulation was conducted to compare the performance of the new model with the conventional Wiedemann model. Results demonstrated that the proposed model provides more realistic vehicle dynamics and accurate emission estimations. Specifically, compared to the Wiedemann model, the new model reduced the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of spacing headway by 0.73 m and the RMSE of vehicle-specific power (VSP) distribution by 11.57%. • Jerk-constrained stochastic acceleration process was modeled with the Markov model. • Proposing a new car-following model considering the stochastic acceleration process. • The new model provides realistic vehicle dynamics and accurate emission estimations. • A bi-objective model calibration framework was introduced for emission estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporating cold-start emissions from hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) into on-road emission modeling is fundamental to accurately assess the environmental impacts aligned with their projected deployment. This study introduces a cold-start emission model, integrating travel time, dynamic emission rates, and cold-start durations by fuel type. This study further explores the anticipated spatiotemporal patterns of annual cold-start emissions. Findings indicate a reliance on gasoline for most on-road vehicles in the next decade, but vehicle electrification could reduce carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NO X) emissions by over 60% by 2035. Cold-start emissions will remain significant (67%-79% of CO, 59%-71% of HC, and 42%-54% of NO X emissions), especially on local roads. Cold-start emissions from HEVs will contribute to 14%, 25%, and 13% of total CO, HC, and NO X emissions in 2035, respectively. This study highlights the importance of accurate modeling in understanding the environmental benefits of vehicle electrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-infrared (NIR) thermometry are attractive with their preeminent superiority in biological tissue. In this work, the thermometry probe with binary near-infrared (NIR) luminescence is prepared from Sc 2 Mo 3 O 12 :Yb/Er and ZrO 2 :Yb/Ho powders. At elevated temperature from 310 to 580 K, the emission of Er3+ significantly enhanced in negative thermal expansion (NTE) host and the emission of Ho3+ possess thermal quenching in positive thermal expansion (PTE) host. Thus, the probe offers a unique properties of simultaneous emission enhancement and quenching in different NIR wavelengths. By fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique, the relative thermal sensitivity of the sensor can reach a value of 4.2% K−1 higher than NIR thermometers reported to date, while the best temperature resolution is 0.33 K. • It was the first time to obtain novel NIR thermometry based on thermal quenching and negative thermal quenching materials. • The relative thermal sensitivity of the sensor reached a value of 4.2% K−1 higher that NIR thermometers reported to date. • The best temperature resolution was 0.33 K, which revealed the thermometry with high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benefiting from a particular ceramic/graphene interface anchored structure, SiBON/reduced graphene oxide nanoplatelets (RGNPs) composite was successfully designed. The electromagnetic wave is smoothly introduced into the composite from the outer layer composed of wave transmission ceramics and attenuated from the inner RGNPs layer, which solves the high impedance matching characteristic of RGNPs. With high-performance electromagnetic absorption, the composites are synthesized by an innovative chemical grafting method, and its absorbing mechanism is discussed. The SiO 2 (110) lattice plane is oriented to the edge of RGNPs using the preferred orientation when forming SiBON ceramic. A composite structure is formed with SiBON as external antenna poles and RGNPs as internal signal processors. The interaction between different dielectric loss mechanism balances is achieved by adjusting the content of the ceramic. Results prove that the composite has the best electromagnetic wave absorption performance, when the mass ratio of SiBON ceramics to RGNPs is 1:10, and the filling amount is 20 wt%, forming a broad absorption band (4.80 GHz, 12.88 GHz–17.68 GHz). When the mass ratio of SiBON ceramics to RGNPs is 1:40, the maximum reflection loss is −50.43 dB (13.44 GHz) at a small thickness (1.7 mm). (a) the process of synthesizing interface-oriented anchoring composite materials through KH-560 and concentrated sulfuric acid; (b, c) wave absorption performance of composite materials; (d-e) TEM image of interface-oriented anchoring. Thanks to the innovative chemical grafting method using KH-560 as the medium, a special ceramic/graphene interface anchoring structure was synthesized. This structure enables electromagnetic waves to be smoothly introduced into the composite material from the outer layer composed of wave-transmitting ceramics, and attenuates from the inner layer of graphene, solving the high impedance matching characteristics of graphene. The results show that when the mass ratio of SiBON ceramics to RGNPs is 1:10 and the filling amount is 20 wt%, the composite material has the best electromagnetic wave absorption performance, forming a wide frequency band of 4.80 GHz, 12.88 GHz–17.68 GHz. When the mass ratio of SiBON ceramics to RGNP is 1:40, the maximum reflection loss at a small thickness (1.7 mm) is −50.43 dB (13.44 GHz). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preoperative MRI is an essential diagnostic and therapeutic reference for gliomas. This study aims to evaluate the prognostic aspect of a radiomics biomarker for glioma and further investigate its relationship with tumor microenvironment and macrophage infiltration. We covered preoperative MRI of 664 glioma patients from three independent datasets: Jiangsu Province Hospital (JSPH, n = 338), The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset (TCGA, n = 252), and Repository of Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data (REMBRANDT, n = 74). Incorporating a multistep post-processing workflow, 20 radiomics features (Rads) were selected and a radiomics survival biomarker (RadSurv) was developed, proving highly efficient in risk stratification of gliomas (cut-off = 1.06), as well as lower-grade gliomas (cut-off = 0.64) and glioblastomas (cut-off = 1.80) through three fixed cut-off values. Through immune infiltration analysis, we found a positive correlation between RadSurv and macrophage infiltration (R MΦ = 0.297, p < 0.001; R M2Φ = 0.241, p < 0.001), further confirmed by immunohistochemical-staining (glioblastomas, n = 32) and single-cell sequencing (multifocal glioblastomas, n = 2). In conclusion, RadSurv acts as a strong prognostic biomarker for gliomas, exhibiting a non-negligible positive correlation with macrophage infiltration, especially with M2 macrophage, which strongly suggests the promise of radiomics-based models as a preoperative alternative to conventional genomics for predicting tumor macrophage infiltration and provides clinical guidance for immunotherapy. • A highly stable preoperative glioma prognostic model driven by multi-center MRI. • Prognostic radiomics features mirror heterogeneity of tumor microenvironment. • The radiomics-derived survival signature associates with macrophage infiltration. • Quantitative radiomics models predicting macrophage infiltration is valuable. • Radiomics holds promise in providing clinical guidance for immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emission of persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) is in the second near infrared region (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm), considered as ideal fluorescence imaging materials because of their special characteristic consist of no autofluorescence, weak scattering and deep tissue penetration depth in biological tissues. However, it is still a great challenge to enhance their persistent luminescence intensity. Herein, we reported a new MgGe 0.8 Ga 0.2 O 3 : Yb3+ (MGGO: Yb3+) PLNPs, which were synthesized through solvothermal liquid-solid-solution and salt microemulsion method. We found that partially replacing Ge4+ with Ga3+ ions in MgGeO 3 host can increase the density of traps, thus significantly improving the NIR-II persistent luminescence intensity of Yb3+ ions (the decay time is more than 33 min). Moreover, X-ray could be used to repeatedly stimulate the NIR-II persistent emission of MGGO: Yb3+, which is pivotal for deep tissues long term imaging. The optical penetration length of Yb3+ ions persistent luminescence was assessed to be 3.9 mm via capping tissue. The above results reveal that MGGO: Yb3+ PLNPs are promising material to be applied to deep-tissue imaging field. • A new MgGe 0.8 Ga 0.2 O 3 : Yb3+ PLNPs with a diameter of about 48 nm were synthesized. • The partially replacing Ge4+ with Ga3+ ions in MgGe 0.8 Ga 0.2 O 3 host can improve the NIR-II persistent luminescence intensity. • The optical penetration length of NIR-II persistent luminescence is about 3.9 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green-ripe disorder often occurs when banana fruit (Musa AAA group) ripen at high temperature above 25 °C. In this study, the effect of modified atmosphere package (MAP) + 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment on the shelf-life quality of banana after high temperature storage was studied. The results showed that 300 nL L-1 1-MCP treatment combined with MAP could prevent the occurrence of green-ripe disorder in banana stored at high temperature, reduce ethylene production and respiration, then delay senescence and ripening, and reduce disease incidence and finger drop of fruit. Further analysis showed that the combined treatment decreased the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhanced the activity of defense-related enzymes and antioxidants. By inhibiting the activity of cell-degrading enzymes, the treatment increased lignin and cellulose content and maintained cell wall integrity. In addition, the treatment regulated the contents of endogenous hormones indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid, thus delaying the softening of fruit. This work provides a theoretical foundation for the storage and transportation of banana fruit at high temperature. [Display omitted] • 1-MCP+MAP prevent the occurrence of green-ripen in bananas under high temperature. • 1-MCP+MAP treatment delayed the senescence and ripening of banana fruit. • 1-MCP+MAP treatment reduced the disease incidence and the finger drop of fruit. • 1-MCP+MAP treatment enhanced antioxidant system and defense ability. • 1-MCP+MAP delayed the fruit softening and maintaining the cell wall integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzothiadiazole (BTH) induces plant disease resistance and delays fruit ripening, but its possible mechanism of action remains unclear. Therefore this study investigated the effects of BTH on ripening and disease incidence in banana (Musa spp.) fruit. Our results showed that using BTH delayed ripening and maintained fruit firmness by inhibiting the enzymes involved in softening. BTH also delayed and reduced the occurrence of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum musae during the ripening process. Transcriptome analysis identified 10,430 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the ripening process compared with freshly harvested fruit. Many DEGs were identified between the BTH and control group or prochloraz treatment, but only a few DEGs were found in the prochloraz treatment compared to the control group. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the DEGs induced by the BTH treatment were primarily enriched in the synthesis of terpenoid quinones, plant-pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, peroxisome, and fatty acid biosynthesis among other pathways. BTH also induced the expression of many transcription factor (TF) families, including those in the WRKY, NAC, MYB and bHLH families, with the WRKY family being the most enriched. The WRKY TF interacts with many ripening- and secondary metabolism-related genes to regulate fruit ripening and disease resistance. Our results showed that, compared with the fungicide prochloraz, BTH alters the transcripts of the genes related to hormone signalling, secondary metabolism and resistance in the banana peel, and key TFs, thereby delaying fruit ripening, enhancing fruit resistance, and maintaining fruit quality. • BTH delayed fruit ripening and firmness decreasing by inhibited related enzymes activity. • BTH delayed and reduced the occurrence of anthracnose during the fruit ripening. • BTH induced large number of DEGs compared with control, but not for sporgon. • BTH induced the expression of a large number of transcription factor families. • WRKY transcription factor interacts with a large number of ripening-related genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Flame morphologic characteristics under various atmospheric pressures quantified. • Effect of sub-atmospheric pressure on horizontal jet flame behavior revealed. • The characteristic length scale for flame morphology proposed. • Correlations of flame horizontal projection length and vertical height established. • An integral model for the conservation of mass and momentum developed. This paper investigated the flame morphology including horizontal projection length and vertical height of horizontal turbulent jets under various sub-atmospheric pressures, for which both data and model are few. Experiments are conducted for various nozzle diameters in the range of 3 mm to 7 mm. Propane is used as the fuel in this study. The sub-atmospheric pressures, created by a reduced pressure chamber, are varied from 40 kPa to 100 kPa. A digital video camera is used to measure the flame morphologic characteristics. The experimental results show that the flame horizontal projection length increases with the increasing of heat release rate or the decreasing of chamber pressure. Meanwhile, the flame vertical height first increases then decreases with the increasing of heat release rate or the decreasing of chamber pressure, which shows a non-monotonic behavior. A characteristic length scale is proposed by dimensional analysis considering jet initial momentum, flame buoyancy and ambient air density to illustrate the controlling mechanisms in the flow development. And the characteristic air entrainment flow rate ρ ∞ L m 2 g ′ L m is used to normalize the stoichiometric mass flow rate at the flame tip, which determines the total length of the trajectory. Non-dimensional formulas are developed based on the derived length scale and characteristic air entrainment flow rate to describe the flame horizontal projection length and vertical height of horizontal jets under various sub-atmospheric pressures. Finally, an integral model considering air entrainment mechanism, top hat profiles and strong plume theory for the conservation of mass and momentum in horizontal and vertical directions is developed, which shows to describe the flame morphologic characteristics well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the temperature evolution inside a compartment (i.e. , room) as well as the external flame height ejected through the opening (i.e. , window) of fire compartment, which is associated with complex thermal heat/mass transfer and fluid dynamics. The scale effect on this problem is revealed and quantified employing the multi-scale compartments (inner scale ranged from 0.34 to 0.76 m). The fire heat release rate (Global Equivalence Ratio, GRE), opening sizes and compartment scales were varied with 468 experimental conditions. Models for predicting the upper-part temperature evolution with heat release rate (Global Equivalence Ratio, GRE), opening dimensions and compartment scales are established base on the heat balance analysis and the derived non-dimensional quantities. The external flame height shows a considerable difference for various compartment scales, due to the change of temperature inside the compartment hence buoyancy flux of the out-flow through the opening. A general model characterizing the external flame height of various compartment scales is proposed with the newly defined dimensionless excess heat release rate accounting for opening geometry length scale and the upper-part temperature inside the compartment, which shows a good agreement with the experimental results. This study provides important and new contributions over previous knowledge and has potential practical applications generally concerning the scale effect and for the validation of numerical models. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schematic illustration of combined inhibitory effect of Ca(ClO) 2 and DX on pyrite and galena. • Combined effect of Cp and DX depresses pyrite flotation more strongly than galena. • Calcium hypochlorite (Cp) and dextrin (DX) has synergistic effect on pyrite surface. • Cp and DX could be a new depressant scheme in pyrite-galena flotation systems. Selective separation of pyrite from base minerals is very important and challenging. This research investigates the combined inhibitory effect of two novel reagents on flotation behaviors of pyrite and galena under the low alkaline conditions. The depression and adsorption mechanism of calcium hypochlorite [Ca(ClO) 2 ] and dextrin (DX) on pyrite and galena were systematically studied via the microflotation experiments, reagent adsorption measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Flotation results showed that the combined effect of Ca(ClO) 2 and DX depressed the flotation of pyrite more strongly than that of their individual effect. An improved recovery difference of more than 60% between the galena and pyrite was achieved at pH 10 while using Ca(ClO) 2 and DX as depressant system and diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) as collector. Reagent adsorption measurements showed that the adsorption amount of DDTC onto pyrite surface was decreased significantly with the prior addition of Ca(ClO) 2 and DX. On the contrary, the surface of galena remained mildly inert in the presence of Ca(ClO) 2 and DX and thus adsorbed significantly more amount of DDTC. XPS analysis showed that, in the presence of Ca(ClO) 2 , the surface of pyrite was severely oxidized to iron oxide/hydroxide species that promoted the adsorption of DX onto the pyrite surface. Based on the XPS analysis, an adsorption and depression mechanism of Ca(ClO) 2 and DX on pyrite and galena was also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the treatment and reuse of sulphide mineral processing wastewater through electrocoagulation (EC) and determined the optimum value of operational variables. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence were used to analyze the characteristics of sludge produced in the EC. Results showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency reached 98.36% under the optimum treatment conditions. The amounts of sulfate (SO 4 2−) and calcium ion (Ca2+) pollutants in the wastewater decreased, with removal efficiency of 93.14% and 94.86%, respectively. The treated water was reused in the grinding system and exerted no negative effect on subsequent flotation. In addition, amorphous aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH) 3(s)) was formed during the EC and hydrocarbons, SO 4 2−, and Ca2+ appeared in the sludge in accordance with the characteristic of the EC products. In summary, the adsorption of amorphous Al (OH) 3(s) resulted in the removal of pollutants in the wastewater. The kinetic analysis of the EC system showed that the removal of pollutants obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the main rate-limiting step of the adsorption of amorphous Al (OH) 3(s) was chemisorption. Unlabelled Image • Electrocoagulation could remove COD, SO 4 2− and Ca2+ in mineral processing wastewater. • The adsorption of amorphous aluminum hydroxide resulted in the removal of pollutants. • The reuse of treated water into grinding system did not affect subsequent flotation. • The use of fresh water and the discharge of wastewater were reduced by water recycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]