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Abstract: Understanding the interaction between soil, vegetation and atmosphere processes and groundwater dynamics is of paramount importance in water resources planning and management in many practical applications. Hydrological models of complex water resource systems need to include a number of components and should therefore seek a balance between capturing all relevant processes and maintaining data requirement and computing time at an affordable level. Water transfer through the unsaturated zone is a key hydrological process connecting atmosphere, surface water and groundwater. The paper focuses on the analysis of the modelling approaches that are generally used to describe vertical water transfer through unsaturated soil in hydrological models of water resource systems: a physically based approach, using numerical solutions of Richards'' equation, and two conceptual models, based on reservoir cascade schemes, are compared. The analysis focuses on the soil water content in the top soil (first meter) and on the outflow from the profile (i.e. recharge to the aquifer). Results show that the water contents simulated by the mechanistic and conceptual models are in good agreement, unless the capillary fringe reaches the top soil (i.e. groundwater table very close to the soil surface). The ability of conceptual models to capture the daily recharge dynamics is generally rather poor, especially when fine textured soils and thick profiles are considered; a better agreement is found when recharge is accumulated over longer time periods (e.g. months). Improvements can be achieved by allowing the number of reservoirs in cascade to vary with changing profile depth, although scientifically sound rules for fixing the number of reservoirs need to be established. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Understanding the interaction between soil, vegetation and atmosphere processes and groundwater dynamics is of paramount importance in water resources planning and management in extensively irrigated alluvial plains. This is the case, for example, of the most important agricultural and industrial area in Italy, the Padana Plain, where intensive exploitation of groundwater for domestic and industrial supply coexists with massive diversions from surface water bodies, providing abundant irrigation to one of the most productive agricultural districts in Europe. The paper presents a simulation system which reproduces the hydrological processes relevant in alluvial irrigated plains. In particular, it allows the evaluation of the distribution of crop water consumption in space and time, as well as simulation of the interaction between recharge and groundwater dynamics. The simulation code is based on the coupling of two models: a conceptual vadose zone model and the groundwater flow model MODFLOW. Additional code was written to provide an interface which performs the explicit coupling in space and time between the two models. A geographical information system (GIS) manages the spatially distributed inputs, parameters and outputs of the system. An application of the package to a large irrigation district, of approximately 700 km2, located in the middle of the Padana Plain, is also discussed in the paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]