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Abstract The current study investigated pain threshold, pain tolerance, and pain severity in relation to sex, trait gender, and state gender using an experimental design. The participants included 232 women and 69 men. The BEM Sex Role Inventory was used to measure trait gender. State gender was assessed by randomly assigning participations to a feminine, a masculine, or a neutral prime. Pain was assessed using the cold pressor task. Participants were assessed for their pain threshold, pain tolerance, and pain severity at both threshold and tolerance. Two three-way interactions were found. For pain threshold, masculine males had the highest pain in the feminine prime, while masculine females had the highest pain in the masculine prime. For pain severity at threshold, feminine males reported less pain in the feminine condition, while androgynous males reported the highest pain in the feminine condition. For females, masculine females reported the least pain in the masculine prime, while androgynous females reported more pain in the neutral condition. The study supports the premise that both trait gender and state gender can play a role in influencing male's and female's responses to pain. Future research should explore these effects in patient populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study was to explore the influence of competitiveness on the photos that men and women choose to present of themselves on Facebook. Participants consisted of 236 undergraduate students. Participants completed competitiveness and narcissism scales. Participants allowed researchers to screen shot their most recent 10 Facebook photos, including their profile. Results indicated that competitive men were more likely to post athletic photos. Men lower in vanity were more likely to post attractive photos. Men and women higher in authority/entitlement were more likely to post sexual photos. Overall, the study supports the argument that both competitiveness and narcissism influence the photos that men and women choose to post on social media. In addition, competitiveness and narcissism predicted different types of photo selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]