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Cerebral/cortical visual impairment (CVI) is characterized by higher order visual dysfunction caused by injury to the retrogeniculate visual pathways and brain structures which subserve visual processing. CVI has become the leading cause of significant vision loss in children in developed countries, but continues to be an under-recognized cause of visual disability with respect to services aimed at maximizing visual development. Current criteria which are used to define visual disability rely on measures of visual acuity and visual field. Many children who require specialized vision services do not qualify, because these standard definitions of vision impairment do not account for CVI. In order to appropriately identify patients with CVI and offer the resources which may positively impact functional use of vision, the definition of visual impairment and blindness needs to be modified. This commentary calls for a change in the definition of visual impairment and blindness to acknowledge those persons with brain-based vision impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Extraarticular ankylosis occurs frequently in children suffering from noma sequelae. Over 20 years of operating on these patients, we observed high recurrence of mouth opening limitation. We therefore progressively changed our surgical strategy. This retrospective study compares the impact of different parameters (types of surgery, noma type, physiotherapy compliance, age and sex) on immediate and long-term mouth opening. It includes a series of 121 patients with extraarticular ankylosis operated on between 1990 and 2015. Soft tissue reconstruction evolved from local and pedicled flaps to large free flaps. Mouth opening was performed by bone-bridge excision, sometimes associated to contralateral coronoidectomy. Mouth opening technique including bilateral coronoidectomy with free flap reconstruction was the only independent factor for significantly better immediate mouth opening with a mean increase of 8.7 mm [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.3–13.1, P < 0.001) and this effect was maintained in the 3 years of follow-up. Another positive factor related to long-term results was excellent physiotherapy, while noma type 4 was a negative factor. Recurrence remains problematic in the management of noma sequelae. If physiotherapy and long-term follow-up cannot be offered, patients should not be operated on, because if limitation of mouth opening recurs, oral feeding may become impossible when a facial defect has been reconstructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cortical (cerebral) visual impairment (CVI) results from perinatal injury to visual processing structures and pathways of the brain and is the most common cause of severe visual impairment or blindness in children in developed countries. Children with CVI display a wide range of visual deficits including decreased visual acuity, impaired visual field function, as well as impairments in higher-order visual processing and attention. Together, these visual impairments can dramatically influence a child’s development and well-being. Given the complex neurologic underpinnings of this condition, CVI is often undiagnosed by eye care practitioners. Furthermore, the neurophysiological basis of CVI in relation to observed visual processing deficits remains poorly understood. Here, we present some of the challenges associated with the clinical assessment and management of individuals with CVI. We discuss how advances in brain imaging are likely to help uncover the underlying neurophysiology of this condition. In particular, we demonstrate how structural and functional neuroimaging approaches can help gain insight into abnormalities of white matter connectivity and cortical activation patterns, respectively. Establishing a connection between how changes within the brain relate to visual impairments in CVI will be important for developing effective rehabilitative and education strategies for individuals living with this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods to measure enteric methane (CH4) emissions from individual ruminants in their production environment are required to validate emission inventories and verify mitigation claims. Estimates of daily methane production (DMP) based on consolidated short-term emission measurements are developing, but method verification is required. Two cattle experiments were undertaken to test the hypothesis that DMP estimated by averaging multiple short-term breath measures of methane emission rate did not differ from DMP measured in respiration chambers (RC). Short-term emission rates were obtained from a GreenFeed Emissions Monitoring (GEM) unit, which measured emission rate while cattle consumed a dispensed supplement. In experiment 1 (Expt. 1), four non-lactating cattle (LW=518 kg) were adapted for 18 days then measured for six consecutive periods. Each period consisted of 2 days of ad libitum intake and GEM emission measurement followed by 1 day in the RC. A prototype GEM unit releasing water as an attractant (GEM water) was also evaluated in Expt. 1. Experiment 2 (Expt. 2) was a larger study based on similar design with 10 cattle (LW=365 kg), adapted for 21 days and GEM measurement was extended to 3 days in each of the six periods. In Expt. 1, there was no difference in DMP estimated by the GEM unit relative to the RC (209.7 v. 215.1 g CH4/day) and no difference between these methods in methane yield (MY, 22.7 v. 23.7 g CH4/kg of dry matter intake, DMI). In Expt. 2, the correlation between GEM and RC measures of DMP and MY were assessed using 95% confidence intervals, with no difference in DMP or MY between methods and high correlations between GEM and RC measures for DMP (r=0.85; 215 v. 198 g CH4/day SEM=3.0) and for MY (r=0.60; 23.8 v. 22.1 g CH4/kg DMI SEM=0.42). When data from both experiments was combined neither DMP nor MY differed between GEM- and RC-based measures (P>0.05). GEM water-based estimates of DMP and MY were lower than RC and GEM (P<0.05). Cattle accessed the GEM water unit with similar frequency to the GEM unit (2.8 v. 3.5 times/day, respectively) but eructation frequency was reduced from 1.31 times/min (GEM) to once every 2.6 min (GEM water). These studies confirm the hypothesis that DMP estimated by averaging multiple short-term breath measures of methane emission rate using GEM does not differ from measures of DMP obtained from RCs. Further, combining many short-term measures of methane production rate during supplement consumption provides an estimate of DMP, which can be usefully applied in estimating MY. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Spot measurements of methane emission rate (n = 18 700) by 24 Angus steers fed mixed rations from GrowSafe feeders were made over 3- to 6-min periods by a GreenFeed emission monitoring (GEM) unit. The data were analysed to estimate daily methane production (DMP; g/day) and derived methane yield (MY; g/kg dry matter intake (DMI)). A one-compartment dose model of spot emission ratev . time since the preceding meal was compared with the models of Wood (1967) and Dijkstraet al. (1997) and the average of spot measures. Fitted values for DMP were calculated from the area under the curves. Two methods of relating methane and feed intakes were then studied: the classical calculation of MY as DMP/DMI (kg/day); and a novel method of estimating DMP from time and size of preceding meals using either the data for only the two meals preceding a spot measurement, or all meals for 3 days prior. Two approaches were also used to estimate DMP from spot measurements: fitting of splines on a 'per-animal per-day' basis and an alternate approach of modelling DMP after each feed event by least squares (using Solver), summing (for each animal) the contributions from each feed event by best-fitting a one-compartment model. Time since the preceding meal was of limited value in estimating DMP. Even when the meal sizes and time intervals between a spot measurement and all feeding events in the previous 72 h were assessed, only 16.9% of the variance in spot emission rate measured by GEM was explained by this feeding information. While using the preceding meal alone gave a biased (underestimate) of DMP, allowing for a longer feed history removed this bias. A power analysis taking into account the sources of variation in DMP indicated that to obtain an estimate of DMP with a 95% confidence interval within 5% of the observed 64 days mean of spot measures would require 40 animals measured over 45 days (two spot measurements per day) or 30 animals measured over 55 days. These numbers suggest that spot measurements could be made in association with feed efficiency tests made over 70 days. Spot measurements of enteric emissions can be used to define DMP but the number of animals and samples are larger than are needed when day-long measures are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of positron emission tomography/computed tomography with 18 F-fludeoxyglucose (FDG-PET/CT) in a population with suspected graft infection and to validate a new diagnostic imaging score for FDG-PET/CT. Methods This was a prospective cohort study. FDG-PET/CT was performed prospectively in 34 patients with suspected graft infection, in 12 of them before the start of antimicrobial treatment. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed using a new five point visual grading score and by using a binary score. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUV max ) were calculated for quantitative measurements of metabolic activity, and cut off points were calculated using the receiver operator curve (ROC). The standard of reference was a microbiological culture, obtained after open biopsy or graft explantation. Results Using the new scale, FDG-PET/CT correctly recognized 27 patients with graft infection, one patient was diagnosed as false positive, six patients were correctly classified as true negative, and no patients were rated false negative. Hence, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of FDG-PET/CT for the diagnosis of graft infections were 100%, 86%, 96%, 100%, and 97%, respectively. Using a previously established binary score, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy were 96%, 86%, 96%, 86%, and 94% respectively. ROC analysis suggested an SUV max cut off value of ≥3.8 to differentiate between infected and non-infected grafts ( p < .001). Additionally, FDG-PET/CT provided a conclusive clinical diagnosis in six of seven patients without graft infection (i.e., other sites of infections). Conclusions The diagnostic accuracy of FDG-PET/CT in the detection of aortic graft infection is high. A newly introduced five point visual grading score and early imaging prior to antimicrobial treatment may further improve the diagnostic accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civil infrastructure objects are subject to safety-related issues such as increasing loads and extended service live. Costly manual inspections of these structures should therefore be supplemented by automated continuous monitoring. In this work, a hardware-accelerated wireless sensor network built entirely with energy-efficient embedded components is proposed as the basis for a distributed structural health monitoring (SHM) implementation. In addition to detection and localization of structural damage, the energy-efficiency of the wireless data acquisition system is the major topic of this work. By utilizing the Random-Decrement (RD) technique, the structure's modal parameters are acquired based on ambient excitation such as wind or traffic. The RD functions are calculated by a Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) designed for mobile applications. To demonstrate the benefits of the proposed monitoring network, the model of a truss bridge is excited by a train set to simulate realistic operational excitations. Dominant mode shapes of the bridge model are extracted from the RD functions using frequency domain Operational Modal Analysis and compared to previously determined reference measurements. The loosening of a single bolted joint simulates damage and is found to be reflected in significant deviations of the first vertical bending mode, located at 68 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe the bereavement experiences of families who survived the sudden cardiac death of a family member and identify meanings of loss. Background: Approximately 325,000 people experience sudden cardiac death (SCD) annually. It is important to examine family experiences after SCD because of the life altering impact of death on surviving family members. Methods: A descriptive design, using the qualitative method of narrative analysis, was used to analyze family stories of bereavement. Results: Five themes were identified across seven families: sudden cardiac death ... boom; saying goodbye; grief unleashes volatile emotional reactions; life goes on ... but never back to normal; and meanings in loss. Conclusions: This study adds to an understanding of family bereavement and findings suggest that providing information about the cause of death and allowing family members to tell their stories are potentially important interventions for clinicians who interact with bereaved families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to assess the relevance of the definition of acute dissection, to analyse whether there is a sub-acute phase and to determine early outcome of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) in acute complicated type B aortic dissection. Design: Dual-centre consecutive case series. Materials: Between 1999 and 2011, 102 patients underwent TEVAR for non-traumatic acute complicated type B dissection in Zurich, Switzerland, and Uppsala, Sweden. In addition, 22 patients treated for an acute dissection-related complication occurring >14 days after onset of symptoms were included. Median age was 68 years, 35% were women. Methods: Demographic, procedural and outcome data were collected prospectively. The patients were followed up on 1 January 2012. Results: In the 22 sub-acute patients (18%), there were no early deaths or neurological complications. The predominant complication in these patients was rapid aortic enlargement, whereas rupture was more prevalent in patients treated within 14 days. In total, there were nine (7%) early deaths, three (2%) post-intervention paraplegias and six cases of stroke (5%). Conclusions: TEVAR was performed with low early mortality and few neurological complications. A significant proportion of patients presented with acute complications >14 days after onset of symptoms, indicative of a sub-acute phase in the transition between acute and chronic dissection, questioning the relevance of the current definition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: We report our experience with the treatment of femoral artery aneurysms (FAAs) under local anaesthesia with limited dissection, using endografts to facilitate the proximal anastomosis and some distal anastomoses. Method: Between January 2006 and December 2010, six males, mean age 72 years (range, 65–80 years) with FAAs were treated at the University Hospital of Zurich. All operations were performed under local anaesthesia with analgosedation, except for one performed under spinal anaesthesia. After limited dissection and puncture of the anterior wall of the FAA, a sheath and a self-expanding endograft were introduced over a guide wire and with fluoroscopy they were guided intraluminally into the proximal normal neck of the FAA and deployed. Proximal arterial control was achieved with a balloon catheter introduced through the endograft. Then the FAAs were opened and distal arterial control is obtained with balloon catheters. The distal end of the stent graft was then sutured to the normal-sized distal arteries or to stent grafts placed within them. Results: Of the six FAAs, four were true and two were false anastomotic aneurysms. Mean FAA diameter was 5.0 cm (range, 3.0–6.5 cm). Four patients also had aneurysmal involvement of the external iliac artery, one patient also had deep femoral aneurysms, but deep femoral circulation was always preserved. In three of the patients, the distal anastomosis was created to the femoral artery bifurcation, in two patients to the deep femoral artery when the superficial femoral artery (SFA) was chronically occluded and in one patient to the SFA. Immediate technical success was achieved in all six patients, and graft patency was observed from 9 to 48 months (mean 29 months). There were no amputations, complications or deaths. Conclusion: This technique for repair of FAAs can be performed under local anaesthesia, minimises dissection and complications and simplifies exclusion of these lesions. It is of particular value in high-risk patients with large FAAs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Field-effect capacitive electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) sensors functionalised with citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNP) have been used for the electrostatic detection of macromolecules by their intrinsic molecular charge. The EIS sensor detects the charge changes in the AuNP/macromolecule hybrids induced by the adsorption or binding events. A feasibility of the proposed detection scheme has been exemplary demonstrated by realising EIS sensors for the detection of poly-D-lysine molecules. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Aims: We aimed to demonstrate that Hypericin, a component of St. Johns Wort, selectively visualizes malignant gliomas. Hypericin is known as one of the most powerful photosensitizers in nature with excellent fluorescent properties. Methods: In five patients with a recurrence of a malignant glioma a newly developed water soluble formulation of hypericin was given intravenously (0.1 mg/kg body weight) 6 h before the surgical procedure. Tumor resection was performed under white light and fluorescence mode. The intensity grade of the tissue fluorescence was categorisized by the surgeon in three grades, highly fluorescent, weakly fluorescent and not fluorescent. In these areas tissue samples were taken and investigated by two blinded independent neuropathologists. Tissue samples were histologically classified differentiating between tumor tissue, tumor necrosis, tissue with scattered tumor cells and normal brain tissue. Results: In all patients tumor tissue was clearly distinguishable by its typically red fluorescence color from normal brain tissue which was colored blue under a special fluorescent filter. Histological evaluation of the 110 tissue samples showed a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 91% for one of the two neuropathologists, whereas specificity for second pathologist was 90% and sensitivity 94%. The i.v. application of Hypericin proofed to be safe in all cases and there were no side effects observed. Conclusion: Hypericin in its water soluble form is a well tolerated drug. In addition to its high photosensitizing properties hypericin will open up interesting new therapeutic possibilities especially when used in combination with fluorescence detection and simultaneously photodynamic therapy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Survival rates after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) remain low. Selected patients with portal/superior mesenteric vein (PV) involvement undergo PV resection at pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). This study analyses outcomes for PD with/without PV resection in patients with PDA. Methods: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on patients requiring PD for histologically proven adenocarcinoma between 1/1997 and 9/2009 identified 326 patients with PDA, with 51 requiring PD with PV resection. Patients were analyzed in two groups: PD + PV resection vs. PD alone. Multivariate analysis was used to identify predictive variables influencing survival and the Kaplan–Meier method to estimate patient survival. Results: Mean age for patients with PV resection was 66.4 (range 46–80) years, 47% were male. Both groups had similar patient demographics, perioperative and tumor characteristics. Postoperative morbidity was similar for patients with and without PV resection (27.5 vs. 28.4%). 30-day mortality was significantly higher in patients with PV resection (13.7%) vs. PD alone (5.1%). Overall survival however was similar in both groups (median PD alone 14.8 months vs. 14.5 months PD + PV). Multivariate analysis identified age, tumor grading, stay on the ICU and lack of chemotherapy as independent risk factors for reduced long-term survival. Conclusion: In carefully selected patients, PV resection results in similar long-term survival compared to PD alone. In selected patients, PV infiltration may be considered a sign of anatomical proximity of the tumor, rather than only a sign of increased tumor aggressiveness. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Aim: The aim of this retrospective study was to analyse the outcome following hepatic resection for metastatic STS and to identify factors predicting survival. Methods: All patients who underwent hepatic resection for metastatic STS between August 1997 and April 2009 were included. The data was obtained from a prospectively maintained database. Patients’ demographics, clinico-pathological parameters, overall survival and the factors predicting survival were analysed. Results: Thirty-six patients underwent hepatic resection for metastasis, with a median age of 58 years. The predominant site of primary tumour was the gastro-intestinal tract (50%). Leiomyosarcoma was the most common histological type (54%). The median interval between the primary and metastatic resections was 17 months. Thirteen patients had synchronous tumours. 24 patients had major liver resections and 10 patients had bi-lobar disease. The median number of liver lesions resected was 1(1–6) and the median maximum diameter was 11 cm (1–26 cm). R0 resection was performed in 31 patients. The 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival from the time of metastasectomy was 90.3%, 48.0% and 31.8% respectively, with a median survival of 24 months. Factors associated with poor survival on univariate analysis were the presence of high grade tumours (p = 0.04), primary leiomyosarcoma (p = 0.01) and positive resection margin of liver metastasis (p = 0.04), whilst multivariate analysis predicted primary leiomyosarcoma as a risk factor for poor survival (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Hepatic resection for metastatic STS appears to be valuable in carefully selected patients with acceptable long-term survival. The aim of surgery must be an R0 resection to offer a chance of cure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction: Approximately half of all injury-related fatalities in the agricultural industry are associated with farm tractors. Skill-based psychomotor tasks, such as driving and operating such machines, are easily impaired as a consequence of the use of alcohol. We have analyzed characteristics of fatal traffic accidents involving tractors in Zagreb County, with special accent to prevalence of alcohol use among drivers. Subjects and methods: The material comprised all fatal accidents involving tractor drivers in Zagreb County between the years 2001 and 2005 where a medicolegal autopsy had been performed and samples taken for subsequent forensic toxicological analysis. The total of 47 cases were included. Data were collected on characteristics of the fatally injured as well as on circumstances and dynamics of the accident itself. The results are presented with absolute and relative frequencies. Results: Ninety-one percent (43 out of 47 cases) of fatally injured were males. No person was under the age of 18, 70% were between 18 and 65 years of age and 30% were above 65 years of age. Blood alcohol reading was negative in only 13 out of 47 analyzed cases (28%). Six cases (13%) had blood alcohol concentration (BAC) below 0.50mg/mL, further 6 between 0.50 and 1.49mg/mL, 16 (34%) between 1.50 and 2.49mg/mL and the remaining six had BAC between 2.50 and 3.49mg/mL. Median BAC among 34 fatalities with positive blood alcohol level was 1.80mg/mL, while the highest concentration observed was 3.49mg/mL. Multiple injuries were the most common cause of death (43%) followed by crush asphyxia (26%). Most of the victims (81%) died at the scene of the accident and all of them died within the first 24h. In the majority of accidents (79%), the tractor operator was a victim of the vehicle rollover. Conclusion: High percentage of farm tractor users driving under influence and high median BAC indicates that legislation alone is not sufficient in preventing accidents. Further effort should be directed toward education aimed to increase awareness of the obvious risk that alcohol use represents to driving and workplace safety. Taking into account that the overwhelming majority of fatalities occurred from rollovers, strong encouragement should be given to implementation of rollover protecting structure (ROPS) devices in order to prevent such type of fatalities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction: Endovascular replacement of failed Vanguard endoprosthesis with a newly inserted bifurcated Excluder endograft in 6 selected patients over a 10-year period is reported. Report: Six male patients were treated by secondary EVAR procedures for endograft failure (type I and/or III endoleaks caused by endograft disintegration and/or migration). All failed endografts (1 tube, 5 bifurcated) were Vanguard prostheses. Technically, a new bifurcated Excluder endograft was placed within the old failing Vanguard endograft. All reinterventions were performed under local anesthesia supplemented by systemic analgesia/sedation. In 3 patients, insertion of the new Excluder endograft was possible without any additional technical measure as the failing Vanguard endograft trunk had migrated distally. In another 3 patients, the failed Vanguard endograft trunk was still in place. In these patients, the Vanguard main body was pulled caudally with a transfemoral cross-over guide wire in order to gain sufficient length to allow the short limb of the Excluder endograft to open within the trunk of the failed Vanguard endoprosthesis. This guide wire was introduced through a second femoral 5F in the main access and exeteriorized with a snare through the contralateral 12 Fr sheath. The main body and short limb of the Excluder was then deployed whilst pulling on the cross-over wire. Results: Six patients initially treated by a Vanguard endograft underwent complete relining with a newly inserted Excluder bifurcated stentgraft. The mean interval from the first EVAR procedure to the described replacement procedure was 75±20.2 months (range: 53–109). The new bifurcated Excluder endografts were successfully deployed in all patients (technical success: 100%). Primary sealing (defined as absence of endoleaks type I, III or IV in the postoperative contrast enhanced CT scan) was achieved in 6 of the 6 patients. There was no operative mortality. No further endovascular or open treatment was needed in the other 5 patients. During the mean follow-up period of 26±20.1 months (range 2.5–50 months), 2 patients died from unrelated causes. Conclusion: Secondary endovascular replacement of failed Vanguard endografts with a bifurcated Excluder endograft proved to be feasible and safe with no 30-day mortality. Technical detail requires traction on a cross-over wire to pull the old graft caudally and create enough space for the new bifurcated graft to be deployed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction: Carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater is said to carry a significantly better prognosis than pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas arising in the pancreatic head. However, it is uncertain as to whether this is due to the fact that they have differing oncological characteristics or simply an earlier presentation as a result of the exophytic morphology of ampullary lesions causing obstruction of the bile ducts. Methods: All patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy between January 1998 and December 2004 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Patients with a pathologically confirmed ampullary (AMP) tumour were compared to those with a carcinoma of the head of the pancreas (HOP). Tumour characteristics including size, stage and degree of differentiation were analysed as were survival data. Results: 71 AMP and 144 HOP tumours were resected during the period studied and had full histology reports available for assessment. The median diameter of the AMP tumours was significantly less than those of the HOP (2cm vs. 3cm; p =0.04). The T stage distribution differed significantly between the AMP and HOP tumours in favour of the former (Stages I – 10 vs. 0 (p =0.03); II – 29 vs. 13 (p =0.04); III – 25 vs. 121 (p =0.01); IV – 7 vs. 10). The number of resection specimens with positive lymph nodes was lower in the AMP group (31 vs. 121; p =0.03) as was the prevalence of vascular invasion (33 vs. 114; p =0.006) and neural invasion (23 vs. 134; p =0.009). There was no difference in the degree of differentiation of the AMP and HOP tumours. The 5-year survival rates were significantly better in the AMP group at 60% vs. 20% (p =0.008). Subdivision of AMP carcinoma into polypoid (60%) and ulcerating (40%) lesions revealed a non-significant survival advantage in favour of polypoid tumours at (64% vs. 60%; p =0.07) at 5 years. Conclusions: The outcome of resection for AMP is significantly better than for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas arising in the periampullary region. Although the anatomical position of AMP tumours may contribute to this survival advantage, the HOP tumours exhibit more adverse histological features suggesting that they are different diseases and hence the difference in survival. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Airborne spread of bioaerosols in the boundary layer over a complex terrain is simulated using a Lagrangian particle model, and applied to modelling the airborne spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus. Two case studies are made with study domains located in a hilly region in the northwest of the Styrian capital Graz, the second largest town in Austria. Mountainous terrain as well as inhomogeneous and time varying meteorological conditions prevent from application of so far used Gaussian dispersion models, while the proposed model can handle these realistically. In the model, trajectories of several thousands of particles are computed and the distribution of virus concentration near the ground is calculated. This allows to assess risk of infection areas with respect to animal species of interest, such as cattle, swine or sheep. Meteorological input data like wind field and other variables necessary to compute turbulence were taken from the new pre-operational version of the non-hydrostatic numerical weather prediction model LMK (Lokal-Modell-Kürzestfrist) running at the German weather service DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst). The LMK model provides meteorological parameters with a spatial resolution of about 2.8km. To account for the spatial resolution of 400m used by the Lagrangian particle model, the initial wind field is interpolated upon the finer grid by a mass consistent interpolation method. Case studies depict a significant influence of local wind systems on the spread of virus. Higher virus concentrations at the upwind side of the hills and marginal concentrations in the lee are well observable, as well as canalization effects by valleys. The study demonstrates that the Lagrangian particle model is an appropriate tool for risk assessment of airborne spread of virus by taking into account the realistic orographic and meteorological conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Noma is a devastating gangrenous disease that leads to severe tissue destructions in the face. It is seen almost exclusively in children living in less developed countries. The exact prevalence of the disease is unknown and the cause remains unknown too. Risk factors are: malnutrition, a compromised immune system, poor oral hygiene and a lesion of the gingival mucosal barrier, as well as an unidentified bacterial factor. Herpes viruses might also contribute. Studies of the buccal flora in acute phases of noma and comparison with control children do not exist. Our study takes place in Niger. For each child (cases and controls) we take samples of gingival fluid, saliva, blood and mouth mucosal swabs. The samples are analysed in Geneva in different laboratories. We control the serologies for Herpes viruses and measles. We also perform a nutritional assessment and the mucosal swabs are cultivated for the presence of viruses. The gingival flora is investigated by microarrays. These microarrays are instrumental to test for the presence of thousands of different bacteria in each clinical sample. This method allows a qualitative and quantitative description of the oral flora in noma-children and control cases. This is the first large scale study on the etiology of noma which uses new technical approaches for humanitarian purposes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Adequate intake of essential fatty acids (EFAs) is required for optimal development of the central nervous system and visual acuity in infants. Little information exists regarding the EFA status of vulnerable populations living in Southern regions. Objective: We examined the adequacy of EFA status in Cuban breast-feeding mothers and their infants. Design: Blood and breast-milk samples were obtained from a cross-sectional sample of mothers and term infants in Havana at 2 mo postpartum. We determined the fatty acid profiles of total lipids in breast milk, plasma, and erythrocytes and assessed infant visual acuity by using Teller acuity cards. Results: Of the 56 mothers and infants examined, none showed biochemical signs of poor EFA status. Compared with values reported in the literature, mothers had an adequate EFA profile in their breast milk, plasma, and erythrocytes. The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentration in breast milk was 0.43 ± 0.26% of total fatty acids. It appeared that these breast-fed infants had an adequate dietary supply of DHA, as reflected by the mean plasma and erythrocyte DHA concentrations (2.82 ± 0.84% and 7.41 ± 1.16% of total fatty acids, respectively). Infant visual acuity testing showed a mean of 2.00 ± 0.68 cycles/degree, which is within the normal range of mean binocular acuities for 2-mo-old term infants. The data did not show any relation between EFA concentrations and visual acuity. Conclusion: The results suggest that n-3 fatty acid deficiency and potential related deficits in early visual neural development are rare, if they exist at all, in breast-feeding women and their infants in Havana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction: The process of recovering and identifying human remains from individual and mass graves has proven to be the most effective method of resolving the fate of missing individuals in the former Yugoslavia. These efforts have two primary objectives: medicolegal—to identify the cause of death, and humanitarian—to bring closure to living family members, thus supporting the human rights of both the living and the deceased. From 1996 to the present, the remains of 388 individuals killed during the 1991 War in Croatia were recovered from the Glina and Petrinja areas (Sisačko–Moslovačka County). The purpose of this paper is to report on the demographic and taphonomic characteristics of the recovered remains, and identify factors responsible for the discrepancy in the identification ratios. Methods: To identify factors potentially responsible for the noted discrepancy, data were collected on the taphonomic characteristics of the recovered remains, the types of burials, as well as the factors responsible for positive identification. These factors included: forensic DNA testing, dental criteria, special signs (healed fractures, etc.), clothing and personal artifacts. Results: The age distributions between males and females in the sample are significantly different. The mean age-at-death for males is 51.6 years, for females 67.0 years. In both sexes the majority of identifications (62.9% in females and 45.9% in males) were established through a combination of biological and non-biological features. In terms of the types of graves from which the bodies were recovered, positive identification in both sexes was lowest in mass graves (61.2% for males, and 84.2% for females). Females from mass graves were, however, better preserved than males—36.6% of males recovered from mass graves were completely skeletonized, while the same was true for only 19.3% of females (χ 2 =7.06, P <0.029). Completely skeletonized remains were identified in only 65.1% of cases, while partially skeletonized and saponified bodies were identified in 80.1% of cases. Conclusion: Since positive identification in both sexes is strongly correlated with preservation of the bodies, the reason why female identification frequencies in the Glina and Petrinja regions are higher than male frequencies lies in the fact that females recovered from mass graves were better preserved than males recovered from mass graves. Identification of the factors responsible for this is a challenge that needs to be resolved in future studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction: Nasal polyposis (NP) is considered to be the state of chronic inflammation of nasal mucosa and sinuses presenting with various nasal symptomatology. In most cases, it is treated conservatively. Recently, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) was developed as the valuable and advantageous surgical procedure to treat NP. Despite the inherited risks of this procedure, its complication rate is considered to be acceptable compared to potential benefits for the patient. Case: Fifty-five-year-old man was admitted to the hospital for surgical removal of the nasal polypus. After the usual pre-surgery procedures, the patient underwent FESS. Under general anesthesia, left sphenoid sinus was opened and cleaned from the imflammatory discharge, polypus was excised, and following the trepanation the left maxillary sinus was left to drain out. Polypus and pieces of sinonasal mucosa were sent to pathohistological analysis, which yielded in diagnosis of inverted sinonasal papilloma. The early postoperative recovery was regular, but 2h upon the surgery, the patient started to lose consciousness gradually falling into the state of coma. CT scan and angiography of the head revealed pneumocranium, defect of the left ethmoidal sinus, hematoma in the left frontal cerebral lobe, as well as the hemorrhage in all four cerebral ventricles. A series of neurosurgical procedures followed in the next 8 days. Despite the attempts to resolve above complications, the patient remained comatous and died 16 days after the polypectomy. Autopsy revealed the extensive oval-shaped defect on the skull base in the left posterior part of cribrous plate of the left ethmoid bone. The brain appeared swollen and heavily congested, showing the zone of subarachnoidal hemorrhage in basal face of left frontal lobe. Frontal serial sections revealed large intracerebral haematoma in basal periventricular structures of left frontal lobe extending to the whole ventricular system. Apart from the above, most prominent finding was bilateral bronchopneumonia. The cause of death was attributed to bronchopneumonia following the brain trauma, manner of death ruled as violent. Conclusion: Although majority of the patients suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis or NP recover well after the endoscopic surgery, the possibility of undesirable outcome must not be ignored. This case calls for assessment of potential medical liability caused by malpractice. Having in mind rather high prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis and NP, legal aspects of postoperative death should be carefully analyzed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We prospectively compared a novel 33 point visual field algorithm developed at Boston Children's Hospital using SVOP to modified automated Humphrey perimetry testing protocol to assess the validity of the new method in pediatric patients. SVOP testing with the new BCH pediatric neuro-ophthalmic disease algorithm was relatively sensitive in detecting neurologic visual field defects and was able to exclude the presence of visual field loss with high predictability. [Extracted from the article]

Chronic constipation is a common condition in the very young and the very old. This is reflected in approximately $800 million spent on laxatives in the United States each year. The elimination of food waste from the body is a common and simple daily occurrence for most individuals. Constipation is such a common problem in the pediatric population that it is the second most referred problem to the pediatric gastroenterologist and accounts for 25% of all visits. Between 5% and 28% of all children experience great difficulty with elimination of food waste, which is often accompanied with pain, fear, and avoidance. The symptoms of constipation are defined as infrequent or difficult evacuation of the feces. The ever-increasing use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in adults is also reflected in CAM use by children. In fact, adult CAM users are three times as likely to use CAM for their children compared to non-CAM users. Chiropractic stands as the most popular type of CAM therapy for children. Given the many anecdotes and testimonials within the chiropractic profession on the successful care of pediatric patients with various pediatric conditions, we describe through a case series presentation the successful outcome of chiropractic care in pediatric patients with chronic constipation. All three patients were under the age of 2 years with bowel movements ranging from once per week to every 3–4 days. Previous unsuccessful care involved medical advice with dietary changes and the use of cod liver or mineral oil. Following a trial of chiropractic care using a combination of high-velocity, low-amplitude thrusts and a manually assisted, hand-held instrument to sites of spinal segmental dysfunction, the patients’ constipation resolved as demonstrated by an increased frequency in bowel movements at once to every 1–2 days with accompanying soft stool without straining and pain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]