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This experiment aimed to develop a long-term sustainable food-energy-water-carbon-economic nexus module by converting industrial wastes (IWs) to compost. In the methodology, a split-plot design was employed to apply a different recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) levels, and carbon decomposing microbes (CDMs) converted IWs compost in the rice-wheat cropping. Four RDF levels were used in the main-plot, and nine combinations of CDMs + IWs were used in the sub-plot and replicated thrice. The result indicated that in the interaction impact of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK) 100% +zinc (Zn) 5kg + iron (Fe) 5kg × IW1+CDM1 produced 80.2% more grain yield, 68.1 and 176.2% more net energy output and energy balance. There was higher water productivity and lower WFP than those for NPK 0 × IW3+CDM3. Further, the main-plot NPK 100% +Zn 5kg + Fe 5kg was observed sequentially at a maximum of US$ 126 and 2149/ha carbon societal and credit value. Meanwhile, the IW1+CDM1 noted a higher US$ 124 and 2094/ha of carbon societal and credit values, respectively in the sub-plot. The first two components from principal component analysis (PCA) of various energy indices and carbon dynamics explained 81 and 14% of the variability, respectively. The hypothesis of the experiment was that the use of IWs combined with inorganic fertilizers and CDMs for rice-wheat cropping; may help to increase crop productivity, carbon dioxide (CO 2) sequestration, soil organic carbon (SOC) pools, and reduce carbon footprints (CFs), water footprint (WFP), energy, and fertilizer load to feed the ever-growing population. [Display omitted] • Application of fertiliser levels and industrial wastes increases rice and wheat grain yields. • Strengthen the link of food, energy, carbon, water, and economics for sustainable production. • Boost soil organic carbon reservoirs, agricultural productivity, and carbon dioxide sequestration. • Reduce the energy, fertiliser, and carbon-cum-water footprints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment aimed to understand the recycled industrial biocompost interaction with fertilizers doses on soil nutrient dynamics, soil organic carbon (SOC) fraction indexes, microbial population, positive ecosystem services, carbon dioxide (CO 2) societal values and economy in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. Based on the field and lab data, a significant interaction was observed between the biocompost and fertilizer levels; the fertilizer doses (FD)3 × biocompost (BC)1 were observed 80.6 grain and 56.0% higher straw yield in the wheat-rice crops than FD0 × BC9. Based on the results of soil organic carbon (SOC), the treatment FD3 × BC1 was observed more very labile (5.06 g kg−1) and moderately labile (4.26 g kg−1) carbon (C) fractions. However, C liability and recalcitrant indexes were recorded as non-significant. Further, the interaction effects of FD3 × BC1 found 65.7% more CO 2 sequestration over FD0 × BC9. In terms of microbial dynamics, at 45 days after sowing (DAS), the treatment FD3 × BC4 was found to be the highest soil bacteria (56.6 × 107), fungi (32.3 × 105), and actinomycetes (49.1 × 106 cfu g−1) population. Further, regarding ecosystem services, the FD3 × BC1 found a maximum of US$ 1236 and 322 ha−1 year−1 grain and straw-based ecosystem services, respectively. However, the treatment FD3 × BC1 observed the maximum societal value (US$ 2041 ha−1). In contrast, higher economic values of 77.9 and 138.8% gross and net returns were recorded in the FD3 × BC1 compared to FD0 × BC9 in the wheat-rice cropping sequence (WRCS), respectively. Therefore, the study's hypothesis was to know the impact of the biocompost with fertilizers doses to enhance the nutrient and microbial dynamics, increasing SOC fractions (active and passive) and pools, CO 2 sequestration, and restoring the soil health in the WRCS. [Display omitted] • Enhanced by 65.7% more carbon dioxide (CO 2) sequestration. • Enhanced 13.5 and 22.1% higher very labile and moderately labile carbon fractions. • Grain and straw-based ecosystem services value increased by US$ 1236.05 and 321.93 ha−1 year1. • Gross and net returns increased by 77.9 and 138.8%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Paris Climate Agreement (COP 21) in December 2015, India committed to cut its carbon (C) emissions by 30–35% of its GDP (gross domestic product) and attain 40% of installed energy from renewables by 2030. In the Glasgow Climate Pact (COP 26), an agreement developed at COP26 of UNFCCC in November 2021, India committed to enhancing its renewable energy (RE) capacity to 500 GW and installing 50% of its power from renewable resources by 2030. It is projected that this will help India to reduce its C emissions by 1Bt, reduce emission intensity to the economy by 45% by 2030, and meet the goal of C neutral economy by 2070. Realization of these highly ambitious commitments made at COP26 can be determined by the nation's growth in REs after COP21. Therefore, this article reviews the overall development of renewable energies – solar, wind, biomass, hydrogen, and hydro – in India after COP21 by the end of December 2021. This review provides detailed information on various policies and roadmaps for each energy sector commitments. It identifies major technical and social challenges associated with the sustainability of these sectors. This review offers insights into how realistically ambitious plans India has for 'phasing down' the use of coal by 2050 and being a carbon-neutral economy by 2070. India achieved massive success through solar energy after COP21 and 80% of future investments are for solar energy. Comparatively, there has been the least investment in other REs such as bioenergy, water, and wind. • Review of renewable energy research, policies, and developments in India after COP21. • Maximum achievements of goals are based on the installed capacity of solar energy. • US$ 38–40 billion investment supports solar energy generation, storage, and distribution. • US$ 500 billion is needed for capacity building to achieve 450 GW by 2030. • Renewable energies from biomass, water, and wind are in their infancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The impact of 20-yr of using amendments on soil properties of an Alfisol. • The magnitude and rate of SOC accretion were 27.5 Mg C/ha and 2.0 Mg/ha.yr. • The highest rate of build-up of C and N stocks was recorded in compost-amended plots. • Fertilizers are not sufficient to restore SOC stocks in the eroded soils. The impacts of 20-yr using amendments on the restoration of properties of an Alfisol was evaluated at the Waterman Farm, Agricultural and Natural Resources Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. The objectives of the experiment were to assess: (1) the effects of organic and inorganic amendments on soil aggregates, and (2) carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) budgets of soil removed (20 cm deep) and undisturbed plots after 20-yr was used to conduct the experiment. Five treatmentents were used in the rendomized block design viz; (1) permanent grass field, (2) soil artificially removed-N fertilizer added, (3) soil artificially removed-compost added, (4) an undisturbed (surface soil not removed)-N fertilizer added, and (5) an undisturbed surface soil-compost added. The experiment field was permanently under the no-till since last 20 yr. The surface soil removal plots amended with compost and permanent grass plots registered the lowest bulk density (ρ b) of 1.37 and 1.38 Mg/m3, respectively. The highest concentration of sand (30.4%) was observed in the treatment with surface soil removed and compost added, while the highest silt content (48.0%) was obtained in permanent grass plots. However, the clay content was the highest (38.2%) in fertilizer amended undisturbed treatment. The higher proportion of macroaggregates (88.0 and 87.6%) and the mean weight diameter (MWD) (4.47 and 4.5 mm) were recorded in the undisturbed compost-amended and permanent grass plots, respectively compare to fertilizer applied plots. There were no differences in soil pH among sampling depths, but higher electrical conductivity (EC) was observed at 0–10 cm depth of fertilizer application, disturbed (174.23 µS/cm) and undisturbed (166.63 µS/cm) plots than 10–20 cm. The highest C:N ratio (11.0) was observed at the of 0–10 cm depth in artificaly soil removed organic compost-amended treatments. The highest rate of build-up of stocks was 793.3 Kg/ha for C and 50.5 kg/ha for N in 0–10 cm depth of undisturbed and compost-amended plots. Furthermore, the highest magnitude of the stabilization was 2.8 Mg/ha for C and 0.7 Mg/ha for N in surface soil removed and compost-amended treatment. The magnitude and rate of SOC accretion were 27.5 Mg C/ha and 2.0 Mg/ha.yr, respectively, under undisturbed and compost-amended treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The rice (Oryza sativa)–rice system (RRS) is principal production system in Asia. • Loss of soil carbon and nitrogen pools is declining the productivity of RRS. • Intensive tillage and improper nutrient management are reasons of the loss of soil C and N. • RT/NT with INM and residue recycling can sequestrate C and N in paddy soils. • Cultivation RRS under CA with INM/IPNM and residue recycling could enhance productivity. The rice (Oryza sativa)–rice system (RRS) is the most important agricultural production system, and it provides staple food, income, employment, and livelihoods to millions of farmers in the Indian sub- continent, especially in the eastern and north eastern region (NER) of India. However, soil degradation, due to loss of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools, is declining the productivity of RRS and threatening the region's food security. Intensive tillage along with improper residues and nutrient management practices are among the reasons of the loss of soil C and N pools and decline in rice productivity. Therefore, a 3-year (2013-15) field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of tillage, residues and nutrient management practices on productivity, soil C and N sequestration in RRS at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Research Complex for the North Eastern Hill (NEH) Region, Lembucherra (52 m, above sea level), Tripura, India. The experiment consisted of five combinations of tillage [conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and no-till (NT)], residue [30% rice residue incorporation (RI) and/or residue retention (RR)] and nutrient management practices [inorganic, organic (FYM-farmyard manure, GLM-green leaf manuring) and biofertilizers] in wet (WR) and dry season rice (DR). Results revealed that RT along with improved plant nutrient management (IPNM) comprising 25% N (20 kg N) through GLM + 60 kg N, 9 kg phosphorus (P), 17 kg potassium (K), 2 kg Boron (B) and 5 kg zinc (Zn) ha−1 through fertilizer + cellulose decomposition microorganism and RR in WR produced significantly higher grain yield (5.15 Mg ha−1) as compared to other treatments. However, the DR transplanted under CT + integrated nutrient management (INM) comprising 25% N through FYM and 75% N and remaining P and K (after deducting quantity supplied by FYM) through inorganic fertilizer + RI produced more grain (5.1–5.3 Mg ha−1), straw (7.0–7.2 Mg ha−1), root (1.3–1.4 Mg ha−1) and total biomass (13.4–13.9 Mg ha−1) yield than that of the farmers' practice (FP) and other treatment combinations, across the years. The highest system productivity of RRS was recorded under T 3 (RT + IPNM + RR in WR and CT + INM + RI in DR). Therefore, the highest biomass, C, and N were also recycled in the system through the same treatment combinations. Soil under T 3 had a lower bulk density (ρ b), the highest soil organic carbon (SOC)/N concentration, pool, accumulation, sequestration, C retention efficiency, soil microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase activities than other treatments. A total amount of 1.30 Mg C ha−1 was accumulated under soils of T 3 with the rate of SOC sequestration of 427.9 kg ha−1 yr−1 under RRS. Thus, adopting RRS under RT/NT with INM/IPNM and effective residue recycling is recommended for enhancing the system productivity, C and N sequestration in paddy soils of the NER of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient utilization of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) fallow (∼11.6 million hectares) systems can accelerate the growth of Indian agriculture. But, bringing more area under cultivation is an energy-demanding process and a source of gaseous emissions in the era of climate change. Hence, development of environmentally sustainable cropping systems require for efficient use of rice-fallow lands for sustainable productivity. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the objective to identify sustainable and environmentally safer cropping systems with low global worming potential (GWP) and low energy requirement for rice fallow land of India. Seven diverse crops (e.g., toria ( Brassica campestris var. toria), lentil ( Lens culinaris ), field pea ( Pisum arvense ), garden pea ( Pisum sativum L.), green gram ( Vigna radiata ), black gram ( Vigna mungo ) and maize ( Zea mays )) were introduced in rice-fallow system by adopting no-till (NT) production technology to develop sustainable and environmentally cleaner production systems in a subtropical climate of Tripura, India. All these rice-based cropping systems were evaluated on the basis of the energy requirements and system productivity. Results indicated that rice had the highest energy input followed by that for maize and the least for lentil. System productivity regarding equivalent rice yield was the highest in rice – garden pea system. The relative amount of energy input in all cropping systems involved 44 – 54% for chemical fertilizers, 13 – 17% for land preparation, 12 – 15% for diesel and 11 – 14% for labor. Total energy input of 28,656 MJ per hectare (MJ/ha) was the highest for rice – maize and the lowest of 22,486 MJ/ha for rice – lentil systems. The highest system productivity and the highest energy productivity were obtained for the rice – garden pea system. The GWP was lower for legume-based than that for cereal and oilseed-based cropping systems. The lowest GWP of 7.97 Mg CO 2 e/ha per yr was observed for the rice-lentil cropping system and the highest GWP of 8.39 Mg CO 2 e/ha per yr for the rice-maize cropping system. The rice-vegetable pea and rice-lentil cropping systems also had low greenhouse gas emission intensity. The rice – pea and rice – lentil cropping systems are recommended for the region because of their low energy requirement, high energy and system productivity and low GWP. These systems are suited for the efficient utilization of rice fallow lands of eastern India to sustain productivity while adapting and mitigating the climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a simple and compact multi band Ultra Wide Band Pass Filter is implemented and electrical analysis of this filter is presented. The proposed filter consists of five short circuited stubs of quarter wave length and three embedded U-shaped open circuited stubs, each of length λ/4, in the ground plane. The notches provide good rejection at 4.6 GHz, 5.6 GHz and 8.5 GHz which removes the interference in UWB band for INSAT C-band, WLAN and X-band applications. The proposed structure is simulated on the commercially available CST MWS software and fabricated using GML1000 substrate with a dielectric constant of 3.2 and a height of 30mil. The frequency responses of this filter are obtained for the circuit model on SERENIDE, for structure simulated on CST MWS and the response measured on VNA. All three responses are showing close resemblance. This filter gives a better performance and is easily fabricated having dimension of about (0.99λg × 0.279λg) where λg = 0.030 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) due to anthropogenic perturbation in both the agricultural and natural eco-systems are degrading the environmental quality. Conventional tillage (CT) and residue burning/removal exacerbates the land degradation and GHG emission, and the impacts are much more in the upland ecosystem than valley lands. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the energy budget, and carbon footprint (CF) of no-till (NT) and mulches under the upland rice ( Oryza sativa )–mustard ( Brassica campestris var. toria) cropping system over CT based system to develop a clean production technology for improving the environmental quality and conservingnatural resources. The novelty of the study is that integrated effect of NT, diverse mulches and cropping system effect has been considered together as a conservation measure for sustainable and clean agricultural practice over those of CT based technologies. The experiment comprised of two tillage systems as the main-plot and four mulch types as the sub-plot treatments under a split-plot design. Two tillage systems included: 1. CT-RI: CT with 100% residue incorporation (RI), and 2. NT-RR: NT with 100% residue retention (RR). Four mulch types included: 1. rice straw mulch (SM), 2. green manure (GM) - Gliricidia sp. (a leguminous shrub) mulch, 3. brown manuring (BM) mulch [cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ) grown as an intercrop and killed with a spray of 2, 4-D, 40 days after sowing (DAS)] and 4. no mulch (NM) control. The adoption of NT-RR significantly ( p  =  0.05 ) reduced the energy use (16,727 MJ/ha) and the cost of production (INR 54,271/ha, 1 US$ = 64.46 INR) compared with those under CT-RI (27,630 MJ/ha and INR 76,903/ha, respectively). Thus, NT-RR also increased the energy use efficiency (EUE), energy productivity (EP), net returns, and reduced CF of the system compared with those under CT-RI. Use of different mulches also increased the energy use efficiency, system productivity, and net returnscompared with those under NM. The total CO 2 -e emission (CF) was higher under CT-RI (2307 kg CO 2 -e/ha) as compared to those under NT-RR (2013 kg CO 2 -e/ha). The savings of fossil fuel from less number of tillage operations and also low emissions associated with energy consumed in manufacture, transport, repair and use of machines contributed to the lowest GWP under NT-RR. Thus, the study supports and recommended that the NT-RR with BM is an environmentally safe and clean production technology for enhancing the energy use efficiency, reducing the CF and cost of production of direct-seeded upland rice-mustard cropping system in India and similar agro-eco-regions elsewhere in the rice based cropping system in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High energy consumption and carbon emission are the major components of environmental pollution. Reducing carbon-footprints and improving energy use efficiency in rice (Oryza sativa L.) - fallow production systems of South Asia is a great challenge. The present experiment was conducted for five consecutive years (2016–2020) with an aim to design the most carbon-cum-energy efficient, cleaner/safer and eco-friendly production systems for rice-fallows in eastern India. This split-plot experiment had crop establishment-cum-residue management (CERM) treatments in main-plots and post-rainy/winter season crops in sub-plots. The production systems selected for analysis included three crop establishment methods [(1) zero - till-direct-seeded rice (ZTDSR), (2) conventional-till direct-seeded rice (CTDSR), and (3) transplanted puddled rice (TPR)], and two residue management practices [(i) with residue, and (ii) without residue] in combination with five potential winter season crops i.e., chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris L.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.), and mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Results revealed an increase in overall system productivity from 3.5 to 5.13 Mg ha−1 due to the diversification of rice-fallow systems with oilseed and pulse crops. Irrespective of residue management practices, ZTDSR increased the yield by 15 and 31% in chickpea, 15 and 34% in lentil, 33 and 50% in safflower, 9 and 19% in linseed, and 7 and 15% in mustard as compared to CTDSR and PTR, respectively. Moreover, adoption of ZTDSR reduced energy uses by 23.3%, while increased energy ratio and net returns by 14.3 and 10.9%, respectively, over TPR. Pulse based crop rotations (rice - lentil and rice - chickpea) under ZTDSR with surface crop residue yielded 21.5% higher system net returns as compared to rice-oilseed production systems. ZTDSR treatment also reduced carbon-footprint (C-footprint) by 2.8% compared to TPR-based production systems. Similarly, rice-oilseed systems had a 16.1% lower C-footprint in comparison to rice-pulse sequences. Hence, rice-chickpea, rice-lentil and rice-safflower production systems in combined with ZTDSR along with residue retention can be viable production systems with higher system productivity, better economic returns, higher energy ratio and lower C-footprint. These systems will ensure an efficient utilization of natural resources leading to long-term sustainability of the rice-fallow production systems of South Asia. [Display omitted] • Crop intensification increased the ecological performance of the rice-fallow system. • Including pulses/oilseeds after rice increased net income and decreased C-emissions. • Conservation tillage increased net income and energy savings by 11% and 23%, respectively. • Including pulses in the rice-fallow system increased the eco-efficiency index by 37%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of the appropriate tillage production system having lower energy use and carbon-emission, and better crop productivity is becoming increasingly important to maintain the environmental sustainability. In the present study, a comprehensive system analysis was performed for four consecutive years (2016–2019) in three major agroecosystems of eastern India: eastern Indo-Gangetic plain, coastal agroecosystem and hill & plateau region. Six rice-based production systems with different levels of farm mechanization viz. , a) fully mechanized tillage, b) partly mechanized tillage and c) traditional tillage were considered in the analysis. The main aim was to assess the energy flow and carbon-balance of diverse tillage production systems. Among the different sources of total input energy, chemical fertilizer accounted for the highest energy used in partly mechanized tillage (44%) and mechanized tillage (38%) followed by diesel, irrigation water, plant protection chemical, seed and electricity. Seed, human, animal energy and farmyard manure accounted for 21, 20, 16 and 16%, respectively, of the total energy input in traditional tillage. Maximum energy input (52161 MJ ha−1) was noted in mechanized tillage and minimum with traditional tillage (16879 MJ ha−1). Cropping systems followed in eastern Indo-Gangetic plain were more energy-intensive (50908 MJ ha−1) compared to coastal-ecosystem (27459 MJ ha−1). On an average, the total energy output in mechanized tillage (395245 MJ ha−1) were 0.3 and 2.4 times higher over partly mechanized and traditional tillage, respectively. Overall, the present results indicated that partly mechanized tillage and coastal agroecosystem were the most energy-efficient with an energy ratio of 8.88 and 9.81, respectively. Mechanized tillage was 0.24 and 1.66 times more carbon-intensive in comparison to partly mechanized and traditional tillage system. Mechanized tillage had higher carbon efficiency (3.75), carbon-sustainability index (2.75), carbon-footprint in spatial scales (4342 kg CO 2 eq. ha−1), but had 34% less carbon-footprint in yield scales compared to traditional tillage. Mechanized tillage showed 22 and 73% higher system productivity compared to partly mechanized and traditional tillage, respectively. Partly mechanized tillage had a 23% lower cultivation cost than mechanized tillage. Thus, the present study suggests that partly mechanize tillage was the most appropriate energy and carbon-efficient production system in eastern India. [Display omitted] • Energy and carbon budgets of diverse tillage systems in eastern India was analysed. • Partly mechanized tillage and coastal agroecosystems were the most energy-efficient. • Mechanized production system was 24 and 56% more energy-intensive than others. • Human energy profitability was increased by 5.48 times in mechanized tillage system. • Mechanized tillage had 0.23–1.61 times more carbon footprint in spatial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an urgent need for identification of the eco-friendly/cleaner production system that is more productive and profitable; efficient user of energy, water, and carbon-based inputs, and also environmentally safer. The four years study was conducted from 2016 to 2019, where the dominant rice-wheat cropping system is practiced extensively after 'Green Revolution'. The objectives of the experiment were to evaluate: (1) energy budgeting, (2) carbon auditing, (3) production and economic efficiency of diverse cropping systems for upland rainfed as well as irrigated ecosystems of eastern India. Tillage and cropping system treatments were laid out according to a completely randomized block design and replicated thrice. Ten cropping sequences were comprised of: T1) a farmers' practice of transplanted rice-wheat-mungbean, T2) conventional till-direct seeded rice (CTDSR)-wheat-mungbean, T3) soybean-maize, T4) CTDSR-mustard-urdbean, T5) foxtail millet-lentil-fallow, T6) pearl millet-chickpea-fallow, T7) finger millet- toria -fallow, T8) sorghum (grain)-chickpea-fallow, T9) maize cob–pigeon pea, and T10) sorghum (fodder)-mustard-urdbean. Energy contributions of different inputs were 42–55, 12–21, 8–18, and 4–12% for fertilizers, diesel, labour, and electricity, respectively. The amount of indirect (fertilizer, chemicals, and machinery) and direct (diesel and electricity) non-renewable energy inputs were 40–60 and 18–26%, respectively. Indirect renewable energy input (seed and crop residues) was 1–7% as compared to 15–24% of direct-renewable energy (human labour and irrigation water). The maximum energy input was recorded for T1 (53511 MJ ha−1). The maximum biomass production (40.2 Mg ha−1) was recorded with T9, while the maximum benefit: cost ratio (3.64) was noted for T10 and T8. The highest specific energy (33.5 MJ kg−1) and energy productivity (0.92 kg MJ−1) were recorded in T8 treatment. Irrespective of cropping systems, retention of crop residues accounted for 28.6–58.5% of total carbon input. The carbon sustainability index was 5–7 times higher for the millet-based production system [T6 (9.32) and T8 (10.27)] compared to cereal-based systems [T1 (1.66) and T2 (1.21)]. Diversification of the rice-wheat system through climate-resilient millets-based production system reduced 84% energy consumption and 87% carbon footprint. The millet-based production system also helps in reducing the carbon input by 172% and improves the energy use efficiency by 61% compared to the cereal-based cropping system. Therefore, the study has an innovative idea to support the crop modelling, policymakers, government planners, researchers, and producers to achieve the sustainable development goals in Indo-Gangetic Plains and similar agro-climatic conditions of South Asia. Image 1 • Carbon-cum-energy efficient production system for the diverse agro-ecosystem of South Asia. • The millet-based system reduced 84% energy use & 87% carbon-footprint than the rice-wheat system. • Energy ratio in millet-based system increase 61% output and reduction 172% carbon -input. • The millet-based had 56 & 58% more nutrient & non-renewable energy efficiency. • The millet-based emerged as a viable alternative to the rice-wheat system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]