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• An overview of relevant PET imaging targets in the tumor microenvironment. • Features and clinical validation of immunoPET tracers in NSCLC. • Challenges and upcoming opportunities for immunoPET. Immune oncology therapy (IO) has now become an important treatment option for patients with a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, a substantial proportion of patients still fails to benefit from IO. Predictive biomarkers and biomarkers that provide insights in the biological processes at the tumor microenvironment (TME) level could enhance the beneficial impact of IO, and lead to improved drug development strategies. Immune positron emission tomography (immunoPET) has the potential to provide such biomarkers, by using highly-specific, radiolabeled tracers to investigate key targets in the TME with PET imaging. This review will highlight developments in immunoPET biomarkers, and the corresponding tracers and radionuclides used in cancer, and more specifically NSCLC. We will focus on available clinical tracers as well as those under development, providing an overview of each TME target, and the available clinical validation. Recent advances that could improve immunoPET in the upcoming years will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, stage IV adrenocortical carcinoma (mACC) has a poor prognosis with a median overall survival (OS) of only 5 months. Based on the FIRM-ACT trial published in 2012, guidelines now advise first line systemic treatment with etoposide, cisplatin, doxorubicin and mitotane (EDP-M). The effect of EDP-M on patient survival in clinical practice in the Netherlands is unknown. The data of all patients with mACC (2005–2020) were obtained from the Netherlands comprehensive cancer organization (IKNL). The effect of EDP-M on patient survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis including clinical, therapy and tumor characteristics. In total 167 patients with mACC were included. For patients diagnosed from 2014 onwards, EDP-M (in 22 patients (22%)) lead to a numerically but not statistically significant improved OS compared to those not receiving EDP-M (11.8 vs 5.6 months, p = 0.525). For systemic treatments, patients treated with mitotane only had the best 5-year OS (11.4%, p = 0.006) regardless of year of diagnosis. In multivariate Cox regression analysis EPD-M was not associated with OS; palliative adrenalectomy (HR: 0.26, p = <.001) and local treatment of metastases (HR: 0.35, p = 0.001) were associated with a better OS and a primary tumor Ki-67 index > 20% (HR: 2.67, p = 0.003) with a worse OS from 2014 onwards. Patients diagnosed before 2014 had a significantly poorer OS compared to from 2014 onwards (5-yr: 4.5 vs 8.4%, OS: 6.8 vs 8.3 months, p = 0.032). OS for mACC in the Netherlands has improved in the last decade. Receiving EDP-M did not significantly improve OS for patients with mACC. The use of multimodality treatment including palliative adrenalectomy, mitotane and local treatment of (oligo-)metastases in appropriately selected patients has improved the OS for mACC patients since 2014. • Since 2014, multimodality treatment has improved OS of patients with mACC. • Adrenalectomy and local treatment of metastases improved OS in patients with mACC. • Lower stage at diagnosis was associated with better OS once metastases occurred. • OS after real-world treatment with EDP-M led was comparable with the FIRM-ACT trial. • Treatment with EDP-M did not significantly improve OS in mACC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Nanomedicines are used to improve the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapeutic interventions. Unraveling the biological behavior of nanomedicines, including their biodistribution and target site accumulation, is essential to establish design criteria that contribute to superior performance. CriPec® technology is based on amphiphilic methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)- b -poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide lactate] (mPEG- b -pHPMAmLac n) block copolymers, which are designed to upon self-assembly covalently entrap active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in core-crosslinked polymeric micelles (CCPM). Key features of CCPM are a prolonged circulation time, high concentrations at pathological sites, and low levels of accumulation in the majority of healthy tissues. Proprietary hydrolysable linkers allow for tunable and sustained release of entrapped API, including hydrophobic and hydrophilic small molecules, as well as peptides and oligonucleotides. Preclinical imaging experiments provided valuable information on their tumor and tissue accumulation and distribution, as well as on uptake by cancer, healthy and immune cells. The frontrunner formulation CPC634, which refers to 65 nm-sized CCPM entrapping the chemotherapeutic drug docetaxel, showed excellent pharmacokinetic properties, safety, tumor accumulation and antitumor efficacy in multiple animal models. In the clinic, CPC634 also demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics, good tolerability, signs of efficacy, and enhanced localization in tumor tissue as compared to conventional docetaxel. PET imaging of radiolabeled CPC634 showed quantifiable accumulation in ∼50 % of tumors and metastases in advanced-stage cancer patients, and demonstrated potential for use in a theranostic setting even when applied at a companion diagnostic dose. Altogether, the preclinical and clinical results obtained to date demonstrate that mPEG- b -pHPMAmLac n CCPM based on CriPec® technology are a potent, tunable, broadly applicable and well-tolerable platform for targeted drug delivery and improved anticancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]