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This work demonstrates the application of high-resolution, 3D imaging to characterize micro- and nano-scale features of iridium oxide (IrO 2) anode catalyst layers (CLs) in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nanoscale X-ray computed tomography (nano-CT) reveal differences in micro-scale features between spray-coated and blade-coated CLs, and in blade-coated CLs along the fabrication and testing timeline. The electrode thickness distribution of the tested blade-coated CL suggests increased thinning of regions compressed by titanium fibers of the porous transport layer (PTL). Ultra-high-resolution imaging of Xe-plasma focused ion beam with SEM (pFIB-SEM) with the development of a segmentation method is used to investigate nano-scale features between these regions of the tested blade-coated CL, showing variations in porosity and pore sizes. The findings provide insights and modeling inputs for the morphology of PEMWE anode CLs towards a better understanding of the relationship between fabrication, operation, and transport behavior. [Display omitted] • High-resolution, 3D, multi-scale imaging used to characterize PEMWE anode CLs. • SEM and nano-CT show increased thinning of tested CL regions due to PTL fibers. • 6 nm voxel size achieved with pFIB-SEM and in-house segmentation method developed. • "PTL-fiber-compressed" region in tested CL has lower porosity and smaller PSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn cultivation is relevant to the province of Tayacaja, a region with the greatest biodiversity in the Huancavelica State, although to date there are no published studies. Phenotypic characterization pursues measuring the genetic diversity of a group of genotypes, using appropriate morphological descriptors. The main objective of this work was to study the agro-morphological characteristics and productive potential of 25 starchy corn varieties, evaluated in four contrasting environments of the province of Tayacaja, Perú, during the crop cycle 2019–2020. For this purpose, 25 plant and ear characteristics were chosen, using principal components (PC) and cluster analysis. The experiments were established in an alpha-lattice design, with three replications, in experimental units of two rows, with 0.20 m between plants and 0.80 m between furrows, 4 m long. The agro-morphological characterization grouped the 25 varieties within 6 well-defined clusters, giving an overview of the existing phenotypic variability among the evaluated starchy corn varieties. The varieties G 6 , G 14 , G 20 , G T3 , and G 18 were the genotypes with the most outstanding characteristics, which facilitated their separation from the rest of the materials studied. The multivariate analysis brought together representative varieties of certain races, with typical plant and ear characteristics. The study revealed the existence of a good productive and agronomic potential for the development of genetic materials for cancha (toasted kernel grains), choclo (fresh corn), and mote corn production; as well as the presence of anthocyanin in the grain, information that, together with the agro-morphological characterization, could be very useful to enhance gains in the selection process in future genetic improvement work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Wrinkled polymer microspheres were synthesized by one-step and one-pot method. • Wrinkled surfaces are formed by varying monomer reactivity ratios. • Adding different fluorescent dyes gives the microspheres various emission colors. Different from conventional multi-step synthesis methods for wrinkled polymer microspheres (WPMs), here we propose a facile one-step and one-pot synthesis strategy for WPMs employing monomer reactivity ratio difference to form linear-crosslinked-linear gradient structure from inside to outside of the microspheres, leading to wrinkled surface by uneven shrinkage of the crosslinked and linear structures. The particle size and surface morphology for WPMs can be easily adjusted by changing monomer types and solvent ratio according to morphological characterization. Meanwhile, this method is universal for synthesizing WPMs having different monomers, supported by the fact that monomers bearing different substituent groups can be successfully used for the synthesis procedure. Finally, fluorescent microspheres with tuned emission colors are synthesized through this strategy by simply adding different fluorescent dyes in polymerization system, demonstrating the potential of such strategy in synthesizing optical-functional materials. These results provide a new perspective on the efficient preparation of WPMs and show its promising application in fabricating functional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax , Europe's first commercially farmed non-salmonid fish and the most farmed Mediterranean fish, with Egypt as a major producer, is susceptible to several diseases, one of which being copepod infestation. Lernanthropus kroyeri (Beneden 1851) is a parasitic copepod that can be found across the Mediterranean Sea. Little research on L. kroyeri has been done along the Mediterranean Sea off the Egyptian coasts. In the current investigation, gill filaments, particularly those of the second-gill arch, were found to be infested with parasites with a prevalence rate of 23%. They were morphologically identical and confirmed as members of the family Lernanthropidae, having the characteristic features of L. kroyeri. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine morphological traits. Clinical and histological evidence of the parasite's catastrophic impact on infected fish has been described. DNA sequencing of the parasite's mitochondrial COI gene proved its identity, and it was the first of L. kroyeri to be added to the GenBank database, with the accession number MZ726776. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the parasites arose from a monophyletic group that is distinct from other Lernanthropidae family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paramphistomes, commonly known as rumen flukes, are digenean parasites that infect ruminants. Accurate morphological identification of paramphistome species is challenging and often neglected. For instance, it requires sagittal midline sections of adult flukes, which are difficult to prepare. Therefore, the majority of the genetic information on paramphistomes found in the International Nucleotide Sequence Database is not supported by morphological descriptions, and the DNA barcodes of paramphistome species remain unreliable. In the present study, both morphological and molecular characterizations were simultaneously performed to ensure the reliability of the DNA information for the paramphistome species Calichophoron raja (Näsmark, 1937). The morphological characteristics of the sagittal and horizontal sections of adult flukes from a black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou) and a waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) in South Africa were identical to those previously described for Ca. raja. Additionally, this study represents a new host record of the species from Co. gnou. All sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 region of ribosomal DNA were 100% identical among the 18 flukes analyzed in the present study. A single nucleotide mutation was observed between Ca. raja in this study and Ca. raja detected in domestic ruminants in Kenya. [Display omitted] • The morphological species identification of paramphistomes is difficult. • The current DNA barcoding of parapmhistomes is not fully reliable. • Morphological and molecular characterizations should be simultaneously performed. • Calicophoron raja obtained from two wild Bovidae were accurately identified. • A new host record is provided and the species DNA barcode was deposited in GenBank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Horn of Africa has witnessed an episodic upsurge in invasion by desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskål). In Kenya, unusually larger swarms of desert locust were reported in 2019 and 2020. Entomopathogenic fungi, specifically the genus Beauveria , a cosmopolitan teleomorphic and anamorphic group of fungi, effectively control several insect pests. However, there is less information concerning their morphological and molecular characteristics and potential pathogenic characteristics on desert locust during upsurge in the more vulnerable regions of the Horn of Africa. In this study, we characterized isolates of Beauveria bassiana from two agro-ecological zones (Isiolo and Laikipia Counties) in Northern Kenya through morphological and molecular techniques and test their potential pathogenicity against adult desert locust. Samples were isolated using the Galleria bait method and cultured on solid Sabourand Dextrose Agar Yeast (SDAY). A total of 24 isolates were identified in 120 soil samples based on morphological characteristics such as colour of the colony, colony shapes, elevation, and shapes of the conidia. Seven isolates were positively identified using genetic technique based on rDNA-ITS regions. The isolates growth rates ranged from 1.6 to 2.5 mm/day with marked significant differences (P < 0.05). All isolates of B. bassiana were pathogenic to S. gregaria in cages, causing mortality ranging from 63 to 100% after 14 days post-inoculation. This study demonstrated variations in characteristics of B. bassiana isolates from a region heavily infested with desert locust, with potential high pathogenicity of the fungi on the insect pest. [Display omitted] • Climate change has induced episodic upsurge in desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria). • There is increased use of entomopathogenic fungi for control of many insect species. • Beauveria bassiana is used to control many species of insects including desert locust. • Less information is available on the characteristics in locust heavily infested areas. • Seven isolates B. Bassiana were obtained and showed virulence to adults desert locusts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To establish the influence of atmospheric and temperature factors on the stability of LA, a combined environmental stress testing device was designed to simulate reaction characteristics. Morphological characterization methods of SEM and FTIR were carried out to explore the changes of crystal structure, as the pyrolysis behavior of LA under the combined environmental stress was investigated by DSC with two isoconversional kinetic methods and thermal safety software (TSS). The research indicates that CO 2 and H 2 O react with LA to generate basic lead carbonate in the air atmosphere, together with the stimulation of thermal stress, the synergistic effect formed microvoids to erode the crystal structure of LA. The microvoid effect reduced the apparent activation energy (E a) from 156.47 to 29.52 kJ/mol as the order of degradation of thermal stability of LA was Air > N 2 > CO 2 , which demonstrated that CO 2 and N 2 atmosphere have a particular protective effect for LA storage, transportation, and application. The pyrolysis reaction mechanism model of LA under the combined environment factors testing was the same as the original LA through the calculation of TSS, thereby the findings could contribute to a better understanding of available boundary conditions for LA. [Display omitted] • The impact of atmospheric and temperature effects on LA's stability was studied. • SEM and FTIR were utilized to scrutinize the microstructural changes. • The microvoid effect on LA's crystal surface was observed under the air condition. • The pyrolysis reaction mechanism was elucidated using TSS. • N 2 and CO 2 conditions were conducive for LA production, storage, and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the nuclear industry, mixed oxide fuel pellets are manufactured by powder metallurgy process. This work aims at improving the physical and flow properties of nuclear powders in order to obtain a reproducible die filling and produce homogeneous and dense fuel pellets after sintering. The studied powder was a grinded mixture of UO 2 powder and grinded sintered pellets scraps (recycled). Two powder conditioning methods were tested and compared: a V-blender and an oscillating and rotating OscilloWitt-Lab sieve mill associated to a Turbula mixer. The first conditioning method consisted in three main steps realized in a V-blender: a deagglomeration step with an intensifier bar, a stirring step and a lubrication step. The second conditioning method also consisted in three main steps: a sieving step with an OscilloWitt-Lab, followed by a stirring step and a lubrication step in a Turbula mixer. Different intensifier bar speeds on the V-blender and different sieve mesh sizes on the OscilloWitt-Lab were studied. Particle size, morphology, mechanical properties and flow properties were characterized after each step. The V-blender only slightly improved the flowability compared to the initial powder. The intensifier bar speed had a negligible impact on the physical characteristics and the flowability of the powder. The OscilloWitt-Lab associated to the Turbula mixer allowed a marked improvement of the powder flow properties compared to the initial powder. The sieve mesh size of the OscilloWitt-Lab had a significant impact on the powder physical and flow characteristics. Indeed, using the 250 μm mesh of the OscilloWitt-Lab with stirring and lubrication resulted in the most favorable powder properties. Therefore, it seems to be the most promising conditioning method to obtain reproducible die filling as well as dense and homogeneous fuel pellets. [Display omitted] • Two powder conditioning methods were compared: a V-blender and a sieve mill. • The physical, mechanical and flow properties of UO 2 powders were characterized. • The flow properties were improved in order to obtain a reproducible die filling. • The sieve mill associated to a Turbula mixer gave the best compromise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring the 3D morphological properties of granular objects such as aggregates is a critical issue in many fields of science and industry, especially when the objects are fragile or hard to sample. For these reasons, non-invasive techniques based on image analysis are being developed. However, most image analysis techniques can only measure 2D properties. This paper presents a new approach based on both image analysis and a 3D stochastic geometric model called VOX-STORM (VOXel-based STOchastic geometRical Model) to estimate 3D morphological properties. By adjusting the parameters of the model, the latter is able to generate populations of objects whose 2D property distributions match those measured by image analysis, and to predict 3D morphological property distributions. The model is based on a dual architecture combining voxelized structure and alpha-shape meshing of the external surface, which makes object generation extremely fast (about 1000 objects in 20 s), while allowing rapid computation of 3D characteristics. The method is validated twice, first on 3D printed aggregates and then on a population of 40,000 synthetic aggregates, with mean errors of less than 2.5% in all cases and less than 1% for 2D properties. It is then applied to two sets of images of latex aggregates captured by a morphogranulometer. The morphological property distributions and fractal dimensions are compared to ground truth in the 2D case and to laser diffraction measurements in the 3D case. The results are also compared with two other recent stochastic geometric models, and the VOX-STORM model outperforms them in all scenarios, as well as in speed of execution, while agreeing with experimental measurements. Finally, directions for future work are suggested. [Display omitted] • VOX-STORM combines voxel structure and alpha-shape meshing. • Generates 1000 objects in <20 s with full morphological control. • Validated with 3D prints and 40,000 synthetic objects. • Estimates 3D properties from 2D image measurements. • Predictions validated with latex aggregate measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] A morphological classification method was developed and applied to model contaminants of polyethylene microplastics (MPs) obtained in the laboratory by simple procedures. Primary MPs were produced by pump-assisted aqueous isolation from a commercial cosmetic cream, and secondary MPs were obtained by mechanical abrasion from a domestic plastic can. The MPs were investigated by optical microscopy and their images were analyzed according to forms and types of edge by means of a self-written Python-based script. Four simple geometrical forms were employed to classify the MPs, i.e., fiber, ellipse, triangle, and quadrilateral shapes, while their edges were defined as plain, wavy, lobed, and filiform, quantifying each type of edge on every MP. In addition, the numerical results provided by the computational analysis were employed to develop two complimentary indexes, R and I , associated to the degree of surface roughness and smoothness, ranging from 0 to 1 for the quantitative morphological characterization of the regularity and irregularity, respectively, of the particles. Thus, an inexpensive and simple but rigorous detailed physical characterization for MPs is provided, which can be particularly helpful for monitoring the changes that these particles may undergo in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• TUA and ADP could inhibit PCDD/Fs by 97.2% and 98.2%, • Strengthening C oxidation and inhibiting organic chlorine formation were observed. • Catalytic metal could be deactivated into CuS and Cu 2 S by S and into Cu 2 P 2 O 7 by P. • Converting Cl 2 to HCl was the main inhibition mechanisms of N- based inhibitors. Inhibition mechanisms of sulfur-, nitrogen- and phosphorus- based inhibitors on the de novo synthesis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) were studied by exploring speciation evolution of carbon, chorine and copper in fly ash under laboratory-scale experiments. Significant inhibition of PCDD/Fs by thiourea (TUA) and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) was observed as 97.2% and 98.2%, respectively, except for potassium dihydrogen phosphate (PDP). ADP and PDP exhibited better inhibition on PCDFs than on PCDDs, whereas TUA exhibited the opposite effect. After adding inhibitors, the proportion of C-O/C=O/O-C=O bonds at the surface of fly ash increased, and stronger oxidation of carbon occurred, together with the conversion from Cu2+ to Cu+ and the inhibition of organic chlorine formation. Kinetic model results indicated that TUA might either suppress the carbon gasification or promote the decomposition of PCDD/Fs, resulting in a remarkable inhibition of PCDD/Fs formation. Simulated chemical reaction equilibrium further comfirmed that catalytic metal could be deactivated into CuS and Cu 2 S by sulfur, and into Cu 2 P 2 O 7 by phosphorus. Moreover, NH 3 , decomposed from TUA and ADP, was able to convert Cl 2 into HCl, albeit with a weaker chlorination ability. This study of inhibition mechanisms is useful for the exploration and utilization of efficient inhibitors in full-scale incinerators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Comprehensive diversity assessment of 19 tropical rose varieties using quantitative and qualitative traits. • Molecular characterization using ISSR and SCoT markers revealed substantial polymorphism among varieties. • The outcomes provide significant insights for identification and selection of parental lines for hybridization. Characterization of rose varieties becomes essential for understanding, utilizing, and preserving the diversity among them, for their genetic improvement, cultivation, and conservation. With this purpose, 19 tropical rose varieties were evaluated via quantitative morphological and molecular markers. A significant degree of variation was observed across nearly all descriptors, suggesting a notable level of genetic diversity among the released rose varieties. Traits like flower diameter, flower yield/plot, and shelf life, considered to be of vital importance given the aesthetic value of rose, exhibited remarkable differences that would further aid in the selection of desirable varieties. The maximum flower diameter, flower yield/plot, and shelf life were recorded in Yellow Page, Lambada, and Delhi Princess, respectively. The varieties were evaluated by correlation matrix, hierarchical agglomerative clustering method-based dendrogram, network plot on phenotypic correlation, colour intensity graph including Red-Green-Blue (RGB) scattered plot. In the correlation matrix, it was found that more number of primary shoot contributes to higher flower yield, while increase in leaf area degraded the shelf life of the flower. Realizing the importance of molecular characterization, 10 selected polymorphic inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism primers were tested that amplified total 187 polymorphic loci with 94.4 % polymorphism. Cent percent polymorphism were found with SCoT-2, SCoT-18, SCoT-19, HB-12 and ISSCR3 primers. A principal component analysis based on molecular diversity highlighted that First Red, Local Selection 2, and Himroz exhibited distinct characteristics compared to the other varieties. The 19 varieties were grouped into 8 clusters viaunweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean-based dendrogram at 0.4 similarity co-efficient. The analysis revealed a significant genetic distance between Himroz, First Red, and Grand Gala, suggesting their potential to be utilized in hybridization programs for crop improvement. The distinguishable genetic background and high degree of variation revealed by molecular markers, specifically ISSR and SCoT, offer valuable insights that can contribute to the strategic improvement of roses. These findings provide a foundation for expediting rose breeding programs and comprehensive crop improvement strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geometrical modeling of granular objects is a complex challenge that exists in many scientific fields, such as the modeling of granular materials or rocks and coarse aggregates with applications in civil, mechanical, and chemical engineering. In this paper, a model called SPHERE (Stochastic Process for Highly Effective Radial Expansion) is proposed, which is based on the deformation of an ellipsoid mesh using multiple 3D Gaussian random fields. The model is designed to be flexible (full control over 2D and 3D morphological properties of granular objects), ultra-fast (over 1000 aggregates in less than 5 s), and independent of the mesh and base shape used (as long as it is a star-shaped object). The flexibility of the model and its ability to reflect real data is illustrated using images of latex nanoparticle aggregates. Using 2D measurements on images from a morphogranulometer, a method based on the SPHERE model is proposed to estimate the 3D morphological properties of aggregates. A multiscale optimization process is applied, in particular using a partial reconstruction of 2D shapes from elliptic Fourier descriptors, in order to best reproduce the shape, angularity and texture of the aggregates using the SPHERE model. Validation of the method on 3D printed data shows relative errors of less than 3% for all measured 2D and 3D morphological characteristics, and validation on a population of synthetic objects shows relative errors of less than 6%. The results are compared and discussed with those obtained using other models based on overlapping spheres and show consistency with previous work. Finally, suggestions for improvement are given. [Display omitted] • Proposed SPHERE model uses 3D random fields to deform a mesh. • Model generates >1000 aggregates in <5 s with full morphological flexibility. • 3D printed object and numerical validation using multiscale optimization. • SPHERE can estimate 3D morphological properties from 2D image measurements. • SPHERE's adaptability showcases potential for diverse scientific applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flowability of microcrystalline cellulose is related to its particle morphology and structure, but this relation is difficult to characterize quantitatively, due to irregularity in particle shape. This study uses fractal dimension combined with shape factors (circularity, elongation, compactness, solidity) for characterization of six microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) powder samples of different particle morphology. Fractal dimension was shown to be the main factor affecting the powder flowability. The K-means clustering method and box plot were used to analyze the morphological differences of three types of MCC particles with large flowability differences as well as small flowability differences with large size differences. Among the four shape factors, circularity was shown to exert the greatest influence on powder flowability. Validating these results, a thorough statistical multivariate regression analysis was conducted. This treatment eliminated the other shape factors, to yield a two-parameter equation characterizing the quantitative relationship between the MCC powder flowability and morphology. Unlabelled Image • Microscopic geometry/morphology of MCC powder particles affects its flowability. • K-means clustering quantifies the effect of particle morphology on flowability. • Circularity has the most significant effect on flowability among all shape factors. • Correlations of angle of repose, fractal dimension and circularity were analyzed. • Small fractal dimension and/or larger circularity increase flowability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry is a multipurpose tree, which can be utilized for catering diversified needs such as food, fodder, fuel and fibre. It has earned 'superfood' status, in European countries, owing to presence of bioactive compounds in fruits. In India, mulberry is considered an underutilized fruit crop and the breeding efforts on mulberries made so far were restricted to development of genotypes suitable for sericulture. However promising selections of mulberry, intended for commercial fruit production, have recently been made. Therefore, an investigation about the phytochemical constituents of available promising mulberry genotypes could help develop an improved understanding and appreciation of the nutraceutical and medicinal value of this fruit, which consequently will promote its consumption in society. In the present investigation, we assessed variations in morphological characteristics, phytochemical and antioxidant capacity among 10 selected mulberry genotypes belonging to 3 mulberry species (Morus alba , M. rubra and M. laevigata). The antioxidant capacity was estimated by CUPRAC, FRAP and DPPH assays. The ascorbic acid content varied from 6.8 to 27.1 mg 100 g−1, total polyphenols from 0.51 to 1.58 mg g−1, total flavonoids from 0.37 to 1.26 mg g−1 and O -dihydric phenol from 0.14 to 0.33 mg g−1 fresh weight. The average antioxidant activities were 3.02–6.92 and 2.79–5.70 µM TE g−1 as determined by the CUPRAC and FRAP assays, respectively. Likewise, according to the results obtained, genotype Delhi Local was found to exhibit the strongest DPPH free-radical scavenging activity followed by Thar Lohit. The results of the study showed that the dark red-fruited mulberry 'Delhi Local' with higher antioxidant potential appears to be promising for further commercial exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterization and evaluation of the available gene pool is essential for Opuntia ficus-indica taxonomy and improvement. Taxonomically, continued efforts are still needed to elucidate the complexity of this species. The partial or total absence of spines was the most important feature for distinguishing species in the genus Opuntia. Spinelessness is desired outcome for breeding strategies of livestock forage. Thus, a major challenge is to understand the variation in the spininess trait within naturalized accessions of this species. In the present work, morphological characterization of 20 naturalized accessions from a range of Algerian steppe sites was conducted. Thirty qualitative and quantitative features of cladodes, areoles and spines were studied. These features were then subjected to One Way ANOVA, Hierarchical Ascending Classification (HAC) and a correlation study. It was found that both forms (spiny and spineless) showed slight differences in qualitative features of cladodes, areoles and spines. Quantitative studies revealed the existence of four groups (one spineless and three spiny groups). The first spiny group has more than two spines per areole, the second with two spines and the third spiny group with at most one spine per areole. Variation within spiny accessions showed the existence of an intermediate group composed of the second and the third spiny group; suggesting that some accessions of these groups were spineless and became spiny under stress conditions. Correlations showed that some cladode and spine features were significantly influenced by minimum temperature and annual rainfall. More detailed physiological, genetic and molecular studies are recommended to understand spininess variation, occurrence and disappearance. • Morphological study of O. ficus-indica accessions in the Algerian steppe describes 1 spineless and 3 spiny groups • The first and the second spiny groups have at least 2 spines per areole; however, the third group has at most 1 spine • The second and the third spiny groups can be considered as an intermediate group between spiny and spineless forms • Some cladodes and spines features appeared to be influenced by minimal temperatures and annual rainfall [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oat (Avena sativa) is a quality feed crop for livestock with an expanding growth area of cultivation in China. Leaves of oat plants with necrotic spots were widely observed in the summer of 2019 in Tongwei county, China, with a rate of diseased leaves of 94.32% and a disease index of 69.96. Pathogenicity was tested by inoculating of oat plants with a conidia suspension of the isolate YMZZ2. Colony characteristics and conidial morphology of the isolates were determined on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and molecular identification of the isolate was conducted using phylogenetic analysis of the ITS, ACT, and HIS3 genes. The results showed that the morphological characteristics of the conidia were consistent with those described for species in the genus Cladosporium. Leaf spot symptoms appeared on all inoculated leaves within 5 days post-inoculation. At 10 days post-inoculation, all symptomatic leaves developed necrotic spots, each consisting of a brown or light brown border with a yellow halo. All control plants were asymptomatic. The morphological characteristics of the colony reisolated from the pathogenicity test lesions were morphologically similar to those of the isolate from the naturally infected leaves. Phylogenetic analysis of the gene sequences grouped them into a clade belonging to Cladosporium herbarum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. herbarum causing lesions on oat in China. • Necrotic spots with a diseased leaf rate of 94.32% were widely observed in Tongwei county, China. • The fungus was diagnosed as Cladosporium herbarum by morphological and phylogenetic analyses, and fulfilled Koch's postulate. • This is the first report of leaf spot caused by Cladosporium herbarum in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The enzymatic route is a promising strategy to synthesize biodiesel essentially because of its moderate reaction conditions and easy product separation. Additionally, coupling the biodegradation of agro-industrial raw materials and waste products with the enzyme production has also had a significant impact on the development of industrial biotechnology. This is mainly due to the low-cost and the prevention of pollution they represent. In this work, different kinds of residues and wastes were used for tuning biomass-bound lipolytic biocatalysts from Aspergillus niger MYA 135 by submerged fermentation using the Plackett-Burman design. As a result, by a specific combination of medium components, two distinctive biocatalysts were obtained. Thus, the production of a mycelium-bound esterase was maximized in the presence of (in g l−1): CaCl 2 0.5, FeCl 3 1.0, corn meal 2.0, cerelose 10.0, peptone 10.0, and waste cooking oil 10.0. While, the production of a mycelium-bound lipase was selectively increased in the presence of (in g l−1): molasses 5.0, vinasse 5.0, CaCl 2 0.5, FeCl 3 1.0, milk serum 10.0, cerelose 5.0, peptone 5.0 and waste cooking oil 10.0. Besides, the biomass-bound lipase activity produced in the optimized culture medium was also prepared either free or immobilized in alginate beads, and then individually placed in small-scaled packed-bed reactors to produce biodiesel compounds in a solvent-free system using soybean oil and butanol as substrates. After a three-stepwise addition of butanol, a biodiesel conversion of 57.32 and 95.89% was reached in the presence of free and immobilized biomass, respectively. Biocatalysts morphologies were also analyzed. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Submerged fermentation is itself a powerful tool for tuning biocatalyst properties. • Coupling substrates biodegradation with lypolytic enzymes production was analyzed. • A specific combination of medium components yielded two different biocatalysts. • Both biocatalysts displayed a coexistence of free mycelium and hairy pellets. • Enzymatic packed-bed reactors were successfully developed for biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ricebean ( Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi), believed to be domesticated in Myanmar–Thailand region, is grown in the North-Eastern hills of India as a pulse, vegetable, and fodder crop. Depending on the farming system where it is grown, plant types vary. Sixty-five accessions collected from across the North-Eastern hills of India were characterized for ten quantitative and ten qualitative morpho-agronomic traits using a minimal descriptor. Different data transformation and dissimilarity calculation methods were used to assess diversity. Mean dissimilarity using the average taxonomic distance was 14.05 (0.141) and using Gower’s general coefficient was 0.249. Both methods identified four clusters where one of the clusters contained more than 70% of the accessions. One of the accessions, BKSB-40, was identified as a unique accession. Quantitative traits were further grouped into qualitative factors, which gave an idea of farmer's preference for plant type and indicated wide difference between accessions collected from areas bordering Myanmar and East Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Secondary carbides precipitated in high chromium cast irons during thermal treatments were characterized by means of different characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, electron backscattered diffraction and a combination of chemical etching with confocal scanning laser microscopy. This set of techniques provides a full morphological, chemical and crystallographic description of the analysed phases. This work evaluated different methods for optimizing the image acquisition for a further image analysis (IA) based on the threshold binarization. Finally, the carbide size, distribution and morphology were determined after IA of the images acquired by aforementioned characterization techniques. Although the different techniques report some dispersion in the value for the average particle size, the particle inter-spacing and aspect ratio meet within the error value. The proposed characterization methodology provides statistically reliable data for a further evaluation of related physical properties in composites. Highlights • Systematic characterization of second phase particles by combining a variety of techniques • Comparison of morphological parameters obtained from SEM, BSE, etching+CLSM and EBSD • Quantitative analysis and degree of distribution of secondary carbides • Particle size, distribution and morphology from image analysis of CLSM, SEM and EBS images [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focused on the morphological characterization of plantain cultivars collected in the period 2005–2014 in 280 villages across 9 provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo. These cultivars were established in two field collections at the University of Kisangani.Existing descriptors were adapted to better differentiate their variation to address better the taxonomic handicap and the synonymy handicap to improve future research on plantains.Most of the collected cultivars were French plantains (64 out of 98), followed by False Horn (23) and Horn (10) plantains. The bunch type was the main striking difference which allows the quick separation of plantain cultivars into three main types. Other striking differences within plantain were the size of the pseudostem (giant, medium-sized and small-sized) and the bunch orientation (which was generally pendulous or sub-horizontal, and rarely horizontal and erect). These three descriptors were considered as main descriptors. Other descriptors (pseudostem colour, immature fruit peel colour, fruit shape, fruit apex, fruit position, number of hands, fruit size, number of fingers per hand and flower relicts at the fruit apex) allowed the differentiation of one cultivar from another within the same main group of bunch type, pseudostem size or bunch orientation. These descriptors are considered as secondary descriptors. Rare descriptors allowed to differentiate one cultivar from all the others in the subgroup. This approach makes the cultivar description logical and faster because it moves from general to particular characteristics, and it offers a platform for reflections on the Pan-African scale of plantain diversity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphological characterization of aggregates or agglomerates using image analysis is an increasingly active area of research, whether in the chemical, environmental or civil engineering industries, in the food industry or in the medical and pharmaceutical fields. The final properties of agglomerates are often related to their size and shape distribution, and the morphology of aggregates can in turn influence the efficiency of industrial processes or their impact on health and the environment. Since the morphology of aggregates has such a considerable influence, tools are needed to measure, characterize and quantify it, in particular by image analysis. Therefore, this article proposes to apply the method of Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to answer a series of questions, such as which are the most popular imaging devices, the size and type of aggregates studied, the most active research fields, the most popular image analysis techniques, the most represented authors and journals and, above all, the main morphological characteristics measured, with their definition given in the supplementary material. For this purpose, the SLR method is described in detail, as well as the research questions and the protocol followed. A total of 145 articles were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the data collected are presented. All morphological characteristics measured and reported are presented, described, and defined for a total of more than 45 different morphological characteristics and more than 110 definitions. Techniques for image analysis, aggregate characterization, and the full range of imaging devices used are listed. Finally, other reviews on the study of aggregates or agglomerates are mentioned, and the main points of this article are summarized in a conclusion with some guidelines for future authors. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water flooding of cathodic gas diffusion layers (GDLs) in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells at high current densities or low temperatures limits efficient operation due to disturbed transport of reactants to the catalytic sites or products away into the channels. We utilize tomography-based direct pore-level simulations to provide quantitative insights into the transport characteristics of partially saturated GDLs with and without hydrophobic surface treatment to eventually guide the design of better GDLs. High-resolution (voxel size of 1.3 μm) computed tomography images of two different types commercial Toray TGP-H-120 GDLs, one of them untreated and the other treated by hydrophobic coatings, at different water saturation levels were taken. These images were then digitally processed to precisely segment the gas, water, and fiber phases. The digitalized phase information was used in direct pore-level numerical flow simulations to determine effective relative diffusivity of the gas phase, relative permeability of the gas and liquid water phases, and tortuosity in the gas phase. Mathematical morphology operations were used to calculate size distributions of the liquid water phase and the gas phase at different saturation levels for a better understanding of the pore occupation by water at different capillary pressure. Percolation simulations were used to provide information on the connectivity of the gas and liquid phases. The results were validated with reported experimental data and semi-empirical correlations. Power law expressions provide a good level of accuracy for curve fitting. The hydrophobic coating does not affect the relative permeability and effective realtive diffusivity of air; however, it improves the water permeability significantly. The quantitative results presented provide insights and guidance for designing GDLs with better transport behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combinatorial magnetron co-sputtering from elemental sources was applied to produce W-alloy thin film composition spread materials libraries with well-defined, continuous composition gradients (film thicknesses between 1 and 2.5 μm). Three systems were studied: W-Fe (0–7 at.%), W-Ti (0–15 at.%) and W-Ir (0–12 at.%). High-throughput characterization of the materials libraries comprised of chemical, morphological and microstructural analyses. Scanning electron microscope investigations revealed that the films have a columnar structure of inverted cone-like units separated by voided boundaries, with a strong correlation to the alloying element content. Significant morphological changes occurred with an increase in the amount of the added element; W films with lower at.% of the alloying element had higher density and tighter grain boundaries, altering towards an increased amount of voids as the concentration of the alloying element increased. Electron backscatter diffraction scanning was used to determine microstructural components (grain size, grain shape, texture evolution), in dependence on the concentration of the alloying element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibrous-woods have very complex morphology and high heterogeneity, hence their properties are not well-known and need to be investigated, especially concerning microstructural changes due to hygro-thermal loads. The present, experimental and numerical work studies the microstructural hygro-thermal behavior of such material. The experimental procedure was performed on the microstructure level using the non-destructive method; X-ray tomography through a specifically developed processing protocol. The reconstructed volumes have a fine resolution of 7 µm/voxel. The volumetric analysis illustrated a representative elementary volume of 57 mm 3 . The geometrical microstructure properties (porosity, fiber diameter and pore, fiber orientation, etc.) were extracted from the 3D image analysis. Moreover, a successive X-ray scans of the same fibrous specimen solicited at different relative humidity levels were achieved. The evolution of both the average and the local fibers’ diameters distribution properties as a function of the water content were examined. The material’s porosity and its fibers’ thicknesses show an explicit correlation with the water content. Also, heat transfer simulation of the 3D real insulation structure was evaluated using the energy balance equation. The effective thermal conductivity is computed as a function of the relative humidity. Interlink between the porosity and the thermal conductivity was established too. The results provide enhance our understand of the wood fiber insulation’s behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landraces represent a crucial reservoir of gene pool for crop improvement and a valuable germplasm for sustainable agriculture towards climate change. To establish conservation strategies for barley germplasm, 31 North African landraces were characterized by associating morphogenetic data with molecular markers. Partial relationships were found between divergence pattern and geographic origin at morphological level, while molecular dendrogram clearly separated barley landraces into two major groups based on geographic distribution. Grain yield, glum awn and lemma awn barb appear to be the most discriminative agro-morphological traits required for exploitation of these valuable resources. A total of 114 amplification products were scored by RAPD primers exhibiting an overall 84.85% polymorphism. Molecular variance demonstrated that genetic variation was partitioned within (60.31%) rather than between (39.69%) the populations. Data showed considerable gene flow (Nm = 1.439) and moderate genetic differentiation (G ST = 0.257) with highest diversity observed in Tunisian and Egyptian populations. No significant correlation was found between the distance matrices based on molecular and morphological data indicating no influence of genetic background on the observed morphological variation. These results reinforce the integration of both morphogenetic and RAPD markers as a starting point for in situ conservation of these accessions allowing adaptation to local environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase change material (PCM), stores and releases heat at a particular required temperature as it undergoes phase change at that temperature. Because of their large latent heat and constant temperature during the phase change process, the PCMs are extensively used in latent thermal energy storage system (LTES) and thermal management system (TM). Due to its virtue of competitive performance, PCM has been used extensively in heat recovery, solar energy, aerospace industry, buildings, textile industry etc. However, the PCM has limitations like low thermal conductivity and low heat transfer rate, which decrease the performance of LTES and TM systems. In this work, ways of improving thermal conductivity and heat transfer rate of the composite PCMs (CPCMs) are summarized from perspective of three kinds of CPCMs' morphologies (fiber, porosity and sphere). This review paper presents morphological characterization of the CPCMs, and several fabrication methods of the CPCMs with enhanced thermal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Angularity index and three-dimensional sphericity could characterize the wearing morphology of coarse aggregate. • The CAM model could well fit the dynamic modulus master curve. • G e * and R G had an excellent linear relationship with coarse aggregate morphology. • F N and ε p /F N had an excellent linear relationship with coarse aggregate morphology. To evaluate the impact of coarse aggregate morphology on the mechanical performance of the asphalt mixture, the coarse aggregates with diverse wearing times were prepared and the corresponding asphalt mixture samples were compacted. The morphology characteristics of coarse aggregate under diverse wearing times were evaluated by an image measurement system. The dynamic modulus test and repeated loading creep tests were carried out to evaluate the viscoelastic properties and permanent deformation resistance of the asphalt mixture. The results indicated that the angularity index and three-dimensional sphericity could well characterize the wearing morphology. With the increase of wearing time, the angularity index of coarse aggregate gradually decreased, and the three-dimensional sphericity gradually increased. The balanced complex modulus G e * and rheological parameter R G could effectively characterize the viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixture. As the angularity index increased, G e * increased linearly, and R G decreased linearly. However, the G e * and R G showed the opposite trend with the increase of three-dimensional sphericity. The flow number F N and the combination parameter ε p /F N were the indexes to evaluate resistance to permanent deformation of the asphalt mixture. As the angularity index increased, the value of ε p /F N decreased linearly, and F N increased linearly. With the increase of three-dimensional sphericity, ε p /F N increases linearly and F N decreases linearly. The research results can provide a reference for the selection of coarse aggregate considering the morphological characteristics, and then improve the performance of asphalt mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Morphological, agronomic, molecular and chemical data of 20 accessions were collected. • Citric and ascorbic acids, C18:2n6, C16:0, α-tocopherol, fructose were major compounds. • The size and shape of the fruits were associated with distinct compositional features. • Nineteen alleles were detected at the 7 SSR loci, capturing 77.5% of the total alleles. • The greater the heterozygosity, the greater the compositional variance among accessions. Tomato germplasm is source of variability used by plant breeders to develop improved cultivars and part of the natural heritage to be preserved. In this study, the diversity among twenty Portuguese tomato accessions was evaluated, considering morphological and agronomic descriptors, molecular data, and compositional aspects. The tomato accessions captured 77.5% of the total 19 alleles detected. Important information on the selection of SSR loci in diversity analysis for the tomato genotypes was provided. The studied genotypes were rich in carbohydrates and source of ascorbic acid. Citric acid and palmitic, linoleic, oleic, stearic, and α-linolenic acids were the major organic and fatty acids, respectively. The four tocopherol isoforms were detected and α-tocopherol was the most abundant. When correlating molecular and compositional data, it seemed that the greater the heterozygosity, the greater the compositional variance. However, despite the genetic distance that characterized these accessions, some were chemically similar. Overall, the genetic differentiation among genotypes provided useful information for parental selection in breeding and other genetic studies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to investigate the corrosion resistance of AZ31 magnesium alloy protected by hybrid films based on tetraethylorthosilane (TEOS) and (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) with the addition of different amounts of SiO 2 nanoparticles. The electrochemical techniques used to evaluate the corrosion resistance in 0.1 mol l l− 1 NaCl electrolyte were open circuit potential (EOC) measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which diagrams were fitted using equivalent electrical circuits (EEC). Surface and cross-section analyses of the bare and coated samples were performed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) before and after electrochemical studies. The results showed that the coatings protected the Mg alloy against corrosion, and that the addition of the nanoparticles improves the corrosion resistance. The morphological characterization showed, for the coated systems, the presence of corrosion products adhered to the metal surface, a process that seems to be hindered in the presence of the SiO 2 nanoparticles. The results demonstrate that an optimum amount of nanoparticles must be added to the coating in order to optimize the anticorrosion protection and that only early stages protection can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most valuable vegetables in the world. Over the last decades, highly performing cultivars have progressively replaced the diversified and heterogeneous landraces worldwide, causing wide genetic erosion in this crop. The recovery of these ancient landraces, which might preserve alleles of agricultural interest and local adaptations, results of pivotal importance for the development of new varieties and the maintenance of a sustainable agriculture. In the present work, a collection of twenty-six landrace-derived inbred lines and three landraces from North-West Spain were evaluated for their agronomic performance and genetic diversity based on a set of twenty-seven morphological descriptors and twenty microsatellite markers. The collection featured phenotypic variability for all the studied traits, which were influenced by the location, except for the yield. The principal component analysis divided the landraces in well-defined groups, with only Arnoia, Punxin and Blanco Rosal showing some degree of overlapping. The greater part of the variance was accounted for traits such as fruit weight, pericarp thickness and fruit shape and color. The molecular analyses suggested a high level of genetic diversity within the collection and the presence of specific alleles, which were not previously detected in other Spanish pepper landraces. Multivariate and Bayesian clustering showed that landraces were primarily grouped according to their geographical origin and secondarily in agreement with the characteristics of their fruits. Six groups of landraces, with a great genetic differentiation, were clearly identified. Only the landraces Mougan and Arnoia possessed an allele associated to the pungency character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemna minuta Kunth and Lemna minor L. are two small aquatic floating plants easily mistakable for similar morphology. The need to distinguish with certainty these two species is a relevant issue, not only from a floristic viewpoint, but also for establishing management plans in wetlands where L. minuta is an invasive alien species as in Europe. The vein number and frond length are considered by most authors as the main morphological characters discriminating the two species. However, in this study the use of these two characters has not been effective for the determination of 43 specimens out of 248 living specimens of Lemna collected from 15 different wetlands of the Central Italy. Statistical analyses of the dataset made it possible to better define the variability of the morphological characters of these two species and to identify additional diagnostic characters to use for improving the morphological discrimination between them. Among these characters, width, apex and shape of the frond, were the most helpful. Decision Trees were elaborated for differentiating L. minor from L. minuta with greater efficiency both in the laboratory and in the field. The increase in percentage of correct determination of Lemna specimens through measurement and parallel utilization of the emerged morphological characters will facilitate the botanists’ activities, but also will have practical implications, such as the ability to contribute better to the decision-making system in drawing up plans for plant biodiversity protection and/or eradication of the alien species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of the deposited rubidium bis(2-methyllactato) borate monohydrate (RMB) nanocomposite films deposited on glass doped with iodine (I 2) are studied. The RMB nanocomposite films exhibit a monoclinic structure, while the doped films with iodine exhibit amorphous microstructural nature. The extinction coefficient, band structure, refractive index, and optoelectronic parameters are calculated and interpreted. Wemple–DiDomenico (WDD) and Sellmeier models are utilized to deduce the dispersion energy (E d) , effective single oscillator energy (E 0) , oscillation strength (f) , average oscillator wavelength (λ 0). and the oscillator length strength (S 0). The bandgap of pure RMB film is 3.96 eV and decreases gradually to 3.65 eV as the iodine content increases to 10 wt%. also, the sheet resistance decreases from 2.2 × 10 9 Ω / sq to 4.4 × 10 8 Ω / sq as RMB doped with 10 wt% iodine. Polyiodide ions enhance the free carrier's diffusivity, quantity, and mobility in the host matrix of the RMB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials based on aluminium oxide can be obtained in different crystalline structures, making them suitable for several industrial applications. Chemical stability and high wear resistance are interesting peculiarities when materials undergo severe mechanical and thermal solicitations, like in breaking events, where aluminium oxides are indeed widely employed like abrasives. Controlled particles size and morphology can affect materials intrinsic properties, then representing a chance when fine adjustments in terms of specific features are required. With this in mind, we obtained boehmite and alumina sub-microparticles with different structural and morphological features by changing the synthesis parameters. The tribological properties where then investigated, using steel as counterface in pin on disc configuration. Both families can be classified as abrasive materials, but friction behaviour appears significantly different. Bohemite samples display high and stable friction coefficient, arising from a stable tribolayer formation, apart when gibbsite presence is observed, since iron hydroxide formed on the steel counterface dramatically reduces the friction stability. The behaviour of alumina family appears strongly driven by structural features, although particles shape change during the sliding tests also affects the COF value and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, although there are several studies based on peach phenotypic diversity and adaptability, there is no current research regarding associations among characters using multivariate statistical methods which provide more trustable conclusions than bivariate analysis. For this reason, we evaluated not only the adaptability of the accessions but also the relationships among qualitative and quantitative traits applying Multiple Correspondence Analysis and Factor Analysis, respectively. The study was carried out on seventy-seven nectarine and one hundred and thirty-two peach accessions grown in Argentina that were characterized with 35 fruit quality, agronomic and phenological traits during 3 seasons. Multiple Correspondence Analysis revealed that freestone trait would be associated with strong anthocyanin coloration of the flesh around the brown dark stone while semi-freestone trait would be related to weak or no anthocyanin coloration of the flesh around the light brown stone. Then, Factor Analysis enabled us to identify positive relationships between blooming and sprouting date; harvesting period and yield and among fruit development period, harvesting date, fruit weight and soluble solid content. In addition, ‘phenology traits’, ‘productivity’ and ‘fruit quality and reaping time’ would be unrelated to each other. Furthermore, the agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the accessions in accordance to their similarities and allowed the identification of the most adapted cultivars. We have demonstrated that this approach is a powerful tool that should be considered for further studies on peach germplasm and it has also the possibility to be applied for other fruit species. Finally, the results of this study provide valuable information for germplasm characterization and for breeding practices aiming to develop accessions adapted to the climatic conditions of the northern of Buenos Aires province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry is a widely cultivated and economically important fruit crop in China. During a collection survey in the summer of 2021, leaf spot symptoms were observed from a strawberry field in Guangdong province, China. Three Fungal isolates obtained from collected samples were characterized by morpho molecular phylogenetic analysis and pathogenicity tests on potted strawberry plant leaves. The pathogen was identified as Pseudopithomyces maydicus and constitutes the first report of this fungi causing leaf spots on strawberry. • Pseudopithomyces maydicus was identified as the causal organism of necrotic leaf spots in Strawberry. • This is the first pathogenic report of Pseudopithomyces maydicus causing leaf spots on Strawberry worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crocus is a taxonomically complex genus, characterized by high intra- and inter-specific variability. Five wild Crocus taxa - Crocus biflorus , C. longiflorus , C. neapolitanus , C. siculus and C. thomasii from three different areas of Southern Italy (Calabria, Basilicata and Sicily) have been investigated. We considered both flower morphological traits (inner and outer perigone segments, style branches and anthers) and the chemical profile of specialised metabolites (apocarotenoids: crocins; flavonoids: flavonols) in style branches, which were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with a diode array detector and mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV-DAD-ESI-MS). Saffron (C. sativus) was also included as the 'control' species. The length of perigone tube, outer and inner tepals, anthers and style branches gave the highest contribution to the discrimination of different taxa. Concerning the specialised metabolite profiles, 20 flavonols and 24 crocins have been identified and quantified in the Crocus extracts and used to discriminate among samples, confirming that Crocus taxa can be considered as an important natural source of these substances. The chemical profiles of the different populations showed some distinctive qualitative and quantitative patterns that contributed to a certain degree of discrimination among species, in fact, flavonoids content range is comprised between 2.7 and 145.9 mg/g, whereas crocins range between 19.8 and 604.0 mg/g. It is thus hypothesized that the combination of morphological and phytochemical screenings may be an effective methodology to characterize wild Crocus genotypes from Southern Italy, also in comparison to C. sativus (saffron). Sixteen samples of wild Crocus belonging to five species collected in southern Italy have been studied. Morphological traits and content of carotenoids and flavonoids have been evaluated and compared. [Display omitted] • Morphological and phytochemical traits effectively characterized wild Crocus genotypes. • Lengths of perigone tube, tepals, anthers and style branches discriminated Crocus taxa. • Twenty flavonols and twenty-four crocins have been quantified in the Crocus extracts. • Wild Crocus taxa may be an alternative rich source of crocins and flavonols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Comparative analyses using morphological characters and AFLP molecular markers. [•] Morphological characters and AFLP molecular markers are complementary. [•] Genetic structure is highly correlated to the geographic origins of the accessions. [•] Tunisian apricot germplasm presents two distinct gene pools. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The transformation of γ-valerolactone (GVL) into levulinic acid (LA) requires the use of bifunctional catalysts allowing the hydrogenation and lactonization steps to occur. The aim of this study is to clarify the role played by both redox (Ru) and acid (Nb) sites of the ruthenium-niobium-silicon mixed oxides catalysts, synthesized by sol-gel route, when this reaction is performed in mild conditions. The catalytic performances of the materials are related to an in-depth morphologic and structural characterization, demonstrating that the interaction between the two metals and their relative amount and dispersion are crucial in determining their activity. The results confirm the hydrogenation-dehydration consecutive reaction network and evidence the possibility to selectively produce either GVL or the intermediate γ-hydroxypentanoic acid by an accurate choice of the catalyst composition. [Display omitted] • Ru-Nb-Si bifunctional catalysts are prepared by one pot sol-gel synthesis. • The surface properties of Ru-Nb-Si catalysts can be controlled by the Nb/Ru ratio. • Lewis and Brønsted sites abundance and strength are associated with surface Nb. • 100% Selectivity to γ-hydroxypentanoic acid is obtained with Nb-free catalyst. • The Ru availability and the acid site distribution affect the γ-valerolactone yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, aluminium foams produced by the powder metallurgy route are evaluated. This kind of aluminium foams have a high potential in weight-sensitive construction parts. The aim of this study is to evaluate the properties (in terms of foam morphology and plateau stress) and to optimize three control factors chosen: temperature, precursor material and mean of cooling. AlSi10 and AlSi0.6Mg1commercial foamable precursors are the starting materials. Different set of samples are realized following the DoE approach; manufactured samples have been morphologically and mechanically analyzed to evaluate what level of each parameter better influences the final quality of the foam. Temperature and mean of cooling have a great influence on the mechanical behavior of the foamed structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tetratrichomonad flagellate found in the diarrhoeic faeces of a 5 years-old male giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) was characterised by morphological and genetic analysis. This protozoan presents four anterior flagella of unequal length and a recurrent flagellum attached to the undulating membrane without a free end portion, and a broad axostyle projection. Numerous vacuoles of different sizes containing bacteria and digestion products were found. The complete sequence of the DNA coding for the 16S rRNA-ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 region was also obtained in order to compare this isolate with other tetratrichomonad species. The sequence obtained was identical to others previously obtained by other researchers from bovines and turtles (Geochelone sp.). It is not easily explainable how the same organism could be found in such different hosts and locations; however these results indicate that some tetratrichomonad species could have a wide host range and could survive in a wide range of environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Thirty-four traditional accessions belonging to sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), which were collected from different sites located in Tuscany (Italy), were characterized using a set of 47 agro-morphological traits established by the UPOV and IBPGR. The evaluation was carried out over a period of 2 years in a plantation situated in northeastern Tuscany. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to investigate the diversity present among the accessions in the collection. The results showed statistically significant differences between these accessions. PCA analysis shows high discrimination capabilities of variables measured. Most of these variables were characteristics linked to fruit and leaf size. PCA also evaluated the compactness and the peculiarity of each cultivar, thus providing information on the mixing level among the cultivars within the space of their morphological traits. An appropriate sampling strategy was an important prerequisite for reducing the level of overlap between the accessions. Cluster analysis grouped the said accessions according to their place of cultivation and phenotypical fruit data. The results of this study provide information that may be useful for determining the biodiversity of autochthonous cultivars, for the purposes of obtaining guidelines in determining in situ and ex situ germplasm characterization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study investigates the effect of NaOH and NaOCl treatments on chemical composition, morphology and crystalline structure of Agave americana L. fibers. These fibers have been subjected to NaOCl and NaOH alkali treatments at different concentrations. The percentages of lignin and hemicellulose show a decrease with alkaline treatments which, in turn, induces a modification of both morphological and crystalline structures. Unit cell dimensions and crystallite size were more affected with NaOH treatment than NaOCl one. This may result from the mercerisation process which occurs with caustic soda treatment. The observed defibrillization on the treated fiber surface proves the dissolution of the non-cellulosic components present in the fiber cell wall by NaOH and NaOCl treatments. These morphological changes may improve the interaction between matrix and fiber in composites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A quantitative method was developed to evaluate the shape of wheat powder particles. The method relies on a dispersion system designed to scatter particles on a transparent glass slide. A digital image acquisition system based on specialized software was then used to analyze the acquired images. Particles (1000) were analyzed with respect to four shape factors (circularity, elongation, convexity, and compactness). Dispersion of experimental values characterizes the large heterogeneity in wheat flour particles’ shapes. The results demonstrate that small particles of wheat powders have more regular shape than big ones, due to possible erosion mechanisms occurred during milling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Information on available diversity and drought resistance among Chloris gayana accessions would offer considerable potential to select genotypes to alleviate the feed inadequacy that constrains livestock production in dry tropical areas. A collection of 62 C. gayana accessions from the genebank of the International Livestock Research Institute in Ethiopia was characterized using a set of 30 morphological, 4 phenological and 8 agronomic traits to assess diversity within the collection and to select promising accessions for use as livestock feed. In parallel, an experiment was conducted to assess the ability of these C. gayana accessions to maintain productivity under drought stress. The screened collection of C. gayana accessions proved to be highly diverse in terms of morphology and phenology, agronomic potential and drought response. Six morphological groups were described which differ in many characteristics, ranging from general growth habit to specific inflorescence parameters. Large variability was measured in dry matter production, varying not only in total amount (400–2100gm−2) and leaf contribution to total plant mass (66–96% of dry matter), but also in the growth pattern observed over three harvests. Accessions belonging to identical morphological, agronomic or drought-response groups were found to originate from a wide range of environments. Promising accessions for different uses and environments were identified and should be further evaluated across seasons and in multilocational experiments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A total of 58 Cucumis melo accessions were studied to compare the morphological characteristics of Hungarian and Turkish germplasm, including typical landraces as well as melons from gene banks of various origins. Hungarian and Turkish accessions representing the particular regions considered to have variation were selected. Qualitative characters were obtained according to the modified UPOV descriptor list for 70 characters. Seventeen quantitative characters (3 seedling, 3 leaf, 2 flower, 9 fruit) were also measured. The results indicated that both Hungarian and Turkish germplasm resources present wide range of diversity for morphological traits. The results also yielded significant findings as to choose the precious accessions for further breeding programs. Results of both qualitative and quantitative measurements indicated that accessions of the two countries are generally different. However, within the inodorus group very close relations were detected with multi-variable analyses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The tips of cotyledon-stage seedlings of three crape myrtle cultivars (“Zi Wei”, “Hong Wei” and “Yin Wei”) were treated with colchicine. Various concentrations of colchicine and different treatment durations were tested. Seedlings of “Zi Wei” treated with 0.5% colchicine for 72h and seedlings of “Yin Wei” treated with colchicine (0.2% for 96h, 0.5% for 48h and 0.8% for 72h) demonstrated high rates of mutation; “Hong Wei” showed a slightly lower rate. The highest rate of morphological variation was 54.17% and this was achieved when tips were treated with 0.5% colchicine for 72h. Putative tetraploid plants were identified with morphological and cytological variations, such as larger and thicker leaves, darker green coloration, larger stomata, lower density of stomata across the lower leaf epidermis and increased numbers of chloroplasts per stomata guard cell. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the nuclear DNA content of 15 of these putative tetraploids (of which 7 were “Zi Wei”, 5 were “Yin Wei”, and 3 were “Hong Wei”) was indeed doubled relative to that of control diploid plants. The chromosome number of the tetraploid plants was 2n =4x =96, while that of the control diploid plants was 2n =2x =48. Ornamental characteristics were also enhanced in the tetraploid plants, with increased diameter of the individual flowers and greater basal length of the petals and claws. Pollen diameter and the size of capsules and seeds were also significantly greater than those of diploid plants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is a devastating disease on Brassica parachinensis which affect the crop production and cause economic losses in China. During the period from 2012 through 2018, samples of diseased leaves of B. parachinensis showing anthracnose-like symptoms, that is irregular and slightly sunken lesions in gray to brown color with or without small black spots symptoms were collected in open fields of B. parachinensis from 11 prefecture-level cities of Guangdong province in southern China. One hundred and two isolates of Colletotrichum were obtained from single spore cultures. Based on cultural and morphological characteristics, 86 and 13 isolates were identified as C. higginsianum and C. truncatum , respectively. However, other three isolates were morphologically different from C. higginsianum and C. truncatum , but similar to C. fructicola. To confirm the identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, actin (ACT), chitin synthase 1 (CHS1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and beta-tubulin (TUB2) genes were amplified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the ITS, ACT, CHS1, GAPDH and TUB2 sequences of these three isolates clustered with sequences belonging to the ex-type strain ICMP 18581 of C. fructicola with a posterior probability value of 1. Pathogenicity assays showed that all these three isolates could infect healthy leaves, stems and flowers of B. parachinensis and cause typical leaf and stem rot symptoms originally observed and also flower rot symptoms that rarely occurred on B. parachinensis in the fields. The same pathogen was re-isolated from lesions of inoculated plants. Distribution investigation showed that C. higginsianum is widely distributed and is the major pathogen causing anthracnose of B. parachinensis in Guangdong. C. fructicola and C. truncatum distributed across through the north to the south regions and through the east to the west regions of Guangdong, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. fructicola as a causal agent of anthracnose on B. parachinensis in China. • Three Colletotrichum species occurred to cause anthracnose on Brassica parachinensis in Guangdong, China. • C. fructicola was for the first time identified as a causal agent of anthracnose on B. parachinensis. • Besides leaf and stem spot, C. fructicola also cause flower rot on B. parachinensis by artificial inoculation. • The occurrence of three Colletotrichum species on B. parachinensis in cities of Guangdong was clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Most of power electronic circuits use power semiconductor switching devices which ideally present infinite resistance when off, zero resistance when on, and switch instantaneously between those two states. Switches and rectifiers are key components in power electronic systems, which cover a wide range of applications, from power transmission to control electronics and power supplies. Typical power switching devices such as diodes, thyristors, and transistors are based on a monocrystalline silicon semiconductor or silicon carbide. Silicon is less expensive, more widely used, and a more versatile processing material than silicon carbide. The silicon carbide (SiC) has properties that allow devices with high power voltage rating and high operating temperatures. The technology overcomes some crystal growth obstacles, by using the hydrogen in the fabrication of 4H-SiC wafers. The presence of structural defects on 4H-SiC wafers was shown by different techniques such as optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The presence of different SiC polytypes inclusions was found by Raman spectroscopy. Schottky diodes were realized on investigated wafers in order to obtain information about the correlation between those defects and electrical properties of the devices. The diodes with voltage breakdown as 600 V and ideality factor as 1.05 were obtained and characterized after packaging. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Several classes of antifungal have been employed in candidiasis treatment, but patients with advanced immunodeficiency can present unsatisfactory results after therapy. In these cases, high doses of drugs or the use of multiple agents are sometimes used, and hence increasing the risk of serious side effects. Considering theses difficulties, the encapsulation of antifungal agents in nanoparticulate carriers has been used with the objective of modifying the pharmacokinetic of drugs resulting in more efficient treatments with less side effects. The purpose of this work was the preparation, characterization and the investigation of the release profiles of radiolabeled fluconazole nanocapsules. The size, homogeneity and zeta potential of NC preparations were determined with a Zetasizer 3000HS. The morphology and the structural organization were evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The release study in vitro of NC was evaluated in physiologic solution with or without 70% mouse plasma. The labeling yield of fluconazole with 99mTc was 94% and the radiolabeled drug was stable within 24h period. The encapsulation percentage of 99mTc-fluconazole in PLA-POLOX NC and PLA-PEG NC was approximately of 30%. The average diameter calculated by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) varied from 236 to 356nm, while the average diameter determined by AFM varied from 238 to 411nm. The diameter/height relation decreased significantly when 25% glutaraldehyde was used for NC fixation on mica. The zeta potential varied from −55 to −69nm and surface-modified NC showed lower absolute values than conventional NC. The in vitro release of 99mTc-fluconazole in plasma medium of the conventional and surface-modified NC was greater than in saline. The drug release in plasma medium from conventional NC was faster than for surface-modified NC. The results obtained in this work suggest that the nanocapsules containing fluconazole could be used to identify infectious foci, due to the properties, such as size, zeta potential and controlled release of 99mTc-fluconazole. The surface-modified nanocapsules could constitute a long-circulating intravenous formulation of fluconazole for treating sepsis caused by disseminated form of candidiasis. However, in vivo studies should be considered and are under investigation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]