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Plant seeds and fruits, like those of Ocimum basilicum , develop a mucilaginous envelope rich in pectins and cellulosic fibers upon hydration. This envelope promotes adhesion for attachment to soils and other substrates for dispersal and protection of the seed for a safe germination. Initially at hydration, the mucilage envelope demonstrates low adhesion and friction, but shows increasing adhesive and frictional properties during dehydration. However, the mechanisms underlying the cellulose fiber arrangement and the mechanical properties, especially the elasticity modulus of the mucilage envelope at different hydration conditions are not fully known. In this study, which is based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and light microscopy, the structure of the seed coat and arrangement of the cellulose fibers of basil seeds were characterized. Moreover, we performed pull-off force measurements to estimate adhesive properties and JKR-tests to estimate E-modulus of the mucilage at different hydration levels. Microscopy results demonstrate that cellulose fibers are split at their free ends into smaller fibrils, which might enhance the adhesive properties of the mucilage. Adhesive forces in contact increased during dehydration and reached maximum of 33 mN shortly before complete dehydration. The E-modulus of the mucilage changed from 1.4 KPa in water to up to 2.1 MPa in the mucilage at the maximum of its adhesion performance. Obtained results showed hydrogel-like mechanical properties during dehydration and cellulose fiber structures similar to the nanofibrous systems in other organisms with strong adhesive properties. This paper reveals the hierarchical cellulose fiber structure in Ocimum basilicum's mucilaginous seed coat, suggesting increased fiber splitting towards the end, potentially enhancing adhesion contact areas. Mechanical tests explore elasticity modulus and adhesion force during various hydration stages, crucial as these properties evolve with mucilage desiccation. A rare focus on mucilaginous seed coat mechanical properties, particularly cellulose-reinforced fibers, provides insight into the hydrogel-like mucilage of plant seeds. Adhesion forces peak just before complete desiccation and then decline rapidly. As mucilage water content decreases, the E-modulus rises, displaying hydrogel-like properties during early dehydration stages with higher water content. This study might bring the focus to plant seeds as inspiration for biodegradable glues and applications for hydrogel research. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucilage is a gelatinous and sticky hydrophilic polysaccharide released from epidermal cells of seed coat after the hydration of mature seeds and is composed primarily of unbranched rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I). In this study, we produced a recombinant endo-RG-I hydrolase from Aspergillus aculeatus (Aa RhgA) in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and examined its substrate preference for pyridylaminated (PA) RG-I with the various degrees of polymerization (DP). Recombinant Aa RhgA requires PA-RG-I with a DP of 10 or higher for its hydrolase activity. We heterologously expressed the AarhgA gene under the strong constitutive promoter, cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, in Arabidopsis thaliana. In a series of biochemical analyses of each mucilage fraction released from the water-imbibed seeds of the transgenic plants, we found the enhanced deposition of the transparent mucilage layer that existed in the peripheral regions of the adherent mucilage and was not stained with ruthenium red. This study demonstrated the feasibility of manipulating the mucilage organization by heterologous expression of the endo-RG-I hydrolase. • A production system for recombinant Aa RhgA enzyme in S. pombe was established. • Substrate preference for PA-RG-I with various DP was demonstrated. • AarhgA was heterologously expressed under the CaMV promoter in A. thaliana. • Enhanced deposition of the transparent mucilage layer was revealed in transgenic plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh fig or the common fig fruit is a climacteric and highly perishable fruit with a short shelf-life of ∼5 days. The edible coating is a prominent method to improve the shelf-life of fruits. Therefore, this study aims at analysing the different combinations of the coating solutions, namely: flax seed mucilage, guar gum, flax seed mucilage + 1 % guar gum, flax seed mucilage + 1 % guar gum + 10 % postbiotic (Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus delbrueckii), flax seed mucilage + 10 % postbiotic and 1 % guar gum + 10 % postbiotic-based edible coating solutions were employed to treat fresh fig fruits in order to enhance their shelf-life. The fruits were stored for 9 days at ambient temperature (25±2 °C) and the quality attributes of the fig fruits, such as the: titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, ripening index, weight loss, firmness, color parameter, antioxidant properties, total phenol and flavonoid contents, were examined. This study showed that the flax seed mucilage + 1 % guar gum + 10 % postbiotic-coated fig fruits, improved the shelf-life, reduced postharvest-spoilage and had better quality attributes than the other coatings studied. Therefore, the flax seed mucilage and guar gum incorporated with postbiotics, as a novel edible coating, enhanced the postharvest shelf-life of fig fruits. [Display omitted] • The effect of nine combinations of edible coatings: FM, GG, FM+GG, FM+1 % GG+10 % L. p , FM+1 % GG+10 % L. d were studied on fig fruits. • The fig fruits were treated with FM+1 % GG+10 % L. p , FM+1 % GG+10 % L. d maintained the weight loss, firmness and colour parameter. • FM+1 % GG+10 % L. p , FM+1 % GG+10 % L. d had better antioxidants, flavonoid and phenol characteristics than other coatings. • Cell-free supernatant (CFS) of probiotic bacteria has antifungal activity and it lowered the decay index in fig fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research is the modeling and simulation of fermentation with the objective of eliminating the mucilage (20%) which is the gelatinous layer that covers the coffee cherry seed or freshly harvested coffee beans for which we use fuzzy logic in LabVIEW. Since Industry 4.0 allows virtual and real communication of a technological process. Today coffee is produced by more than 80 countries in the world, and the quality of a good coffee in terms of organoleptics and bouquet depends on how its fermentation is carried out to remove the mucilage that can affect its quality mentioned above. This work was carried out at the Professional School of Agroindustrial Engineering of the National University of Moquegua Peru. It was carried out using the LabVIEW block diagram panel, in "Fuzzy system designer", inserting input variables in this case content of soluble solids and concentrations of hydrogen ions contained in the mucilage and obtaining as the output response the time in minutes of fermentation, then proceed to create the rules of the system and then the corresponding tests. On the front panel, through virtual instruments, each of the variables of the fermentation process are included. As a result, a fermentation control program has been obtained for the removal of coffee mucilage using input variables and a response as an output variable based on fuzzy logic. This research work would allow solving time problems in fermentation in order to remove the mucilage at the best time from the beans in order to obtain quality coffee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mucilage envelope is the second adhesive system present in the Commicarpus helenae anthocarps. • For the first time the mucilage structure, morphology and basic chemical composition was studied. • Mucilage belongs to the cellulosic type and possess very long cellulosic fibrils. • We discuss the role of two independent adhesive systems for anthocarp attachment and dispersal. Mucilaginous diaspores (seeds, fruits, anthocarps) responsible for the plant dispersion are known for many diverse plant families. The anthocarp of Commicarpus helenae demonstrates a unique double adhesive system represented by the apical gland-like emergences, which are sticky even without hydration, and mucilaginous cells, which form a mucilage envelope around the whole anthocarp after hydration. In this study, we characterised the type of mucilage, its internal structure, and discussed its biological function. We found that the mucilage was a type of cellulose possessing very long spirally coiled cellulosic fibrils embedded in a mass of hydrophilic pectins. The cellulose fibrils build the main scaffold for the rest of polysaccharides. All of the components are arranged into a net-like spatial structure. The mucilage of C. helenae may play diverse roles e.g., in epizoochory/endozoochory, anchoring the diaspore to the soil and enabling germination due to the presence of water attracted by the pectins. The mucilage envelope, which forms rapidly after hydration (from rain or capillary water condensation), facilitating adhesion to the soil and simultaneously providing optimised germination conditions. The presence of the second adhesive systems in C. helenae i.e., mucilaginous cells producing mucilage seems to be an adaptation with different ecological functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, maltodextrin (MDex), lutein pigment (Lut) and alumina (Al) were used to modify biodegradable film based on cress seed mucilage (Muc/MDex/Lut/Al). Central composite design (CCD) was used to study the effects of MDex, Lut and Al on the physical and chemical properties of the mucilage based film. The physicochemical, mechanical, antimicrobial and structural properties of the films were studied by various techniques such as FTIR, SEM, and XRD and TGA. The release of lutein from the film was investigated at 25 °C for 15 days. The results showed that lutein, alumina and maltodextrin increased the film thickness and lutein decreased the solubility and moisture content of the film. Maltodextrin improved the mechanical properties of the film and lutein reduced the film's flexibility. Lutein greatly increased its antioxidant properties, but alumina slightly increased its antioxidant properties. Lutein, alumina and maltodextrin improved the antibacterial properties of the film. Muc/MDex/Lut/Al film showed 26 ± 0.5 and 23 ± 0.8 mm non-growth halo against to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli , respectively. Maltodextrin filled the surface cracks, but lutein increased the surface cracks of mucilage film. The amorphous structure of the pure cress seed mucilage film was confirmed by XRD, which the alumina and lutein gave crystalline properties in the film. Maltodextrin and alumina increased the thermal stability of the film. The release results showed that the release rate of lutein depends on the structure of the film and by changing the structure of the film, the release rate can be purposefully controlled according to the required release rate. • Biodegradable film based on cress seed mucilage was prepared. • Cress seed mucilage was modified with modified with lutein, maltodextrin and alumina nanoparticles. • Cress seed mucilage film containing lutein as storage source of lutein • Purposefully control of lutein release [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the extraction efficiency of mucilage from Cordia dichotoma fruits using various aqueous extraction methods, including microwave-assisted water extraction (MWE), hot-water extraction (HWE), and cold-water extraction (CWE). Different analytical techniques were employed to characterize the Cordia dichotoma mucilage (CDM). Additionally, the functional properties, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and dye reduction potential of CDM were assessed. The results indicated a significantly (p < 0.05) higher yield of CDM (13.44 ± 0.94 %) using MWE compared to HWE (12.08 ± 0.82 %) and CWE (7.59 ± 0.73 %). The optimal extraction condition was utilized for the spray-drying process, yielding a spray-dried mucilage powder (SDMP) with a yield of 9.52 ± 1.27 %. The presence of galactose and arabinose as major sugar and functional groups such as OH, COOH, CH, and NH from proteins, uronic acids, and sugars were identified. CDM particles exhibited an irregular morphology and demonstrated thermal stability, with maximum weight loss occurring between 221.83 and 478.66 °C. The particle size of CDM was 681.16 ± 2.18 nm with a zeta potential of −21.46 ± 1.72 mV. Rheological analysis revealed that CDM exhibited shear-thinning behavior. Furthermore, CDM displayed inherent biological activities, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The dye reduction potential of CDM was evidenced by an 88.67 % degradation of indigo carmine dye. In summary, this study provides insights into the cost-effective extraction methods for CDM and its potential utilization as an eco-friendly material for dye reduction. [Display omitted] • Microwave-assisted extraction contributed to higher mucilage yield in less time. • Cordia dichotoma fruit mucilage (CDM) is composed of galactose and arabinose. • Particles of spray-dried Cordia dichotoma mucilage powder was under nano-scale. • CDM exhibited shear-thinning behavior with excellent techno-functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the role of mucilage in seed dispersal and germination of the two closely related invasive weed species, Lepidium campestre and Lepidium draba. The study investigated the staining patterns of mucilage and its effects on seed germination, water uptake, dehydration, adherence to sand particles and dispersal by wind, water and animals following standard protocols. The mucilaginous seeds of L. campestre had a higher pectin and cellulose content than L. draba. This difference has a significant effect on water uptake and retention. The mucilage increased water uptake in both species, with L. campestre seeds absorbing significantly more water (836% compared to 75% in L. draba). Remarkably, the mucilage of both species had very little effect on seed germination. Significantly, the seeds of L. draba readily germinated under dry conditions, suggesting that this species may have developed different germination strategies. In addition, the seeds and fruits of L. draba showed a higher potential for dispersal via water and wind, whereas those of L. campestre adhered to animals. Further, L. campestre seeds showed significantly stronger adherence to sand particles (1872%) compared to those of L. draba (445%). This suggests that L. campestre seeds are more likely to disperse locally and possibly adhere to animals or soil particles. Our results suggest that mucilage produce by the two invasive weed species results in different methods of dispersal, which may help explain differences in their distribution patterns. • Both Lepidium species produce mucilaginous seeds. • Mucilage enhances seed germination. • Lepidium draba is more drought-tolerant. • Lepidium draba is wind/water-dispersed, L. campestre is animal-dispersed. • Mucilage may influence species distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants have evolved a number of defense mechanisms to protect themselves against biotic stresses. Each cell, tissue, and organ is able to perceive and fight off attackers using a combination of chemical and physical defense mechanisms. Root cells employ similar defense response patterning. They develop immune responses upon pathogen attack and release a variety of compounds able to defend the root proper as well as the entire plant body. Currently, one of the most effective mechanisms of root defense involves the root extracellular trap (RET) that is produced at the tip of the root. The RET consists of root cap–derived cells embedded in mucilaginous secretions containing cell wall–derived polysaccharides, defense-related (glyco)proteins, phytoalexins, histones, and extracellular DNA (eDNA). The RET network plays a central role in root immunity and fulfills biological functions similar to those performed by neutrophil extracellular traps in mammals. [Display omitted] • Root extracellular trap contains extracellular DNA, polysaccharides, and multiple defense molecules. • Root extracellular trap plays a fundamental role in root immunity. • Root extracellular trap performs similar functions as neutrophil extracellular trap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lower Devonian Rhynie chert preserves a remarkable diversity of microorganisms from an early terrestrial ecosystem. However, eukaryotic microalgae are rarely reported. This study describes Harpericystis verecunda gen. et sp. nov., a probable green alga (Chlorophyta) from the Rhynie chert, using more than 50 specimens, all of which are enclosed in a degraded land plant axis. Specimens include single cells up to 8(− 10) μm in diameter, dyads, decussate and tetrahedral tetrads, and small colonies comprised of 8 or 16 cells. Other specimens consist of both larger cells and tetrads of smaller cells, which either are the result of successive cell divisions (autosporogenesis), or have formed from multinucleate parent cells by directed cytokinesis. Cells, cell groups, and colonies are surrounded by a colorless mucilage. In some cases, it appears that the constituent cells of the colonies are interconnected by thickened plates of their envelopes or short processes. Harpericystis verecunda was non-motile and most likely planktonic. It shows similarities with various present-day colony-forming green algae, in particular with Coelastrum (Sphaeropleales) and Sphaerocystis (Chlamydomonadales), but its systematic affinity remains unresolved. This discovery is further evidence that intra-plant environments facilitated the preservation of fragile microbial life in the Rhynie setting. • Harpericystis verecunda is a new colonial green alga from the Rhynie chert. • Specimens include single cells, dyads, tetrads, and colonies of 8 or 16 cells. • Fossils are morphologically similar to present-day Coelastrum and Sphaerocystis. • All specimens are enclosed in a large cuticle fold of a degraded land plant axis. • Intra-plant environments preserved fragile microbial life in the Rhynie setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower oil (SFO) and Flaxseed oil (FSO) were microencapsulated using simple and complex coacervation techniques with Opuntia (Cactaceae) mucilage (Mu) and with a combination of Mu with chitosan (Chit). The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of SFO and FSO in emulsions using Mu/Chit shells was 96.7% and 97.4%, respectively. Morphological studies indicated successful entrapment of oils in core shells with particle sizes ranging from 1396 ± 42.4 to 399.8 ± 42.3 nm. The thermogravimetric analyses demonstrated enhanced core protection with thermal stability noted for microcapsules regardless of encapsulation method. The stability of the microcapsules, during in vitro digestion was studied. The obtained results revealed that the microcapsules are intact in oral conditions and have a slow release of oil over stomach digestion and rapid release in the small intestine. The results showed that Mu and Mu/Chit coacervates can be used as effective carrier systems to encapsulate sensitive ingredients and functional oils. [Display omitted] • Simple and complex microencapsulations are used to encapsulate oils. • Coacervates are produced from Opuntia (Cactaceae) mucilage and chitosan. • Mucilage-based microcapsules are thermally stable. • Produced microcapsules can deliver the oils to the intestinal phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight field-grown Alcea species (A. koelzii , A. kurdica , A. lavateriflora , A. rechingeri , A. remotiflora , A. rufescenc , A. schiraziana and A. tehranica) were analyzed for their mucilage content to identify the species with the highest yield. The mucilage was extracted with boiling water, precipitated by methanol, and subjected to acid hydrolysis by trifluoroacetic acid. Although mucilage content varied across Alcea species, root yields generally exceeded flower yields, with A. rechingeri roots reaching up to 26.43 %. HPLC analysis showed glucose as the dominant monosaccharide in root mucilage across all species. Rhamnose and fructose content, however, exhibited variations among the species. Field emission scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed layered or fibrous structures, while Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis confirmed a polysaccharide-based composition for flower and root mucilage. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis detected calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, with higher concentrations in flower mucilage. X-Ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of both amorphous and semi-crystalline regions within the mucilage samples, with crystalline phases identified as calcium oxalate hydrate, alpha-cyclodextrin, and glutamic acid. In conclusion, A. koelzii flowers and A. rechingeri roots yielded the highest mucilage content, suggesting Alcea as a promising source of polysaccharides with potential applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. • Various Alcea species flowers and roots are rich sources of mucilage. • The structure and chemical composition of mucilage extracted from flowers and roots are different. • The mucilage from the roots contains several times more glucose than the mucilage from the flowers. • Flower mucilage is richer in nutrients than mucilage extracted from roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural compounds extracted from the pulp of the dragon fruit have been extensively studied. However, dragon fruit peel is often discarded despite being a rich source of bioactive compounds, including antioxidants, antimicrobials, pectin, and mucilage, which have various potential applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of methods for extracting bioactive compounds, pectin, and mucilage from dragon fruit peel, investigating their functional properties and exploring their possible applications in various sectors and industries, such as encapsulation and films or packaging. Furthermore, recent studies have examined the potential of these compounds for reducing environmental impacts, especially in terms of waste and water treatment. The results highlight the effectiveness of advanced extraction methods, such as those using citric acid, ultrasound, and microwaves, in maximizing the yield of natural compounds. Additionally, these compounds can improve food properties, such as shelf life and antioxidant capacity. The analysis also emphasizes the role of dragon fruit peel in waste and water treatment due to its effectiveness in adsorbing organic and inorganic pollutants. Therefore, dragon fruit peel offers a wide field of scientific and technological exploration, but significant challenges must be addressed to optimize its utilization and promote further studies on extraction, application, and innovation methods. [Display omitted] • Ultrasonic extraction method maximizes the total of extracted bioactive compounds. • The incorporation of dragon fruit peel in foods improves nutritional aspects. • Dragon fruit peel extracts have potential in food preservation and packaging. • Components extracted from dragon fruit peel are good wall materials for encapsulation. • Dragon fruit peel shows potential in waste and water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Portland cement industry is continuously exploring new admixture alternatives to manipulate building materials properties, including mechanical, rheological, and durability properties. Cactus mucilage is such an admixture alternative. This study reviews the literature on the use of cactus mucilage (specifically, prickly pear cactus) as a bioadmixture in building materials, particularly Portland-cement-based materials. Moreover, the influences on mechanical strength, rheology, and durability are examined. The results show that cactus mucilage, which has been used since ancient times in America, could enhance materials like lime-, Portland-cement-, and earth-based building materials. • Cactus mucilage improves rheological, mechanical and durability properties of cement based-materials. • Extraction methods of mucilage need to be standardized. • Properties of mucilage depend on environmental conditions, age, soil type and harvest time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chia seed mucilage (CSM) is a novel, eco-green, and sustainable edible hydrocolloid derived from chia, offering a promising alternative to commercial hydrocolloids. This study explores the application of centrifugal force and drying methods to compare the techno-functionalities of CSM obtained through a novel, faster, and scalable extraction approach as opposed to traditional methods. Liquid mucilage extracted using a modified cream separator is subjected to freeze-drying (CSMF) and oven-drying (CSMO). The efficiency of this innovative extraction method is compared to the traditional dry fractionation approach, known for its complexity and time consumption. Remarkably, the modified unit significantly (p <0.05) reduces mucilage separation time (4.06 ± 1.28 min), opening doors for future commercialization. CSMF obtained through cream separator and freeze-drying, exhibits superior colour properties. Additionally, it demonstrates superior performance compared to the traditional approach in terms of functional properties such as water-holding capacity (WHC), solubility, and particle size. Furthermore, the advantages of the faster extraction approach are reinforced through charge analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectra (FTIR), thermal transitions, and rheological properties. The microstructure analysis of CSM highlights the influence of drying techniques on its morphology. This study not only introduces a novel method for mucilage extraction but also validates the findings through comparison with existing literature on CSM. [Display omitted] • Chia seed mucilage (CSM) extracted using an innovative modified cream separator. • Higher CSM yield (7.29 ± 1.03 (%)) with modified unit and freeze-drying. • Drying impacts the functional properties of chia seed mucilage. • Equivalent functional properties confirm the new unit's suitability. • The modified unit offers a time-saving approach to separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop complex coacervates utilizing lactoferrin (LF) and chia seed mucilage (CSM) for promoting intestinal delivery of quercetin (Q) and fortification of set yogurt. Three cross-linkers, including calcium chloride (CC), transglutaminase (TG), and polyphenolic complex (HP), were used to further reinforce the coacervate network. Cross-linked coacervates had higher values of coacervate yield, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity. They efficiently preserved Q under gastric condition (⁓87%–99%), with CSM-TG-Q-LF being most effective for intestinal delivery of Q. Moreover, digested pellets of the cross-linked coacervates displayed better antioxidant activity than the uncross-linked coacervates with CSM-TG-Q-LF pellets showing maximum bioactivity. The Q-loaded coacervates demonstrated superior assembly in the yogurt matrix compared to the unencapsulated Q. Moreover, the coacervate systems, especially CSM-TG-Q-LF significantly improved the textural properties of yogurt and the stability of Q in it. Therefore, CSM-TG-LF is a promising carrier to promote intestinal delivery and food application of hydrophobic molecules. [Display omitted] • Complex coacervates were formed using lactoferrin (LF) and chia seed mucilage (CSM) • Crosslinkers improved the coacervation process and encapsulation efficiency • Coacervation enhanced the solubility & gastrointestinal stability of quercetin (Q) • CSM-TG-Q-LF was superior in intestinal delivery of Q with enhanced bioactivity • Complex coacervates, especially CSM-TG-Q-LF, improved the texture of set yogurt [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present review is novel as it discusses the main findings of researchers on the topic and their implications, as well as highlights the emerging research in this particular area and its future prospective. The seeds of Flax (Linum usitatissimum) extrude mucilage (FSM) that has a diverse and wide range of applications, especially in the food industry and as a pharmaceutical ingredient. FSM has been blended with several food and dairy products to improve gelling ability, optical properties, taste, and user compliance. The FSM is recognized as a foaming, encapsulating, emulsifying, suspending, film–forming, and gelling agent for several pharmaceutical preparations and healthcare materials. Owing to stimuli (pH) –responsive swelling–deswelling characteristics, high swelling indices at different physiological pHs of the human body, and biocompatibility, FSM is considered a smart material for intelligent, targeted, and controlled drug delivery applications through conventional and advanced drug delivery systems. FSM has been modified through carboxymethylation, acetylation, copolymerization, and electrostatic complexation to get the desired properties for pharma, food, and healthcare products. The present review is therefore devoted to the isolation techniques, structural characterization, highly valuable properties for food and pharmaceutical industries, preclinical and clinical trials, pharmacological aspects, biomedical attributes, and patents of FSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral disintegrating films (ODFs) offer a patient-friendly approach with enhanced convenience and rapid onset of action over various health benefits. ODFs are fabricated for geriatric, pediatric, and individuals facing swallowing challenges. The present work aims to fabricate and characterize ODFs mainly composed of okra mucilage (OM), hyaluronic acid (HA), vitamin-C-loaded bioactive glass nanoparticles (VBG NPs), and clove essential oil. A bio-inspired method was employed to synthesize VBG NPs using fructose template. The nutrient analysis of OM depicted that it is a rich source of protein, carbohydrates, magnesium, and flavonoids (quercetin), accounting for its antioxidant activity. The physicochemical characteristics of the ODFs studied using contact angle measurement, surface pH, opacity, and in vitro disintegration time revealed that ODFs disintegrated rapidly in simulated saliva. The neutral surface pH of ODFs indicates their non-irritant behaviour to the oral mucosa. VBG NPs and essential oil (EO) addition enhance the thermal and mechanical properties. Further, EO infusion in the film matrix resulted in the porous and antibacterial nature of the functional film as revealed by FE-SEM micrographs and antibacterial disk diffusion assay respectively. The obtained novel nutrient-rich ODF is hemocompatible with a hemolysis rate (HR%) <5 % and suitable for functional food applications. [Display omitted] • Fructose-entrapped BG NPs synthesized using a bio-inspired method and loaded with vitamin C. • Oral disintegrating film composed of hyaluronic acid, okra mucilage, and suspended VBG NPs as a functional food. • Incorporation of EO enhanced thermal and mechanical stability and led to the formation of free spaces in the polymer network. • The tensile strength decreased and elongation at break increased upon EO addition. • Excellent antibacterial, antioxidant, and hemocompatible properties of the fabricated ODF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Althaea officinalis L. root mucilage holds promise for food industries due to its functional properties. Despite various extraction techniques, ohmic systems remain underexplored for mucilage extraction. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of mucilage extraction using ohmic systems with maceration and investigate their physicochemical properties. The mucilage extraction was carried out utilizing maceration (M), ohmic-assisted extraction (OAE), and ohmic-assisted vacuum extraction (OAVE). Various parameters were evaluated, such as densities and specific energy consumption. The mucilage obtained by OAE had the highest yield (8.9 %). The highest solubility corresponded to the mucilage obtained by the OAE system (85.18 % at 65 °C). OAVE mucilage had 76.16 % swelling and 82.5 g water/g dry sample binding capacity, while OAE mucilage had 19.6 g water/g dry sample binding capacity. The OAVE mucilage oil absorption (12.3 g oil/g dry sample) was almost twice that of the OAE system. Rheological analysis characterized them as a pseudoplastic behavior. DSC thermogram of mucilage samples exhibited a singular endothermic peak (92.05 to 108.3 °C). FTIR analysis highlighted that the primary constituents of mucilage samples predominantly consisted of polysaccharides. This study concluded that ohmic-assisted extraction was the most efficient method for obtaining mucilage. Further research could explore the potential applications of this mucilage. [Display omitted] • Applying ohmic heating resulted in the highest yield of mucilage from the marshmallow roots. • Ohmic-assisted vacuum extraction resulted in the highest oil absorption value. • The spectral region from 1500 to 1800 cm−1 indicated the presence of uronic acid. • In the mucilage obtained by the ohmic system, the viscous behavior was dominant. • Exothermic peak (177.6 °C) was observed in ohmic-extracted mucilage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neotropical palm Mauritia flexuosa produces seeds that show the association between recalcitrance and dormancy. Despite the intolerance to desiccation, the seeds can maintain persistent banks in flooded environment soils (veredas) in the Cerrado biome. As the mechanisms involved in the persistence of recalcitrant seed banks are still poorly understood, the objective of this work was to evaluate the response of M. flexuosa embryos to water deficit and saturation stresses. Embryos of M. flexuosa with water content typical of dispersion or subjected to hydration were exposed to moderate and severe water potentials (Ψ w = −1.5 MPa and Ψ w = −2.1 MPa), in addition to water saturation (Ψ w = 0 MPa). Anatomical, histochemical and ultrastructural evaluations were performed on the embryos after 24 h. Membrane integrity estimation, endo-β-mannanase activity and oxidative stress indicators (H 2 O 2 and MDA contents, CAT, SOD and APX activity) were also evaluated. The endosperm structure contributes to the maintenance of embryo hydration, while abundant mucilage reserves favor resilience to desiccation. Post-dispersal hydration makes embryos less vulnerable to oxidative stress, which is due to the non-enzymatic antioxidant system. Both moderate water stress and post-dispersal water absorption induce an increase in metabolism and the mobilization of reserves, which indicate that hydration/dehydration cycles can favor overcoming dormancy. M. flexuosa embryos show resilience to water deficit, and that is crucial for the persistence of seeds in the soil in seasonal environments, however, successful germination is dependent on high hydration, which prevents structural and physiological damage. • Mauritia flexuosa embryos are dispersed hydrated and are sensitive to dehydration. • The endosperm structure and mucilaginous reserves promote resilience to dehydration. • Post-dispersal hydration and moderate water deficit increase embryo metabolism. • Mixed phenolic compounds contribute to mitigating oxidative stress. • Hydration/dehydration cycles possibly favor overcoming seminal dormancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, non-conventional sources of mucilage have gained significant attention due to their exceptional techno-functional properties and easy availability. This study aimed to utilize Cordia dichotoma fruit mucilage (CDM) for fabricating bioactive films to evaluate the shelf-life of bread. For the development of nanoemulsion, different concentrations of flaxseed oil (1–5% w/w) were employed. Selection was carried out based on droplet size, encapsulation efficiency, and antimicrobial activity. The selected nanoemulsion (CDM-FO1) was subsequently used to develop CDM-based films with the incorporation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and sodium alginate (SA). Results revealed that the droplet size of the nanoemulsions was significantly increased from 101.25 ± 4.68 nm to 205.15 ± 7.14 nm with increasing flaxseed oil concentration. However, the addition of CMC and SA improved the tensile strength (13.97 ± 0.34 MPa) of the CDM-F11 film compared to control films CDM (6.98 ± 0.68 MPa) and CDM-FC (7.76 ± 1.65 MPa). The CDM-F11 film exhibited excellent barrier properties compared to the control film. The control film showed higher yeast and mold growth, starting at 0.84 ± 0.57 Log CFU/g on the 3rd day and increased to 3.12 ± 0.39 Log CFU/g by the 9th day. In contrast, the CDM-FC film demonstrated better antimicrobial properties, with microbial growth at 0.52 ± 0.39 Log CFU/g on the 3rd day and 2.84 ± 0.38 Log CFU/g on the 9th day. Overall, CDM film loaded with flaxseed oil nanoemulsion can be effectively used as a sustainable food packaging material with enhanced antimicrobial efficiency for bread preservation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable, economical, eco-friendly, and readily available plant-based mucilages have advanced the water treatment technology significantly and replaced the toxic sludge-producing synthetic water purifiers such as ferric chloride, alum, polyaluminium chloride, polyacrylamide, and inorganic polymers. The plant-based mucilages are becoming increasingly popular due to lesser chemical residues and disease risks. The main components of plant-based mucilages are the primary sugars such as D -galactose , L -arabinose, and D -xylose that are very efficient for removal of metals and toxic substances from water. The present review focuses on using the most efficient natural mucilages from different plants to remediate different types of wastewaters such as drinking, textile, and industrial. The polymer bridging and charge neutralization were considered primary processes of mucilages for removing water contaminants such as trace elements (Pb, Cr, Cd, As, Fe, Ni, and Mn), total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, total dissolved solids, suspended materials, and dye decoloration. [Display omitted] • Mucilages are natural biomaterials produced by plants via myxospermy or myxocarpy. • Polysaccharide mucilages mainly consist of arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, and xylose. • Mucilages are promising substitutes for synthetic sludge-producing water refiners. • Mucilages remediate polluted water mainly by adsorption and charge neutralization. • Commercial production and standardization of mucilages to treat water is demanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic pollution is increasing day by day and the search for new, environmentally friendly products continues. Herein, for the first time, different degrees of mucilage were obtained from chia seeds and the film-forming behavior of levan biopolymer with these mucilages was investigated. Glycerol and sorbitol were used as plasticizers in the film design. Films prepared with sorbitol were characterized physically, mechanically and morphologically. The antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of the films were examined. The films formed as nanocomposites of levan and chia seed mucilages obtained at different temperatures (25 °C, 55 °C and 80 °C) exhibited structurally and mechanically different properties. It was observed that the films obtained with chia mucilages and levan preserved their antibacterial properties but lost their antifungal properties. In addition, quorum sensing property of the mucilage obtained at 55 °C during the investigation of the antibacterial property was reported for the first time with this study. The levan-based chia seed mucilages films obtained have the potential to be used in industrial and medical fields, and the nature-friendly nature of these films is very important for our green world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelatine is an excellent substitute for biodegradable packaging materials; nevertheless, it is necessary to mix it with other polymers due to its poor mechanical and high hydrophilicity. In the present study, we used Cylindropuntia fulgida mucilage (CF) as main constituent and gelatine (GTN). The Euphorbia caducifolia extract (ECE) was incorporated in concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 %, and its influence on the film's morphological, thermal, mechanical, and water vapor barrier properties was assessed. The surface of fabricated CF/GTN/ECE biocomposite films was more homogeneous and smoother with the high concentration of in ECE. The elongation at break improved from 2 to 60.59 %, and WVP enhanced from 3.34 to 2.59 10−4 g mm/mm2 day kPa and highest antimicrobial activity of 3.62 ± 0.71 Log CFU g−1 when CF/GTN was incorporated with 20 % ECE. Incorporating CF and ECE 10 to 20 % makes these films a good substitute for the packaging of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Great potential exists to harness plant traits at the root–soil interface, mainly rhizodeposition and root hairs, to 'build' soils with better structure that can trap more carbon and resources, resist climate stresses, and promote a healthy microbiome. These traits appear to have been preserved in modern crop varieties, but scope exists to improve them further because they vary considerably between genotypes and respond to environmental conditions. From emerging evidence, rhizodeposition can act as a disperser, aggregator, and/or hydrogel in soil, and root hairs expand rhizosheath size. Future research should explore impacts of selecting these traits on plants and soils concurrently, expanding from model plants to commercial genotypes, and observing whether impacts currently limited to glasshouse studies occur in the field. Root hairs and rhizodeposits are root traits that vary between plant species and crop genotypes and have a large impact on both plants and soils. Targeting these traits may benefit both plants and soil, improving food and environmental security at the same time. Soils may store more carbon (greenhouse gas mitigation), trap more water (drought tolerance) and nutrients, and resist erosion. From limited research, rhizosheath size has been maintained or improved in modern crop varieties, but potential exists to increase it further. Whether this will lead to improved yield or soil properties, however, requires greater field testing to verify. Laboratory and glasshouse research using root trait ideotypes has found marked impacts on soil biophysical properties. Rhizodeposits vary in behaviour between species from hydrogels to surfactants, and as soil dispersers (miners) or aggregators (builders). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of plastic for food packaging is a major contributor to environmental pollution. To address this issue, biopolymeric films have emerged as a potential alternative to plastic products commonly used in food packaging. These biopolymeric films can be enhanced with antimicrobial agents to make them more effective. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the properties of films made from Salvia hispanica mucilage and ZnO particles. The mucilage was obtained by filtering and drying seeds, while ZnO was synthesized using the forced hydrolysis of ZnC₄H₆O₄ and NaOH. The films were produced by combining the mucilage with varying concentrations of ZnO (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%) using a casting method. Tests were conducted to evaluate the films' physical, chemical, and biological properties. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that ZnO was present, while scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of C, O, and Zn elements. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of S. hispanica mucilage. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the films were thermally stable at temperatures below 225 °C. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the 0.1% film had the best resistance compared to the 0.5% and 1.0% films. Finally, the study found that the antimicrobial activity of the films depended on the concentration, size, and morphology of the ZnO particles. In conclusion, further research is needed to create films that can effectively inhibit pathogenic bacteria growth in food and be a viable alternative to plastic for food packaging. [Display omitted] • Films of S. hispanica and ZnO were made by solvent-casting method. • Scanning electron microscopy showed the morphology of the material. • XRD confirmed the ZnO structure and FT-IR showed the interaction between the ZnO particles and S. hispanica mucilage. • Biological tests in films showed that interaction between S. hispanica and ZnO doesn't allow the antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat products consumption is rising globally, but concerns about sustainability, fat content, and shelf life. Synthetic additives and preservatives used for extending the shelf life of meat often carry health and environmental drawbacks. Seed mucilage, natural polysaccharides, possesses unique functional properties like water holding, emulsifying, and film forming, offering potential alternatives in meat processing and preservation. This study explores the application of seed mucilage from diverse sources (e.g., flaxseed, psyllium, basil) in various meat and meat products processing and preservation. Mucilage's water-holding and emulsifying properties can potentially bind fat and decrease the overall lipid content in meat and meat-based products. Moreover, antimicrobial and film-forming properties of mucilage can potentially inhibit microbial growth and reduce oxidation, extending the shelf life. This review emphasizes the advantages of incorporating mucilage into processing and coating strategies for meat and seafood products. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mucilage event witnessed in the Sea of Marmara in 2021 has emerged as a prominent environmental concern, capturing public attention due to its detrimental effects on ecological, economic, and aesthetic dimensions. Addressing the multifaceted impacts of mucilage demands a nature-centric scientific approach, given its global ramifications spanning economy, public health, international relations, and tourism. Consequently, this study sought to explore alternative approaches for the removal of pathogenic enteric bacteria associated with mucilage occurrences, diverging from conventional methodologies. Specifically, the primary objective was to assess the efficacy of rhamnolipid and a bacteriophage cocktail in mitigating the proliferation of enteric pathogens within mucilaginous environments. During the study, 91 phage isolations were obtained from 45 water samples taken and 10 phages were selected for the broad host range and because of the efficacy tests, a phage cocktail was created with 5 phages. It was found that the mixture of rhamnolipid, phage cocktail and rhamnolipid-phage cocktail reduced bacterial load by 7–9 log 10 , 9–12 log 10 and 9–11 log 10 respectively under laboratory conditions. When the study was carried out in seawater, reductions of 4–5 log 10 , 3 log 10 and 4 log 10 were achieved. This study has shown that the combined use of rhamnolipid, phage cocktail and rhamnolipid-phage cocktail can be considered as the most effective natural solution proposal for reducing bacterial load, both in laboratory conditions and in sea surface water. [Display omitted] • Mucilage proliferation in Marmara Sea is a key marine ecosystem concern. • Addressing mucilage dilemma requires nature-based methods and tech advancements. • Assessing rhamnolipid & phage combo for mucilage pathogens is a viable strategy. • Molecular studies should be prioritized to reduce environmental impact of mucilage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linusorbs (LO), cyclolinopeptides, are a group of cyclic hydrophobic peptides and considered a valuable by-product of flaxseed oil due to numerous health benefits. Currently applied acetone or methanol extraction could contaminate the feedstocks for further food-grade application. Using flaxseed cake as feedstock, this study established a practical method for preparing LO from pressed cake. Firstly, LO composition of 15 flaxseed cultivars was analyzed. Next, cold-pressed cake was milled and screened mechanically. The kernel and hull fractions were separated based on the disparity of their mechanical strength. Monitored by hyperspectral fluorescence, the LO-enriched kernel fraction separated from cold-pressed flaxseed cake was further used as feedstock for LO production. After ethanol extraction, partition, and precipitation, LOs were extracted from cold-pressed flaxseed cake with a purity of 91.4%. The proposed method could serve as feasible flaxseed cake valorization strategy and enable the preparation of other polar compounds such as flax lignan and mucilage. [Display omitted] • Linusorb is prepared from flaxseed cake via dry-screening and ethanol pre-extraction. • Ethanol is proved effective as better substitute for acetone in pre-extraction • Impurities introduced by ethanol could be removed via aqueous precipitation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable packaging materials are increasingly being investigated due to rising concerns about food safety and environmental conservation. This study examines the incorporation of chia mucilage (CM) into starch-based films using the casting method, aiming to understand its effects on the structure and functionality of the films. CM, an anionic heteropolysaccharide, is hypothesized to enhance the mechanical and barrier properties of the films through polymer interactions and hydrogen bonding. Our findings confirm that CM incorporation results in films with uniformly smooth surfaces, indicating high compatibility and homogeneity within the starch matrix. Notably, CM improves film transparency and crystallinity. Mechanical assessments show a remarkable elevation in tensile strength, soaring from 5.21 MPa to 12.38 MPa, while elongation at break decreases from 61.73 % to 31.42 %, indicating a trade-off between strength and flexibility. Additionally, water solubility decreases from 57.97 % to 41.40 %, and water vapor permeability is reduced by 30 % with CM loading. These results highlight the role of CM in facilitating the formation of a dense, interconnected polymeric network within the starch matrix. Given the soluble dietary fiber nature of CM, the CS/CM (corn starch/chia mucilage) blended films are expected to be safe for food packaging and applicable as edible films with health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant polysaccharides such as mucilage obtained from seeds, roots, branches, and leaves have gained significant interest in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to their rich chemical, functional and biological properties. Chia seeds which are rich in fiber, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and minerals are capable of producing mucilage upon hydration in water. The process of obtaining chia mucilage is rather simple involving three different stages, namely; hydration, extraction, and recovery. However, in conventional treatment, incomplete removal or detachment of the mucilage from chia seeds occurs, which tends to reduce its yield, and thus hinders its application. In addition, extraction parameters such as time, temperature, and water-to-seed ratio affect the yield and quality of chia mucilage. Alternative and emerging extraction technologies have been reported to produce mucilage with tailored properties. As such, this review discusses different emerging extraction technologies of obtaining chia mucilage, mainly ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction, and their influence on the yield and functional properties of chia mucilage. This poses a greater diversity of applications of chia mucilage including fat/egg replacers, gluten-free products, carrier-based systems (micro- and nanoparticles, coatings, and edible films), and stabilizers. Although, many studies have been reported on its applications, nevertheless, studies related to improving the sensory profile of these products as well as information regarding their safety are important to attract consumers. [Display omitted] • Chia mucilage (CM) are rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and moisture contents. • Different extraction methods influence the properties and yields of chia mucilage. • Ultrasound-assisted extraction method tend to increase yield of chia mucilage. • Chia mucilage offers a great potential for application in the food industry. • Improvement in sensory profile of CM-substituted products are important for a good market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage is a renewable source of hydrocolloid carbohydrates with a high added value suitable for food and other industrial applications. The purpose of this research is to investigate the efficiency of mucilage extraction as an interesting emulsifying agent using the conventional one-step method versus the combined conventional and ultrasound-assisted extractions. The yield extraction of mucilage through conventional and combined methods from cooked cladodes was 19 ± 0.5 % and 22.8± 2.4 %, respectively. It was shown by the ATR-FTIR, XRD, and TGA spectra that mucilages have a carbohydrate structure, an amourphous appearance, and good thermal stability in some temperature ranges. All mucilage hydrocolloid solutions show non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior in terms of viscosity. The zeta potential of emulsions stabilized with mucilage fractions ranged from 22.1±1.2 to 34.6± 1.7 mV. Ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with the conventional method is a green technology to extract mucilage from Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes with properties that can be used as a natural emulsifying agent for stable emulsions. • Ultrasound extraction method considered as a green technology to extract mucilage. • Opuntia ficus-indica mucilages are thermally stable. • The flow of mucilage solutions revealed the pseudo-plastic share-thinning behavior. • The challenges of using Opuntia ficus-indica mucilages as an emulsifier are proven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There are two ontogenetic pathways for achieving fleshiness in fruits of Bromelioideae. • B. antiacantha ´s mucilage channels are a new type of mucilage secretion in the family. • Fruit aliform projection and apical elongated placenta are unique features of A. strobilaceae. Capsule-type fruits are predominant in Bromeliaceae. However, the late divergent subfamily Bromelioideae generally presents fleshy fruits, which display a diverse range of morphologies even in related genera; however, there is almost no information regarding their anatomical and ontogenetic aspects. In this study we evaluate the fruit ontogeny of species from the major lineages of Bromelioideae, to better understand the possible paths in which fleshiness can be achieved in the subfamily. Flowers at pre-anthesis and anthesis, and fruits of Acanthostachys strobilacea, Billbergia pyramidalis , and Bromelia antiacantha were collected and processed with standard methods for analysis under light microscopy. Two basic ontogenetic pathways for achieving fleshiness were identified among the examined species. In the two former species, belonging to the core Bromelioideae, the pericarp development occurs solely through cell expansion and anticlinal cell division in the mesocarp. Conversely, in B. antiacantha , belonging to the tankless lineages, the pericarp development proceeds via both periclinal and anticlinal cell divisions of the outer and inner mesocarp. The analysis of fruit anatomy in the species included in this study highlights unprecedented traits of Bromelioideae fruits, such as the presence of the pericarp´s massive extra-carpellary portion in B. antiacantha , which contains many mucilage channels and fibrous tissue, and an intrusive septum in the carpellary portion, which acts as the main nutritive portion of the fruit. Additionally, in the present study, unique features of the ovary and the fruit, essential for characterizing the species were detailed, including the elongated placental tissue and the aliform projections of A. strobilacea. Our observations highlight distinct developmental processes to fleshy fruit formation in Bromelioideae. In this way, exploring the fruit ontogenetic diversity in Bromelioideae offers an exciting opportunity for future investigations. Besides, the unique fruit features identified bring out the importance of fruits as tools for genus delineation within this subfamily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Okra plant and its various parts has potential to be utilized as functional food ingredient. • Extraction techniques expand the availability of okra mucilage (OM) for diverse applications. • New extraction techniques for OM focuses on maximizing yield, purity, and structural integrity. • OM has remarkable biological properties. Abelmoschus esculentus , also known as okra, is a member of the Malvaceae family. It is utilized in both culinary and traditional medicine for different illnesses. The okra mucilage (OM) is composed of natural polysaccharides, containing D-galactose, L-rhamnose, and galacturonic acid monosaccharides, and are also abundant in proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Multiple investigations have provided evidence that the inclusion of the OM extract in various food matrices enhances the properties of the resulting products through suitable reformulation. The mucilage found in the okra plant contains bioactive substances that have been associated with a range of biological characteristics, including insulin resistance, anti-cancer, anti-hypertensive, and antimicrobial properties. In this review, conventional and non-conventional extraction techniques are systematically discussed. We investigated the impact of various extraction methodologies on the structural attributes of mucilage extract derived from okra fruit. These attributes are molecular weight, composition of monosaccharides, and functional properties. Various extraction techniques had a significant impact on the OM extract with distinct structural characteristics. It is important to understand the extraction-structure–property relationships of okra polysaccharides (OPs) to obtain polysaccharides that generate specific functional outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green (Penicillium digitatum) mold can severely endanger the citrus fruits production and quality. Targeting the protection of lemon fruits from green mold infestations with nanobiotechnology approach, the fenugreek seed mucilage (FM) was extracted and exploited for biosynthesis of selenium (SeNPs) nanoparticles; their nanocomposites (NCs) with chitosan (CT) was constructed and employed as antifungal materials and edible coating (ECs) to protect lemon fruits against green mold. The nanoparticles formation and conjugations were verified by infrared (FTIR) analysis and electron microscopy. The FM-synthesized SeNPs had particles average of 8.35 nm, were the NCs of them with CT had size mean of 49.33 nm and charged with +22.8 mV. The CT/FM/SeNPs composite exhibited superior antifungal actions toward P. digitatum isolates, up to 32.2 mm inhibition diameter and 12.5 mg/mL inhibitory concentration, which exceeded the actions of imazilil. The microscopic screening of exposed P. digitatum to NCs clarified their mycelial destructive action within 30 h. The coating of infected lemons with fabricated NCs led to complete elimination of green mold development after 10 days of coating, without any infestation remarks. The innovative fabrication of NCs from CT/FM/SeNPs is strongly suggested to protect citrus crops from green mold and preserve fruits quality. • Innovative biosynthesis of SeNPs with fenugreek seed mucilage was attained. • Novel nanocomposites from chitosan, fenugreek mucilage and SeNPs were produced. • Nanocomposites have elevated antifungal actions toward Penicillium digitatum. • Lemon fruits' coating with nanocomposite prevented green mold development. • Biopolymers-based nanocomposites are effectual fruits protectant formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present research was to investigate the interaction effect of incorporating titanium dioxide (TiO 2) (0 %, 0.5 %, and 1 %) nanoparticles and manipulating the proportion of tomato seed mucilage (TSM) and gelatin (Ge) (1: 0, 0.33:0.67, 0.67:0.33, and 0:1) on the physical, mechanical, and microbial characteristics of the film. The findings indicated that the incorporation of TiO 2 engendered an augmentation in the surface roughness of the film and an elevation in the film's thickness. The mechanical evaluation results revealed that the incorporation of TiO 2 into the TSM-Ge films significantly enhanced (p˂0.05) the tensile strength (TS), (up to 300 %), an elevation of Young's modulus, while concurrently leading to a reduction in the elongation at break (EB). The incorporation of TiO 2 resulted in a significant enhancement in various properties of the film (p˂0.05), including opacity, contact angle, oxygen permeability (OP), water vapor permeability (WVP), moisture absorption, moisture content, solubility, and swelling. The rise in the proportion of TSM resulted in a concomitant increase in the color differences (ΔE), and yellowness index (YI). Conversely, there was a decrease in the lightness (L*) and the whiteness index (WI). Additionally, an increase was found in opacity, solubility, moisture content, WVP, OP, swelling, and moisture absorption. It was observed that films without TiO 2 exhibited no inhibitory effect. However, upon augmenting the concentration of TiO 2 to 1 %, notable inhibitory and lethal effects were observed against various microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Aspergillus niger , and Candida glabrata. The results showed that the TSM-Ge composite film containing TiO 2 , exhibited potential as a viable choice for food packaging susceptible to microbial spoilage. • TSM-Ge film containing TiO 2 , exhibited potential as a viable choice for food packaging • Incorporation of TiO 2 into TSM-Ge films exhibited enhancements in the film's physical, permeability, and antimicrobial characteristics. • Incorporation TiO 2 and in TSM-Ge films caused the changed film's surface characteristics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been proposed that marine mucilage intensifies the biological effects of chemical pollutants and can increase their bioaccumulation in seafood. Indeed, in 2021, mucilage caused a major environmental disaster in the Sea of Marmara. Limited resources on the possible effects of marine mucilage on sustainable food security have increased the importance of this study. The aim of this study is to investigate the biochemical effects of mucilage in wild and cultured mussels, a bioindicator species collected from four different regions [Istanbul Strait (S1) and Canakkale Strait (S2), Bandirma (S3), Gelibolu (S4)] during the 2021 fishing season in the Sea of Marmara. The levels of reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation, activities of antioxidant enzymes like glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, activities of biomarker enzymes like alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities were determined. Our findings demonstrated that mucilage had an impact on cellular oxidative state and compromised the lipid cell membranes in the mantle tissues of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lamarck 1819). It was found that there is a high positive relationship between seawater temperatures and bioparameters in S2 and S3 regions, except for GSH level. This study puts forward that in the presence of marine mucilage the biological responses and the state of health of mussels are negatively affected. Parameters which exhibit this kind of response may be used as biomarkers of exposure to marine mucilage in wild and culture mussel populations. Environmental disasters such as marine mucilage naturally affect food security by putting the sustainability of these species at risk. [Display omitted] • A wide range of potential biomarkers of marine mucilage were investigated. • Mussels were affected by diverse seawater temperatures during the mucilage event. • Exposure to marine mucilage has negative effects on mussels' antioxidant system. • Results show biomarkers of bivalves are linked to increasing seawater temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mucilage, which emerged as a result of increasing global warming and the deterioration of marine ecosystem balances, has taken the Marmara Sea under its influence. Mucilage appears in some periods and there is not much information about its bioenergy production potential. In this study, the biogas and biohydrogen production potential was determined when mucilage collected from the coasts is used as a substrate. Different S/X ratios were evaluated for biogas production. The highest biogas production was observed as 682 ml/g VS at the S/X ratio of 2. Dark fermentation was carried out using mixed Clostridium sp. to produce biohydrogen. As a result of fermentation, a maximum biohydrogen yield of 117 ml H 2 /g VS hydrogen was obtained. In terms of both biogas and hydrogen results, the bioenergy potentials of the mucilage sample taken from the surface were determined to be higher than the bottom sediment. [Display omitted] • The highest biogas production was observed at the S/X ratio of 2. • A maximum biohydrogen yield of 117 ml H 2 /g VS was obtained. • The methane content was ranged between 25 and 30% for both samples. • The bioenergy potential of the white mucilage was higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study establishes an experimental design for the preparation of new bi and tri-layer mucoadhesive sublingual films based on basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seed mucilage (OBM) as novel plant-polysaccharide for oromucosal administration of nystatin (Nys). The films formulation consists of a drug reservoir-mucoadhesive layer cross-linked via CaCl 2 , with protective mucoadhesive layers based on thiolated alginate (TA) and polydopamine (PDA). OBM served as a new mucoadhesive polysaccharide in second layers, where the dopamine-modified-hyaluronic acid (DHA) improved the mucoadhesive strength and swelling rate properties. The drug-loaded formulations of trilayer film with PDA coating, and bilayer film with DHA/OBM (1:1) in the second layer, showed the desired mucoadhesion properties (about 69 and 75.3% respectively). The obtained results revealed that the bilayer film containing DHA had a superior swelling degree in the range of 15–19 (g/g). While the PDA coating sample showed the highest resistance to water uptake and erosion. The bilayer film (DHA/OBM with 1:1 ratio) provided a maximum drug release of 86% after 4 h. The selected formulations indicated good mechanical properties with no cytotoxicity. [Display omitted] • Multilayered mucoadhesive oral films were prepared based on basil seed mucilage as a new plant polysaccharide. • The physicochemical properties of OBM hydrogel film as a drug delivery system were investigated. • The oral films showed a proper mucoadhesion behavior after chemical modification. • Nystatin (Nys) was used as a model drug to measure the in vitro drug release. • The OBM oral films were subjected to in vitro cytotoxicity tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop the Fenugreek seed mucilage-based pH-responsive hydrogel system in order to improve the oral bioavailability of methotrexate (MTX). Fenugreek seed mucilage (FSM) was extracted from Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds. F1-F9 formulations of pH-responsive hydrogels were prepared using various FSM ratios, methacrylic acid (MAA), and methylene bis acrylamide (MBA) via free radical polymerization technique. Swelling behavior and in vitro drug release studies of prepared hydrogels were evaluated. Toxicity studies of prepared hydrogels were performed on normal cells and on Wistar rats (n = 6). Moreover, in vivo pharmacokinetics parameters were studied on albino rabbits. Hydrogels formation was confirmed by FTIR analysis, thermal analysis and SEM studies. The maximum swelling of hydrogel was found to be 384.7% at pH 7.4. MTX-loaded hydrogel showed the controlled release of MTX up to 24 h following Super Case II transport. Prepared hydrogels exhibited no toxicity in normal cells as well as in experimental subjects. MTX loaded hydrogels exhibited less inhibition compared to free MTX on Hela cells. In Vivo studies revealed 7.5-fold improved oral bioavailability of MTX with higher C max (928 ng/mL). These results indicate that the pH-responsive hydrogel system based on FSM is a promising tool for the controlled delivery of MTX. [Display omitted] • pH-sensitive hydrogel for the oral delivery of BCS class IV drugs • Pharmacokinetic parameters evaluation in Albino rabbits • Acute oral toxicity study of natural polymeric carrier system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root border cells (RBCs) and their mucilage are considered to play an important role in protecting root tip from aluminum (Al) toxicity, but their interactions with silicon (Si) under Al stress still remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of Si on the formation of RBCs under Al stress and the related detoxification mechanism in hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L.). The results showed that Si could prevent the separation of RBCs from each other by increasing the degree of pectin methylesterification in root tip cell wall, thereby keeping more RBCs around the root tip. Also, Si maintained the viability of RBCs, increased the amount of mucilage, and reduced the content of total Al and free Al in root tips. Moreover, the RBCs accumulated more Al and Si simultaneously than root tip in the Al treatments with Si supply. Overall, these results indicated that Si reduced the toxicity of Al to RBCs through formation of Si–Al complex on the RBCs, thereby improving the viability of RBCs and promoting the secretion of mucilage. Concomitantly, Si, RBCs and their mucilage could form a protective sheath at the root tip, which prevented Al from diffusing into the root tip, thereby alleviating Al toxicity in rice root tips. [Display omitted] • Si kept more RBCs around the root tip under Al stress. • Si improved the viability of RBCs and promoted the production of mucilage. • The formation of Si–Al complex on the RBCs reduced the toxicity of Al to root tip. • A protective sheath formed by RBCs and mucilage prevented Al from entering root tip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing interfacial connections is one of the breakthrough strategies to improve the photocatalytic activity of graphene/p-n heterojunction systems. Herein, natural tragacanth mucilage, for the first time, was employed as cost-effective and ecofriendly surfactant to prepare highly efficient ZnO–ZnBi 2 O 4 /graphene hybrid photocatalyst. The results indicated that the methylene blue (MB) photocatalytic degradation efficiency of ZnO–ZnBi 2 O 4 /graphene-mucilage heterojunction, containing 10 wt% ZnBi 2 O 4 and 1 wt% graphene, was ∼1.2, 1.4, 3.1 and 8.3 times higher than that of ZnO–ZnBi 2 O 4 /graphene, ZnO–ZnBi 2 O 4 , ZnBi 2 O 4 and ZnO samples, respectively. This significant improvement in the photocatalytic performance could be mainly ascribed to the desirable advantages of using natural mucilage as surfactant, including uniform distribution of ZnO–ZnBi 2 O 4 nanoparticles on the surface of graphene sheets, increasing of the effective surface area, and improving of the charge carriers separation. Based on the trapping experiments, electron spin resonance and photoelectrochemical Mott-Schottky tests, direct Z-Scheme charge transfer mechanism with hydroxyl radicals as main active species was suggested for photocatalytic degradation of MB on the ZnO–ZnBi 2 O 4 /graphene-mucilage nanocomposite. This study provides a new insight to fabricate more homogeneous and close contact interfaces in graphene-based hybrid photocatalytic systems for environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dye wastewater is the major and most polluted stream of wastewater generated from textile industry, which poses serious problems for the environment. Coagulation and flocculation have been the most practiced methods for dye wastewater treatment. However, the use of aluminum based coagulants and synthetic polymer are associated to human health; hence, iron based coagulants and plant-based polymers are alternatives of interest. This study determined the removal of turbidity and other pollutants from dye wastewater by a coagulation-flocculation process using FeCl3 and mucilage extracted from the peel of dragon fruit Hylocereus undatus (DFPM) in regard to their alternative role as abovementioned. According to Jar-tests’ results, optimal coagulation conditions of FeCl3 were typically found in pH 4.0–6.0 and settling time of 30–60 min, whereas, FeCl3 dose varied in range of 0.15–0.26 mM depending on types of dye wastewater. The addition of DFPM (0.5–50 mg/L) after FeCl3 (0.04–0.74 mM) resulted in turbidity removal up to 97%, corresponding to 10%–20% increase compared to those obtained with FeCl3 alone. DFPM showed a comparable effect to the comercial flocculant – polyacrylamide (PAM) and the potential to decrease 10%–50% the amount of FeCl3 used to obtain the similar turbidity removal. In comparison to polyaluminum chloride (PACl), FeCl3 showed better coagulation performance on investigated dye wastewater; While achieving similar performance in turbidity, TSS, color and COD removal when combined with DFPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the therapeutic hydrocolloid quince seed mucilage (QSM) from Cydonia oblonga Miller fruit is enriched with needle-like nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) crystals to fabricate a novel biomimetic osteogenic bioscaffold. The molecular weight (M w) of water-based extracted QSM was measured with GPC (8.67 × 105 g/mol), and the composite blend was prepared at a ratio of 1:1 (w/w) QSM aq and nHAp. The porous bioscaffolds were manufactured by the freeze-drying method, and evaluated in-depth with advanced analyses. The XRD, ATR-FTIR, SEM-EDX, and elemental mapping analyses revealed a uniform coated semi-crystalline structure with no covalent bindings between QSM and nHAp. Moreover, due to the hydrocolloid backbone, a supreme swelling ratio (w/w, 6523 ± 190%) with suitable pore size (208.12 ± 99.22 μm) for osteogenic development was obtained. Further, the cytocompatible bioscaffolds were evaluated for osteogenic differentiation in vitro using human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs). The immuno/histochemical (I/HC) staining revealed that the cells with the spherical morphology invaded the pores of the prepared bioscaffolds. Also, relatively early up-regulated osteogenic markers were observed by the qRT-PCR analyses. Overall, it is believed that the QSM-nHAp bioscaffolds might be favorable in non-load bearing applications, especially in the cranio-maxillofacial region, due to their regenerative, bendable, and durable features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based hydrogels have attracted great attention in biomedical fields since they are biocompatible and based on natural, sustainable, cost-effective, and widely accessible sources. Here, we introduced new viscoelastic bio-inks composed of quince seed mucilage and cellulose nanofibrils (QSM/CNF) easily extruded into 3D lattice structures through direct ink writing in ambient conditions. The QSM/CNF inks enabled precise control on printing fidelity where CNF endowed objects with shape stability after freeze-drying and with suitable porosity, water uptake capacity, and mechanical strength. The compressive and elastic moduli of samples produced at the highest CNF content were both increased by ~100% (from 5.1 ± 0.2 kPa and 32 ± 1 kPa to 10.7 ± 0.5 and 64 ± 2 kPa, respectively). These values ideally matched those reported for soft tissues; accordingly, the cell compatibility of the printed samples was evaluated against HepG2 cells (human liver cancer). The results confirmed the 3D hydrogels as being non-cytotoxic and suitable to support attachment, survival, and proliferation of the cells. All in all, the newly developed inks allowed sustainable 3D bio-hydrogels fitting the requirements as scaffolds for soft tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucilaginous seeds are novel sources of hydrocolloids with great functionalities. However, conventionally extracted mucilage is not of high quality due to the physical damage of seeds and the presence of seed particles in mucilage. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of mucilage is a cost-effective and promising application of power ultrasound. In this review, the recent findings about extraction yield, chemical composition, color, apparent and intrinsic viscosity, emulsifying properties and antioxidant activity of mucilage obtained from seeds by conventional extraction (CE) and UAE were investigated and compared with each other. Key findings and Conclusions : The results revealed that the UAE system had many positive effects such as increase in the extraction yield, lightness, emulsifying properties, antioxidant activity, and decrease in the impurities. However, the efficiency of UAE in improving the functional properties and bioactivity of mucilage seed gums was influenced by process conditions such as power, amplitude intensity, frequency, sonication time, temperature, and the intrinsic attributes of mucilage such as molecular structure. Therefore, in order to accomplish optimum bioactivity and functioning of seed gums, we should determine and apply optimized processing parameters. • Conventional isolation of mucilage is a time and energy consuming process. • Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) improves the quality of mucilage. • Sonication conditions should be optimized to obtain high quality mucilage. • Mucilage extraction yield in UAE is significantly higher than conventional extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compressed tablet formation from granular drug require binder with Cohesiveness property. Plants mucilage as pharmaceutical excipients are available. In this study, biocompatible date palm mucilage was encapsulated with silver nano particles for sustained drug release to provoke an immune response. Nano formulated mucilage was characterized by UV/VIS, FTIR, XRD, SEM/EDX spectrophotometry. UV/VIS spectra revealed an intense surface plasmon resonance peak at 406 nm for spherical mono dispersed silver nano formulated mucilage resulted from efficient reduction of silver ions to AgNPs. Zeta sizer disclosed the emergence of single peak at 139.7 nm with 100% intensity. Crude mucilage exhibited number of peaks in the region of 4000-500 cm−1 by FT-IR spectroscopy whereas purified as well as nano formulated samples showed somewhat different pattern of peaks in addition to peaks of crude sample. XRD spectra of crude mucilage revealed somewhat regular pattern while purified and modified mucilage displayed irregular structure. In SEM analysis, crude mucilage was appeared as granular that turned into porous network with entangled tiny silver nano spheres. A controlled release of drug levofloxacin hemihydrate was evaluated using crude/ nano formulated mucilage as excipient. Nano formulated mucilage delayed the onset exposure of drug in gastric medium giving recommendations as value added bio binder for drug to the target organ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chia seed mucilage (CSM) - bacterial cellulose nano-fiber (CNF) edible coating on bioactive compounds and antioxidant enzyme activity of strawberries. Strawberries were coated with CSM containing 0.6 and 8.0% (w /w) of CNF. The content of total phenol, flavonoids, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid, protein content, antioxidant activity and the activity of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzymes were evaluated. The use of CSM - CNF edible coatings further preserved the phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity of strawberries, and this effect was more evident in the CSM-coated sample containing CNF; However, the accumulation of anthocyanins in the coated samples was lower than the control sample. The activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzymes, which lead to the degradation of phenolic compounds and brown color in the product, was also effectively controlled by the edible coating. [Display omitted] • A novel edible coating made by CSM-CNF could increase the shelf life of strawberry. • CSM\CNF coating reduced enzymatic browning in strawberries. • CSM\CNF coating preserved most of the bioactive compounds in strawberries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectin is one of the major components of plant primary cell wall polysaccharides. The degree of pectin methylesterification (DM) plays an important role in the process of plant growth. However, little is known about the underlying regulatory mechanisms during the process of pectin demethylesterification. Here, we characterized mucilage defect 1 (mud1), a novel Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, which displays increased mucilage adherence resulting from increased activities of pectin methylesterases (PMEs) and decreased degree of pectin methylesterification (DM). MUD1 encodes a nuclear protein with a Really Interesting New Gene (RING)-v domain and is highly expressed in developing seed coat when seed coat mucilage starts to accumulate. We have demonstrated that MUD1 has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro. The expression of PME-related genes, including MYB52 , LUH , SBT1.7 , PMEI6 , and PMEI14 decreased considerably in mud1. We propose that MUD1 acts as an ubiquitin ligase potentially regulating the DM of pectin by post-transcriptionally removing proteins that normally negatively regulate the level or activity of PMEs in the seed coat mucilage. • MUD1 gene encodes a nucleus protein with a RING-v domain • MUD1 is a RING E3 ubiquitin ligase • MUD1 regulates the degree of pectin methylesterification [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Bioethanol by fermentation of CCN-51 cocoa mucilage with Saccharomyces cerevisiae • Experiments performed in batch bioreactor varying temperature, pH and yeast concentration • Logistic, Modified Gompertz and Andrews and Levenspiel models checked for describing kinetics • Andrews and Levenspiel model better fits experimental results The aim of this study was the production of bioethanol generated during the fermentation of CCN-51 Cocoa mucilage with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and the fitting of experimental data to the mathematical models: Logistic, modified Gompertz, and Andrews and Levenspiel. There are limited studies regarding the high energy potential of cocoa mucilage from Ecuador for bioethanol production as a gasoline additive. Currently, this by-product of the cocoa industry is considered as waste. Discontinuous fermentation was performed in a batch bioreactor under different conditions of pH, temperature and yeast concentration. During the reaction, bioethanol concentration, yeast and consumed substrate were evaluated by means of microdiffusion, dry weight by lyophilization and UV spectrophotometry, respectively. The result of the final bioethanol concentration was 25.41 g/L at a temperature of 35 °C, pH of 4 and yeast concentration of 3 g/L. The models were fitted with determination coefficients greater than 0.9. From the results, the logistic model was used to describe yeast growth. Modified Gompertz model is considered appropriate for modeling bioethanol production. Both models fit the data adequately; however, Andrews and Levenspiel model, besides of the good adjustment, considered inhibition terms of the substrate and product. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]