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Metal-free electrocatalysts for Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are highly desirable alternatives to expensive metal electrocatalysts. Herein, two metal-free heteroatom doped electro catalysts PCF-800 (carbon doped with fluorine) and PCFN-800 (carbon co-doped with nitrogen and fluorine) have been derived from the pyrolysis of ZnTFBDC and ZnTFBDC(1,10phen) accordingly. Both showed stunning performance for HER and OER in comparison with commercially available multiwall Nano carbon tubes. The graphitic and pyridinic carbon sites are generated in PCF-800 and PCFN-800 during the thermal polymerization process. These catalytic sites are responsible for excellent activity in terms of overpotential and Tafel slopes for HER process. Synthesized catalysts showed HER activities that are comparable to commercially available 20%Pt/C. PCFN-800 showed stability for about 30 h with a little decrease in current. Moreover, the mechanistic approach for HER and OER theoretical work was done and it has been found that the ΔG *H value for PCFN-800 is 0.51 eV that is less than 0.71 eV for N-doped carbon material for HER process. [Display omitted] • Fluorine and Nitrogen doped nanostructured hierarchical carbon is derived from Zn polymer. • High surface area with a wide range of porosity and catalytic active sites are found in derived carbon. • N and F co-doping of carbon produced excellent HER/OER catalytic activity. • Good Stability of electrode is found in alkaline media. • Mechanistic studies by DFT validate the contribution of F-coordination toward improved bifunctional catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, single-doped (cobalt (Co), neodymium (Nd)), and co-doped (Co/Nd) ZnO thin films were fabricated through the hydrothermal method on a silicon substrate (100) and investigated structural, morphological, and optical characteristics. In this work, tunable bandgap engineering of single-phase Co/Nd co-doped ZnO nanorods was reported to be controlled through variation of dopant concentrations. The concentration of neodymium varies as 4, 8, and 12 % by weight, while cobalt is fixed up to 4 %. XRD confirms the phase purity and high crystalline nature of the prepared nanorods. The physical structural parameters such as-fabricated nanorods were investigated in detail. Furthermore, Scherrer, Williamson-Hall (W–H), and size-strain plot (SSP) methods were used to investigate the crystallite size and lattice strain. The optical parameters like absorbance (A), transmittance (%T), energy bandgap (E g), skin depth (δ), optical density (D opt), optical conductivity (σ opt), Urbach energy (Eu), and extinction coefficient (k), were investigated by UV–vis spectra. This study shows that grown films are suitable for modern optoelectronic applications. • Development of Co/Nd co-doped ZnO thin film on silicon (100) substrate. • Nanorods grown on the surface of the substrate. • Significant effect of Co and Nd concentration on ZnO optical properties. • Redshift in energy bandgap occurs at 12 % Nd doping. • The grown films are suitable for optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presented research aimed to develop a spray drying process without the use of organic solvents for the preparation of novel Karaya gum polymer microparticles (MPs) of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP). The prepared microparticles were characterized and evaluated. Prepared novel karaya gum micro-particles loaded Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP MPs) were observed an effect on cadmium (CAD) induced testicular toxicity. A total of 40 rats (male) was divided into 4 groups viz. 1. Control group, 2. GLP MPs (250 mg/kg, 60 days of b.w per day), 3. CAD (60 days of 30 mg/l/day), 4. GLP MPs + CAD. CAD was responsible for altering the sex hormones, oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, elevated levels of indicator of oxidative stress, malondialdehyde, and a reduced action of SOD, GSH, and CAT (antioxidant enzymes), were observed in the tissues of the testicles of CAD- treated group. Such harmful occurrences were followed by an up-regulation in proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) levels, protein expression of Nrf2, and HO-1 expression was decreased. GLP MPs pre-treatment significantly abrogated these toxic effects which were confirmed histologically. This study concluded that pre-treatment with GLP MPs exerts a protective effect against CAD-induced male reproductive testicular toxicity. [Display omitted] • Novel Karaya gum polymer microparticles of ganodermalucidum polysaccharide (GLP MPs) were prepared. • Prepared GLP MPs were observed an effect on cadmium (CAD) induced testicular toxicity in rats. • Effect of GLP MPs on level of sex hormone, oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines were observed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, marine hydrocolloids have gained interest as a potential future food additive in baking and other food industries. Studies have shown the potential of marine hydrocolloids as functional ingredients to improve the bread quality. In this regard, the review summarizes the applications of marine hydrocolloids (carrageenan, agar, alginate) in improving bread's rheology and overall functionality. The review also provides an overview of marine hydrocolloids' physicochemical and functional characteristics, focusing on their usage as thickening agents, stabilizers, emulsifying agents, and viscosity modifiers. Additionally, the applications of marine hydrocolloids in improving the bread dough quality, texture, stability, and nutritional value are also discussed. Moreover, marine hydrocolloids' role in lowering the glucose digestion rate, resulting in a low glycemic index, has been described. Marine hydrocolloids can be a safe and healthy option for developing novel bakeries and other food products. Therefore, future research should be directed to characterize and explore the key applications and digestion mechanisms of marine hydrocolloids to meet the demand of the food sector for novel functional food products. [Display omitted] • Marine HCs have gained interest as a potential future food additive in baking. • Marine HCs significantly improved the bread's health benefits and overall functionality. • κ-Carrageenan improves the stability of dough and the overall characteristics of dough. • Marine HCs improve the glucose release in the blood resulting in a low glycemic index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the potential therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD), cholinesterases (ChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) are key enzymes that regulate the level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)/butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and monoamines. The aim of current research is the synthesis of multi-target compounds that can concomitantly inhibit ChEs and MAO. A series of fluoxetine and sertraline hybrids was designed and evaluated as multi-target inhibitors of ChEs and h MAO. In-vitro enzyme inhibition studies demonstrated that a number of compounds displayed excellent inhibition in submicromolar to nanomolar range. However, compounds 17 , 22 , 38–40 possess excellent concomitant inhibitory activity against ChEs and h MAO-A/B enzymes and thus emerged as optimal multi-target hybrids. In-vivo acute toxicity study showed the safety of synthesized compounds up to 2000 mg/kg dose. The examinations of brain tissue in Swiss albino mice suggested that selected most active MAO-B inhibitors 17 and 22 have a propensity to block the MAO-B activity that could be responsible for their neurodegenerative effect in mice. The in-vitro inhibitory manner of interaction of these multipotent compounds on all four targets were confirmed by molecular docking investigations. • Synthesized fluoxetine and sertraline based concomitant inhibitors ChEs and MAO for the treatment of AD. • Most of the compounds displayed activity in the range of submicromolar to nanomolar range. • Five compounds possessed excellent simultaneous inhibitory activity against all the four tested targets. • In-vivo cytotoxicity and Ex-vivo experiment on Swiss albino mice also performed. • Docking Studies carried out to confirm the in-vitro data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, pure ZnO and iron (Fe) and cobalt (Co) co-doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by varying Fe and Co concentrations using the co-precipitation method. The physical properties of as-prepared samples were investigated through XRD, FTIR, SEM, and UV–vis spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction confirmed the strong influence of Fe and Co ions on structural parameters without disturbing the basic ZnO hexagonal structure. The microstructural study was executed by using the Scherrer, W–H, and SSP methods. FTIR confirmed the presence of Zn–O, and Zn–M–O (M = Fe, Co) vibrational modes, which further confirmed the successful incorporation of dopants ions. The energy bandgap (E g) extracted from UV–vis spectra has shown red-shift (3.37–2.7 eV) for decreasing Fe contents, whereas blue-shift (3.37–3.39 eV) for increasing Co concentration. SEM was used to investigate surface morphology, which represents the high rate of agglomeration. The photocatalytic test was performed on grown samples against various dyes and also observed the effects of varying concentrations of Fe and Co ions. The maximum degradation efficiency (98.8%) at 6%Fe and 4%Co under direct sunlight in 60 min against methylene blue (MB) was achieved. The photocatalytic activity of optimized concentration (6%Fe and 4%Co) was further tested against cresol red (CR), methyl orange (MO), safranin-O (SO), rhodamine-B (RhB), and methyl red (MR) dyes. The maximum degradation efficiency against MR dye (96.0%) was observed. The antibacterial test against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterial strains have shown that co-doped ZnO nanoparticles have a higher activity as compared to pristine ZnO, and furthermore, the sample with 6%Fe and 4%Co concentration exposed the highest antibacterial actively for both bacterial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are dire concerns of clean and green energy development with a sustainable economic growth in China. The present study aims to gauge the short term and long term relationship among the real economic output, labor, capital, energy and trade considering global financial crunch of 2008. There are two different models estimated in the production framework with fossil fuels and clean fuels in the economy of China. Specifically, there is indication of a long run association with convergence dynamics among real economic output, labor, capital, fossil fuel and trade before 2008 but not vice versa. The coefficient of fossil fuel with a greater magnitude is indicative of its huge role for higher real output growth, ceteris paribus. Likely, the findings turn out to be significant for real output, labor, capital, clean fuels and trade while long run elasticities corroborate that labor, capital, clean fuels and trade have a positive and significant impact on economic output. The sign and magnitude of the estimate of clean fuels is much higher than before crisis period indicating a paradigm shift in energy mix therein economic output growth. It is recommended that clean fuels should be promoted as their role is non trivial for economic-environmental sustainability in China. • Dynamics among real output, fossil and clean fuels with trade are assessed considering global financial crunch of 2008 • The greater magnitude of fossil fuels is indicative of its pivotal importance in economic output and trade • The magnitude of the clean fuels is threefold than before crisis period indicating a paradigm shift in China's energy mix • Clean fuels is non trivial for economic growth and trade • Clean energy efficiency, financial investments, and green governance required to foster economic-environmental sustainability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • NiVCuO/C 60 nanocomposites synthesized for the first time by solution method. • Recent advances in properties modified with fullerene were discussed. • Excellent photocatalytic application modified with fullerene. • Tuning the band gap and surface of the NiO catalyst. • Degradation of dyes (MB, RhB, SO, and CR) dye more efficiently. NiO act as an efficient photocatalyst, and an appropriate design is necessary to support simultaneous highest photon absorption and lower charge carrier recombination. In this study, V/Cu were co-doped in NiO nanoparticles and then coupled with fullerene (C 60). X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy are used to investigate the structural variations. Further characterization tools were used to disclose the origin of surface imperfections inside the nanostructures, including Raman, UV, and PL spectroscopy. XPS was employed to examine the chemical composition of Ni, Cu, V, and C. EDX confirmed the elements in NiVCuO/C 60 composition. These imperfections decrease the charge carrier recombination and improve photocatalytic degradation (∼99.8%) of RhB dye, with a rate constant ∼0.042 min−1 under sunlight exposure. In addition, NiCuVO/C 60 has degradation efficiency of 99.5, 98.6, and 75% towards SO, MB, and CR dyes, respectively. The fabricated NiVCuO/C 60 nanocomposite achieved the high degradation required for practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Green processing technology such as sonication, as alternative of conventional processing. • Synergism of ultrasound and microwave exhibited changes in biochemical and nutritional parameters of blend juice. • Increment in phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of blend juice. • Sonication for 15 min at 70% amplitude and 20 kHz frequency exhibited most significant results. • Novel and innovative techniques to process and preserve juices. Melons (Cucumis melo L.) are highly popular due to its delicate and delightful flavor in the worldwide. However, the flavor of the melon juice was easily affected by thermal treatments and unpleasant cooking smell during production process. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) juice is a proven nutritious beverage with high levels of antioxidants, polyphenols, and other beneficial nutrients. Due to its low sugar content, combined with sugarcane, muskmelon-sugarcane blend juice gives an appealing and exotic drink. The research was planned to evaluate the effect of thermo-sonication (20 kHz, 70% amplitude, 5, 10 and 15 min) and microwave (90 °C, 400 W, 120 sec) on physicochemical parameters including pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids (TSS), total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC) and antioxidant capacity of muskmelon and sugarcane juice blend, during storage of 90 days at refrigeration (4±1 °C). The statistical results showed that synergism of sonication and microwave treatments had a significant (p ≤ 0.05) influence on pH, TSS, titratable acidity, TPC, TFC and antioxidant capacity. T 3 (15 min of sonication and 120 s of microwave) showed the maximum TSS (12.00±0.40 °B), pH (5.07±0.02), TPC (484.33±10.41 mg GAE/100 mL), TFC (261.73±11.32 mg CE/100 mL), and antioxidant activity (381.62±17.72 µg AAE/100 mL), as compared to untreated samples. Thermosonication for 15 min caused maximum retention of TPC, TFC and antioxidant capacity of blend juice during 90 days of storage, whereas in untreated samples these parameters were found highly decreased during storage. Thus, sonication and microwave can be recommended as an alternative to both conventional pasteurization processes and chemical preservatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bi–Cr-substituted Y-type hexa-ferrites were prepared via a micro-emulsion method. Formation of the hexagonal phase was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The size of the crystallites of all the samples was in the range 31.58–37.67 nm and their Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy bands were observed in the range ~ 450–650 cm-1. These bands indicated successful incorporation of Bi–Cr in the Y-type hexagonal ferrites. The existence of metal-oxygen bands at the tetrahedral and octahedral sites confirmed that all the prepared samples exhibit Y-type hexagonal ferrites structures. The magnetic parameters such as saturation magnetization, retentivity and coercivity revealed significant variations with the increase of Bi–Cr contents. Frequency and composition dependent variations in the dielectric constant (ε′), dielectric loss (ε"), tan loss, and other parameters were observed, for example the value of ε′ decreased as the Bi–Cr content increased. These optimised results are highly desirable for the application of these nanosized hard ferrites in various microwave devices [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of mixed transition metal nitrides often leads to the formation of more than one phases in the final product. A control over molar ratio of metals (Fe:Ni) along with synthetic strategy is used to form phase pure product (Fe 3 Ni 7 N@C). The synthesized material is used as an efficient and cost-effective electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Fe 3 Ni 7 N@C requires a low overpotential of 290 mV to achieve a catalytic current density of 10 mA cm−2 which holds Tafel slope of 40 mV dec−1 superior to the noble metal benchmark catalysts. The physicochemical integrity of Fe 3 Ni 7 N@C is maintained up to 12 h activity as evident from post catalytic characterization. Fe3Ni7N@C nanoparticles for oxygen evolution reaction. [Display omitted] • A control over molar ratio of metals (Fe:Ni) is used to form phase pure product (Fe 0.3 Ni 0.7 N@C). • Fe 0.3 Ni 0.7 N@C is used as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). • Fe 0.3 Ni 0.7 N@C requires a low overpotential of 290 mV to achieve a catalytic current density of 10 mA cm−2. • The physicochemical integrity of Fe 0.3 Ni 0.7 N@C is maintained up to 12 h activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer surgery under local anaesthesia (LA) can be challenging due to limitation of dose and quantity of anaesthetic agent that can be used safely. Elderly patients with breast cancer and with multiple co-morbidities are often prevented from having a standard treatment as they are considered unfit for general anaesthesia. We describe a technique of surgery under local anaesthesia without sedation that employs dilution to generate large volumes of LA and infiltration under ultrasound guidance.Methods: We present a case series by a single surgeon of breast cancer patients who underwent surgery under LA. 40 mls of 1% lignocaine with 1:200,000 adrenaline was diluted with 160 mls of normal saline to make a total of 200 mls, resulting in dilution to a concentration of 0.2% lignocaine. Radioactive isotope having been injected before patient's arrival in theatre, 1 ml of diluted anaesthetic solution is used with 2 mls of 2.5% patent blue to inject in the sub-areolar space. Local anaesthetic is infiltrated at operative site under ultrasound guidance using a long echogenic needle.Results: A total of 71 patients with breast cancer underwent surgery under the LA between September 2015 and October 2018. 64 (90%) patients had wide local excisions and 7 (10%) had mastectomies. All had axillary surgery, 65 (91.5%) had dual technique sentinel lymph node biopsy as a day case and 6 (8.5%) patients had axillary clearance. 8 patients had re excision (12.5%). All patients had '0' pain score and no postoperative analgesia was required in recovery. Local anaesthetic used did not exceed the maximum safe dose in any of the cases. One patient returned to theatre for postoperative wound bleeding. No other postoperative complication was observed.Conclusion: Ultrasound guided infiltration allows accurate placement of large volume of diluted local anaesthetic solution safely and provides effective anaesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a new amendment in Laplace variational iteration method for the solution of fourth-order parabolic partial differential equations with variable coefficients is revealed i.e. modified Laplace variational iteration method (ML-VIM). The proposed modification is made by coupling of two methods: one of them is variational iteration method (VIM) and the other one is Laplace transformation (LT). Our modification has an important beauty that one has no need to compute Lagrange multiplier via integration nor by taking convolution theorem and has a simple way to use in the implementation of our proposed scheme. Moreover, homotopy perturbation method (HPM) with He's polynomials is employed for the computation of nonlinear terms. The main improvement of our proposed scheme is the reduction of the problem to a simple one, which also embraces for solving a nonlinear term. Some illustrated examples are interpreted which unveil the robustness and accuracy of the newly developed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The event-driven model of computation provides a good platform for capturing complex real-time applications with low latency requirements since this model is free of problems like deadlocks, livelocks and performance bottlenecks such as locking overheads. Furthermore, there is great potential for extracting parallelism from an event-driven model on a chip multiprocessor (CMP). But, the execution and scheduling of this model on a CMP faces two primary problems that need to be addressed: (a) allocation of asynchronous event handlers (AEHs) on a minimal number of processing elements of a CMP such that the time guarantees are met and (b) scheduling the AEHs taking into consideration the shared resource access contentions. We propose a two-stage Integer Linear Programming approach for static allocation and scheduling of AEHs executing on a time-analyzable multiprocessor architecture with shared resources. The first stage allocates AEHs on a minimal number of processing elements in a CMP with weighted time-division multiplex access (TDMA) to the shared memory while meeting the timing requirements. The second stage then tunes the TDMA schedule such that the worst case reaction time of AEHs can be further shortened. This approach shows 43.75% better utilization of resources compared to traditional fair TDMA scheduling on CMPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe environmental sulfur contents due to the consumption of fuels in automobiles and industries resulted in serious health hazards and pollution because of it, desulfurization of diesel become inevitable. Targeting the profound desulfurization of diesel, we performed experiments to deeply desulphurized the thio-compounds by catalytic-oxidative desulfurization technique. We synthesized new metalloporphyrin (C 52 H 36 N 4 O 8 Sn)4MeO-SnPor which after conversion into (C 64 H 64 N 8 O 16 Sn)4Tris-SnTP leading towards the synthesis of covalent organic framework [(N(C 4 H 9) 4 ] 12 [HNC(CH 2 O) 3 ] 4 [(CO) 4 C 44 H 24 N 4 Sn] [NiMo 6 O 18 ] 4 (SnTP@NiAdCOF). SnTP@NiAd COF showed the outstanding catalytic property for deep desulfurization of thio-compounds above than 96% of thiobenzoic acid (TB) and 99% of 2-aminothiophenol (2-ATP) sulfur contents were oxides after 100 min of reaction using H 2 O 2 as an oxidant at room temperature with constant stirring. During desulfurization percentage desulfurization efficiency was checked for different time intervals by TLC and further confirmed by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatograms indicated that the peak area and peak height of thio-compounds decrease gradually with the passage of reaction time which confirmed the removal of thio-compounds from the reaction mixture. Sulfur contents removed up to 5 ppmw showed excellent catalytic characteristics of synthesized SnTP@NiAdCOF. The exceptional catalytic efficiency of prepared catalyst SnTP@NiAdCOF was because of the existence of active oxidizing centers of χ-NiAd and metalloporphyrin that are Mo O and [(Por)SnII], respectively. The potential mechanism appeared to be the formation of Mo(O 2) and [(Por)SnII–OOH] from Mo O and [(Por)SnII], respectively that act as active oxidizing centers and efficiently converted the thio-group into oxides and sulfones. Effective removal of sulfur grants the desulfurization of fuels by using SnTP@NiAdCOF catalyst to lessen the energy expenditure and also to enhance the production of environmentally-safe fuels. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Direct dual Z-scheme Sm 2 O 3 -WO 3 -La 2 O 3 heterostructured nanocomposite successfully prepared via co-precipitation approach. • Boosted photocatalytic activity of Sm 2 O 3 -WO 3 -La 2 O 3 towards different dyes pollutant. • Mechanistic insight confirmed the better electron-transfer/separation by direct dual Z-scheme. • Superior super-capacitive and antibacterial behaviour of nanocomposite. • Efficient material for energy storage, water purification, and biomedical applications. In this study, heterostructured dual Z-scheme Sm 2 O 3 -WO 3 -La 2 O 3 nanocomposite (NC) and bare Sm 2 O 3 , WO 3 , and La 2 O 3 nanostructured (NSs) were prepared using a co-precipitation approach. The comparative electrochemical, photocatalytic, and antimicrobial properties of NC and NSs were studied. The XRD spectrum exhibits the formation of bare NSs and NC having cubic-Sm 2 O 3 , monoclinic-WO 3 , and hexagonal-La 2 O 3 phases. FESEM results showed mesoporous morphology of NC. The higher electrical conductivity 261.33 mho-cm−1 and lower optical energy bandgap 2.55 eV were obtained for NC. The photodegradation tests exhibited that NC photocatalyst has degraded 99% (methylene blue), 96% (Methyl orange), 99% (safranin-O), 48% (p-nitroaniline), and 98% (methyl red) dyes pollutants in 40 min sunlight radiation and showed strong inhibition activity against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, P. Vulgaris , and P. aeruginosa bacterial strains with zones of inhibition (ZOI) 31 mm, 30 mm, 30 mm, 28 mm, and 31 mm, respectively. Electrochemical studies revealed the excellent capacitive characteristics of NC with a specific capacitance 532F/g at a scan rate 5 mV/s, energy density 48.0278 W h Kg−1, and power density 0.3782 KW Kg−1 at 0.006 A/cm2 current density. Furthermore, the present study revealed a novel composition for environmental remediation and energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Au nanoparticles of size ranging 2–6 nm were deposited over hexagonal CdS using three conventional metal deposition methods namely; deposition precipitation (DP), incipient wet impregnation (WI), photo-deposition (PD) and a recently reported KI method by our group [1]. The later involves reduction of Au 3+ ions with iodide ions. XRD results confirmed the formation of CdS hexagonal phase from as prepared cubic phase at 600 °C under the N 2 atmosphere. Transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM), diffused reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), ICP-OES and photoreactions were conducted to study the effect of Au particle size, Au loading and Au plasmonic properties on H 2 production activity. It was found that surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is directly linked to Au particle size. Among all four methods, 3 wt.% Au deposited over hexagonal CdS by KI method with mean Au particle size of 4 nm showed highest performance for hydrogen production from water electrolyte mixture under visible light irradiation (>420 nm and a flux of 35 mW/cm 2 ). XPS results of Au/CdS prepared by KI method showed that Au is exclusively present in zero oxidation state before and after photocatalytic H 2 production testes indicating the stable nature of Au/CdS catalyst. The H 2 production activity of Au/CdS catalysts prepared by different metal deposition methods and H 2 production mechanism in a water-electrolyte is discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remodulation of forage soybean root membrane lipids in response to cultivation on acid soils (podzol) in boreal climates. • Forage soybean produced less biomass at neutral pH compared to acidic pH. • Soybean plants produced similar forage quality at different pH in podzolic soils. • Four major lipid species; PC, PE, PA and AGIcSiE were observed in soybean roots. • Forage soybean roots remodeled membrane lipid profile under different pH in podzolic soils. • Soybean roots tend to bring membrane lipid profile close to neutral pH when grown in acidic soils. Boreal soils tend to be podzols characterized by acidic pH, which can further limit forage crop growth and production. It is unclear, how forage soybeans adopt to produce forage with high nutritional quality when cultivated on podzols in boreal climate. To answer this question, we cultivated forage soybeans on agricultural podzols at 3 farm sites with varied soil pH (6.8, 6.0 or 5.1), and assessed the root membrane lipidome remodeling response to such climatic conditions. Contrary to our expectations, significantly lower biomass was observed at pH 6.8 compared to 6.0 and 5.1. However, surprisingly the plants produced similar forage quality at 6.8 and 5.1 pH. Three major lipid classes including phospholipids, glycolipids and phytosterols were observed in roots irrespective of soil pH. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidic acid (PA), and acylated glucosyl betasitosterol ester (AGlcSiE) accounted for 95% of the root lipidome, and expressed significant changes in response to cultivation across the three soil pH levels. These lipids were also observed to have strong correlations with forage production, and forage quality. Therefore, soybean genotypes with higher abilities to remodel PC, PE, PA, and AGlcSiE could be better suited for producing higher quality forage in acid podzolic soils characteristics of boreal ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Histamine (HA) is an important biochemical for human health and food quality. It is produced due to the decarboxylation of histidine. High level of HA was reported in a large number of fish tissues in Scombridae family. The presence of a low concentration of histamine is the indicator of the freshness of fish. Therefore, this study aims to develop a simple novel method for the quantification of histamine by revers-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC-UV) followed by conventional UV detector at the wavelength of 205 nm. The extraction of the fish sample was optimized without derivatization, 2-5 dihydroxybenzoic acid (2-5 DHBA) and acetonitrile (ACN) was used in the mobile phase for the first time. Here we thoroughly investigate key experimental conditions such as UV absorbing probe, pH and mobile phase. We found that concentration of 6 mmol/L of 2,5-DHBA in the mobile phase, pH 2.65 and 50:50% ratios of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and acetonitrile were the suitable conditions for determination of histamine in the fish sample. By applying our new method, we determine the HA concentration within 5 min. This novel method was validated by using different parameters like linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), repeatability, matric effect, specificity, trueness, ruggedness, accuracy, precision, and specificity. The LOD and LOQ were 1 and 3 mg/kg respectively, and the correlation coefficient was >0.9995. We applied this method to the fish sample. Which were obtained from a local market here in Shanghai. Recovery was determined after spiking the fish sample; good recovery was observed with average recovery >82%. Thus, the proposed method provides a better reference for the successful analysis of fish safety, quality and trade. Highlights • In this new method we determine the histamine in a fish with a new method. • In our prescribed method no derivatization is required which save the time of analysis. • We are able to determine the histamine within 5 mints with a LOD ≥ 1 ppm. • Which meets the limits described by FDA and EU [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Ocimum basilicum is a medicinal plant with multiple health benefits including cardiovascular, cancer and diabetics. In the present study, the influences of light emitting diodes (LEDs) were investigated on the accumulation of biologically active ingredients in callus cultures of Ocimum basilicum. Among the various tested treatments optimum levels of Total phenolic content (TPC) was noted in callus culture grown under blue lights as compared to control, while maximum accumulation of Total flavonoid content (TFC) was noted in callus culture grown under red light as compared to control. HPLC analyses showed that highest concentrations of Rosmarinic acid (96.0 mg/g DW) and Eugenol (0.273 mg/g DW) were accumulated in blue light which was 2.46 and 2.25 times greater than control (39.0 mg/g DW, 0.171 mg/g DW), respectively. Chicoric acid (81.40 mg/g DW) optimum accumulation was noted in callus grown under the continuous white light, which was almost 4.52 times greater than control. Anthocyanins content were also analyzed, the highest amount of Peonidin (0.127 mg/g DW) and cyanidin (0.1216 mg/g DW) were found in callus culture grown under red light. These findings suggest that application of LED's is a promising strategy for enhancing production of biologically active ingredients in callus cultures Ocimum basilicum. Highlights • Ocimum basilicum calli were grown under different spectres of LED- lights. • Blue and red light enhanced phenolic and flavonoids respectively. • Rosmarinic acid and eugenol were enhanced by blue light. • Cichoric acid was enhanced by continuous white light. • Anthocyanins were enhanced by red light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The manufacturing of bimetallic durable and efficient electrocatalyst with the support of N-doped porous carbon for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction is extremely important for their long-term operation and wide applications. N-doped porous nanostructured carbon material with excellent permanent porosity and high surface area is produced through pyrolysis of Zn-MOF in inert atmosphere that further utilized as a support for the preparation of three bimetallic composites Pt-Ni@PCN920, Pt-Cu@PCN920 and Pt-Er@PCN920. It is found that Pt-Ni@PCN920 with less than 10% Pt showed the same over potential (- 42 mV) for HER as that of commercial 20%Pt/C at a current density 10 mAcm−2 in basic solution. The performance of Pt-Ni@PCN920 in terms of stability and efficiency is good and comparable with commercial 20%Pt/C for HER and with RuO 2 for OER. The best of three has been analyzed for long term stability and durability which is stable up to nine hours with little variation of current. The active sites developed by N-doping in nanostructured carbon material along with alloying effect of second metal with Pt produced good results for HER and OER with less than 10% Pt. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Zn-MOF was synthesized and sacrificed to get nanostructured N-doped carbon. • Bimetallic nanoparticles were supported on N-doped carbon material. • Pt-Ni@PCN920 showed good HER and OER activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A magnesium complex using N-phthaloyl-β-alanine (NPA) as ligand was synthesized and its crystal structure was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), fluorescence spectroscopy and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) were performed for magnesium N-phthaloyl-β-alaninate (MgNPA). The coordination geometry around Mg (II) has found to be distorted octahedral and the coordination mode of NPA in MgNPA is monodentate i.e. η 1 μ 1 . The significant enhancement was observed in the emission intensity of MgNPA complex as compared to the ligand NPA during solid state photoluminescence spectroscopy. The computational investigations of the complex were carried out at B3LYP/6-31 + G (d,p) level in gas phase to support our experimental results. The small energy gap between frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) manifested that MgNPA is a very reactive, chemically soft and optically active complex. The terahertz time domain spectroscopy of the complex and ligand was performed in order to characterize as well as to find out refractive index and absorption coefficient in 0.2–3.2 THz frequency range. Both the complex and ligand shows the characteristic absorption peaks in this frequency range. The decrease in refractive index is observed by the complexation of NPA with Mg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonics is one of the developing technologies which is being studied extensively on different food commodities. Our aim was to study the effect of sonication and chemical (Potassium metabisulfite, K 2 S 2 O 5 ,) preservation method on grape-carrot juice blend. Sonication/ultrasound treatments (20 kHz frequency, 70% amplitude level (525 W power), and pulse duration 5 s on and 5 s off, 5 min at 15 °C) of all the samples (250 mL) were performed by using an ultrasonic processor with 0.5 in. probe at 2 in. depth of the sample. Additionally, impact of sonication on 90 days of storage period at refrigerated temperature was also measured. It was observed that sonication had a positive effect on nutritional status of juice blend as it enhanced the total phenolic, flavonoid, reducing power and antioxidant properties of juice significantly ( p  < 0.05) with increase in sonication time. Sonication can be employed successfully for treatment of juice with better nutritional attributes from consumers’ point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drug resistant bacteria and textile contaminations of water cause different sever health problem throughout the world. To overcome this issue, new environmental benign materials and methods are needed. Plant metabolites directed synthesis of nanoparticles is considered eco-friendly and easy in synthesis. Therefore, it was explicit for the synthesis of AgNPs. The prepared AgNPs were evaluated for antibacterial, antioxidant, photo-catalytic and electrochemical degradation properties as well as toxicity of degradation products on aquatic life. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) has been used for analyzing the surface chemistry of prepared AgNPs. The particle size determines the interaction of nanoparticles with pathogens. Both Gram positive and negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus areous ) are used to determine the anti-microbial potency of the green synthesized AgNPs. The synthesized silver nanoparticles showed significant anti-bacterial applications against B. subtilus and S. aureus. The anti-oxidant applications of AgNPs also studied on comparison with vitamin C. The toxicity of the phenolic Azo dyes (PDA) has been studied against Fish, Daphnia and Green Algae . The electrode potential was studied in the electrochemical redox reaction of hydroxy phenol in aqueous media. Simple electrolyte was used to determine the current efficiency. For the stability of electrode multi cyclic voltammetry was also studied during redox reaction, which showed stability under the potential 0.4 to 0.2 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isomeric yield ratios (IR) of 86 m , g Y and 87 m , g Y were measured in the 23 to 37 MeV quasi-monoenergetic neutron induced reaction of 89 Y by using an off-line γ -ray spectrometric technique. The IR values in the 89 Y( n , x n ) reactions were also calculated using the TALYS 1.8 code and found to be in good agreement for 87 m , g Y but slightly less for 86 m , g Y. The IR values of 86 m , g Y and 87 m , g Y from the present work in the 89 Y( n , x n ) reactions were compared with the literature data in the 89 Y( γ , x n ), 89 Y( p , x ) and 89 Y( α , x ) reactions. It was found that the IR values of 86 m , g Y and 87 m , g Y in all these reactions increase with excitation energy. At the same excitation energy, the IR values are higher in the alpha induced reaction than in the proton, neutron and photon induced reactions due to higher input angular momentum in the former than in the later. These two observations indicate the role of entrance parameters. However, it is surprising to see that at the same excitation energy, the IR values of 86 m , g Y and 87 m , g Y in the 89 Y( n , x n ) reaction are nearly constant and significantly higher than in the 89 Y( γ , x n ) reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4-Amino-5-(1-hydroxy-ethyl)-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thione was synthesized and characterized by single crystal x-ray analysis. Thermodynamic calculations at B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory proved that 4-Amino-5-(1-hydroxy-ethyl)-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thione is the most stable tautomer in comparison with (S)-1-(4-Amino-5-mercapto-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl)-ethanol and (S)-4-Amino-5-(1-hydroxy-ethyl)-4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4] triazole-3-thione respectively. The title compound has been analyzed for its photophysical properties through vibration, absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Theoretical calculations of the title compound were performed at B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory in order to gain insight into the geometric, electronic and non-linear optical properties. Theoretical 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra calculated through GIAO formalism at B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) level in DMSO solvent showed excellent correlation with the experimental spectra. The experimental solid state photoluminescence spectrum was studied for the title compound. NBO charge analysis has also been performed to study charge transfer. Nonlinear optical properties analysis of the title compound reveals that the first static hyperpolarizability of 4-Amino-5-(1-hydroxy-ethyl)-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thione is 9 times higher than urea (a commercial NLO material). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical properties of (UC) m Al 3 C 2 (m = 1, 2, 3) carbides are calculated using Wien2k simulation code and results are presented in this paper. Ternary UAl 3 C 3 , U 2 Al 3 C 4 and U 3 Al 3 C 5 carbides are mechanically and thermodynamically stable. The dynamical stability of (UC) m Al 3 C 2 has been confirmed by phonon calculations. The calculated formation energies of UAl 3 C 3 , U 2 Al 3 C 4 and U 3 Al 3 C 5 carbides are found to be negative validating their structural stability. Calculated mechanical properties shows the ductile behavior of U 3 Al 3 C 5 carbide, while UAl 3 C 3 and U 2 Al 3 C 4 carbides are brittle in nature. Mechanical anisotropy results reveal that the U 3 Al 3 C 5 has greatest anisotropy characteristics. Calculated electronic and dielectric properties confirm the conducting nature of all these carbides. All three carbides show the highest reflectivity in infrared and ultraviolet regions. In the visible region, the observed average reflectivity is about 40–50%, which suggests that these carbides have ability to reduce solar radiation. Thermodynamic properties are also calculated at different pressures and results are discussed. Debye temperature is also investigated to explore the vibrational response of studied carbides. Thermoelectric properties are also calculated using boltztrap2 code. Mechanical, Optical, thermodynamic and thermoelectric properties suggest that these carbides could be suitable candidates for electronic, optical, energy storage devices and thermal barrier coating (TBCs) materials. • Ternary (UC) m Al 3 C 2 (m = 1, 2, 3) carbides exhibit stable structure. • Mechanical anisotropy reveals that U 3 Al 3 C 5 is more anisotropic than others. • High specific heat values lead them as potential materials for heat storage devices. • 40–50% reflectivity in visible region make them suitable to reduce solar radiation. • Thermoelectric data reflects the use of these carbides as thermoelectric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterozygous triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM2) mutations are an Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk factor. Nonmutated TREM2 dysregulation occurs in AD brain. Whether TREM2 is altered in prodromal AD remains unknown. Western blotting was used to determine levels of TREM2 (∼25 kDa) and Iba1 in the frontal cortex and TREM2 in the hippocampus from people who died with an ante-mortem clinical diagnosis of non- and mild-cognitive impairment, mild/moderate AD, and severe AD (sAD). Immunohistochemistry defined the relationship between amyloid and Iba1 profiles. Polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that all subjects did not carry the most common R47H TREM2 variant. TREM2 was significantly upregulated in sAD frontal cortex but stable in hippocampus. Frontal TREM2 mRNA and protein level patterns were similar but not significantly different. Iba1 immunopositive microglia counts increased significantly in frontal cortex containing plaques in sAD. TREM2 and Iba1 levels were not associated with plaques, tangles, neuropathological criteria, or cognitive performance. Frontal cortex TREM2 upregulation is a late event and may not play a major role early in the pathogenesis of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Surfactant assisted synthesis of novel NiO nanostructures via simple sol–gel route. • Tunning morphology for boosting electrochemical properties. • High specific capacitance, energy density, power density, cycling stability. • The enhanced performance by nanoflower type morphology. • Superficial/scalable fabrication methodology for pseudo-capacitor advancements. Nickel oxide (NiO) nanostructures with diverse morphology were prepared by facile sol–gel route using cationic, anionic, and non-ionic surfactants as stabilizing agents. The effects of surfactants on the physical and morphological properties of NiO were investigated. In addition, the electrochemical properties of grown products were also studied. We have observed that cationic surfactant (CTAB) leads to petal-nanoparticle interconnected nanoflower-like morphology. The electrochemical study revealed that all electrodes have pseudocapacitive nature with Faradic charge-storage mechanism. The CTAB assisted electrode owns large specific capacitance/energy density/power density of 397F/g/27.57 Wh/kg/0.54 KW/kg at 1 A/g current density in 1.0 M KOH electrolyte with superior cycling stability. The formation of nanoflower-like morphology in CTAB assisted electrode provides a larger surface area for ions transportation, higher conductivity, fast charge transfer, higher current density, and high electrochemical active surface area, attributing to boosted supercapacitive behavior of synthesized electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Synthesis of novel Nd 2 CeMO 3 (M = Er, Sm, V) nanostructures via sol–gel route. • Detail analysis by XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX, IV, CV, GCD, EIS, and ECSA. • High specific capacitance (1319F/g), energy density (225 Wh/kg), and power density (82.4 W/kg). • The boosted electrochemical performance of Nd 2 O 3 by Ce-Er co-doping. • The scalable methodology for next-generation supercapacitor electrode designs. Rare earth neodymium oxide-based Nd 2 CeMO 3 (M = Er, Sm, V) nanostructures were synthesized using a simple and versatile sol–gel method for supercapacitor applications and characterized with various analytical techniques. X-ray diffraction confirmed the effective doping of Ce and the co-doping of Er, Sm, and V in the Nd 2 O 3 matrix having a single hexagonal phase. FTIR further confirmed the formation of neodymium oxide matrix having metal–oxygen-metal bonding vibration. FE-SEM images revealed nanoplates type morphology, and EDX evident the existence of desired elements Nd, Ce, Er, Sm, V, and O in grown samples. IV results showed that the electrical conductivity of co-doped samples was high. The electrochemical measurements such as CV, GCD, EIS, and ECSA exhibited that all the fabricated nanostructures have pseudo-capacitive nature. However, the Er-Ce co-doped Nd 2 O 3 electrode has higher specific capacitance (1319F/g), energy density (225 Wh/kg), and power density (82.4 W/kg), using 1 M KOH electrolyte having 5 A/g current density. Further, the single Ce doped and Sm, V co-doped electrodes have shown higher performance than pure Nd 2 O 3 electrodes. In addition, the Nd 2 CeErO 3 electrode presented superb cycling stability; maintained 96 % initial specific capacitance at the 1000th cycle. The formation of the plate-like morphology in the Nd 2 CeErO 3 electrode provides a larger surface area for ions transportation, also higher conductivity, fast charge transfer (EIS results), and high electrochemical active surface area (ECSA results) are considered responsible for boosting supercapacitive behavior. This superficial and scalable fabrication methodology (co-doping) offers an effective route to boost the electrochemical performance of Nd 2 O 3 and introduce novel electrode designs for next-generation supercapacitor advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study of QSAR/QSPR, topological indices such as Shultz index, generalized Randic index, Zagreb index, general sum-connectivity index, atom-bond connectivity (ABC) index and geometric–arithmetic (GA) index are exploited to estimate the bioactivity of chemical compounds. A topological index attaches a chemical structure with a numeric number. There are numerous applications of graph theory in this field of research. In this paper we computed generalized Randic, general Zagreb, general sum-connectivity, ABC, GA, ABC 4 and GA 5 indices of the line graphs of 2 D -lattice, nanotube and nanotorus of TUC 4 C 8 [ p, q ] by using the concept of subdivision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct numerical simulations (DNSs) of spatially developing turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) over sparsely-spaced two-dimensional (2D) rod-roughened walls were performed. The rod elements were periodically arranged along the streamwise direction with pitches of p x / k = 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128, where p x is the streamwise spacing of the rods, and k is the roughness height. The Reynolds number based on the momentum thickness was varied from Re θ = 300–1400, and the height of the roughness element was k = 1.5 θ in , where θ in is the momentum thickness at the inlet. The characteristics of the TBLs, such as the friction velocity, mean velocity, and Reynolds stresses over the rod-roughened walls, were examined by varying the spacing of the roughness features (8 ⩽ p x /k ⩽ 128). The outer-layer similarity between the rough and smooth walls was established for the sparsely-distributed rough walls ( p x / k ⩾ 32) based on the profiles of the Reynolds stresses, whereas those are not for p x / k = 8 and 16. Inspection of the interaction between outer-layer large-scale motions and near-wall small-scale motions using two-point amplitude modulation (AM) covariance showed that modulation effect of large-scale motions on near-wall small-scale motions was strongly disturbed over the rough wall for p x / k = 8 and 16. For p x / k ⩾ 32, the flow that passed through the upstream roughness element transitioned to a smooth wall flow between the consecutive rods. The strong influence of the surface roughness in the outer layer for p x / k = 8 and 16 was attributed to large-scale erupting motions by the surface roughness, creating both upward shift of the near-wall turbulent energy and active energy production in the outer layer with little influence on the near-wall region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In QSAR/QSPR study, topological indices such as Shultz index, generalized Randic index, Zagreb index, general sum-connectivity index, atom-bond connectivity (ABC) index and geometric-arithmetic (GA) index are utilized to guess the bioactivity of chemical compounds. A topological index in fact relates a chemical structure with a numeric number. Graph theory has established a significant use in this area of research. In this paper we computed ABC 4 and GA 5 indices of the line graph of tadpole, wheel and ladder graphs using the notion of subdivision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early age marriage is associated with a range of poor social, economic, physical, and health outcomes for adolescent girls and their descendants. Early age marriage is a crime and violation of human rights. Female early age marriage is a serious issue in Pakistan. The objective of the current study has been to find the key determinants of early age marriages of females in Pakistan. The respondents of the study have been married females in the age group of 15–49 years. The nationally representative household survey data "Pakistan Demographic Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-18" has been used for the analysis. The analysis has been done using descriptive statistics, association tests, and logistic regression. The results indicate that the variables included in the analysis are statistically significant. As compared to poorest, the odds ratios associated with poorer, middle, richer, richest have been 0.795, 0.722, 0.579, and 0.532 respectively. As compared to illiterate, the odds ratios associated with a primary, secondary, and a higher level of education have been: 0.954, 0.531, and 0.141 respectively. As compared to working females the odds ratio associated with not working has been 1.169. The odds ratios associated with Balochi, Saraiki, Pushto, Sindhi, Punjabi, and other ethnic groups have been 1.694, 1.499, 1.447, 1.195, 0.906, and 1.31 respectively. Being an urban resident has an odds ratio of 0.897 against the rural resident. It is concluded that higher education level of female, better household wealth status, working female job status and media exposure reduces the likelihood of girls' early age marriages in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ni doped and Co, Cr, Cu co-doped CdO nanobelts synthesized via facile sol-gel approach. • Lower recombination of charge carriers and redshift in energy bandgap of CdO was obtained. • Higher sunlight harvesting capability of grown samples for photodegradation of various pollutants. • Enhanced antimicrobial activity against various bacterial strains. • Superior electrochemical capacitive behaviour of grown nanobelts. In the present work, single Ni-doped and Co, Cr, Cu co-doped CdO nanostructures via sol-gel approach were fabricated. The XRD diffractograms have confirmed the successful doping and co-doping in CdO lattice without any impurity phase generation. FTIR and Raman spectra have further confirmed the metal-oxygen bonding vibration and optical phonon modes related to CdO. FE-SEM images exhibited nanobelt type morphology varied with the type of dopant and EDX evident the presence of dopants along with Cd, and O. PL and IV results exhibited that the charge carrier recombination hinders and electrical conductivity has improved by co-doping. UV–vis absorbance spectra have shown redshift in energy bandgap by co-doping. The CV, EIS, and GCD tests suggested the superior electrochemical capacitive characteristic of co-doped CdO and can serve as efficient electrode materials. The photocatalytic activity results exhibited increased photodegradation performance by co-doping, and the highest was achieved for Ni/Cr co-doped samples. The antimicrobial activity results have shown a higher zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains. The narrow energy bandgap, lower recombination, and low charge transfer resistance are responsible for boosting the properties of CdO by co-doping and making it a prospective candidate as effective photocatalysts, antibiotic-resistant agents, and supercapacitor electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis of biomass and organic matter in fluidized bed reactors have become popular in recent years due to the efficient conversion of biomass to bio-fuels. Among others, the presence of mesoscale structures produced by the transient nature of gas solid flow governs the performance of fluidized bed reactors. In the present study, monodispersed system with the particle size of 155 µm and bidispersed system with particle sizes of 128 and 1500 µm are simulated by the multi-fluid model with the kinetic theory of granular flow closure laws. The objective is to investigate the effect of size distribution and solid volume fraction on the hydrodynamics of gas-solid flows. The ANSYS Fluent® software is used for the simulations and the slip velocity, heterogeneity index as well as mixing index are investigated. A two dimensional fully periodic domain is used to investigate the slip velocity at five different solid concentrations in dilute range. The slip velocity, which represents the interaction between solid particles and gas, calculated by simulation is higher than that calculated through Richardson-Zaki's correlation. The mixing index is found to be minimum for a solid volume concentration of 5%. The heterogeneity index is significantly less than 1 for both cases with bidisperesed system having lower value as compared to monodispersed system. The image analysis of solid fraction contours exhibits that mesoscale structures are dense and non-uniform for solid fractions of 0.05 and are small and uniform of solid fractions of 0.025 and 0.075. • Solid particle clusters using Eulerian CFD for bidispersed systems are observed. • H d is for bidisperesed system is much lower than monodispersed system. • Dense, non-uniform clusters are observed for solid fraction of 0.05. • Small, uniform clusters are observed for solid fractions of 0.025 and 0.075. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to energy crises and environmental pollution worldwide, researchers have sought efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and photocatalysts to eliminate organic pollutants. In the present work, we have synthesized a fullerene-C 60 -based CeO 2 @C 60 core-shell hybrid and characterized it with various state-of-art techniques to explore its OER performance and photocatalytic properties under natural sunlight. TEM nano-graphs and EDX color mapping exhibited the uniform covering of C 60 over CeO 2 forming a core-shell structure with a particle size of 54 nm. The XPS results demonstrate the coexistence of Ce3+ and Ce4+ oxidation states, resulting in the formation of rich oxygen vacancy defects, which induced the efficient charge transformation from CeO 2 to C 60 , enhancing the photocatalytic activity and promoting the OER reaction. The electrochemical measurements revealed a lower overpotential (312 mV) and small Tafel slope (54 mV/dec) at 10 mA/cm2 current density of CeO 2 @C 60 core-shell hybrid than pure CeO 2. Further, the hybrid is stable up to 2000th cycles, and the chronoamperometry test showed that it remains stable for 45 hr without degrading in 1 M KOH solution. The photocatalytic activity under natural sunlight irradiations showed that the CeO 2 @C 60 core-shell hybrid completely degraded P-nitroaniline (P-Nitro) organic pollutant after 75 min, with outstanding recyclability up to the 7th cycle of use. Furthermore, the present work explores the tremendous potential of C 60 and rare earth metal oxide-based hybrid catalysts having exceptional stability toward photocatalysis and electrochemical water splitting. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Uniform and conformal coating of ultrathin molybdenum oxide (MoO3) thin film onto conducting MWCNTs was successfully synthesized through a facile, nontoxic and generally applicable precipitation method, followed by a simple heat treatment. The ultrathin MoO3 coating enables a fast and reversible redox reaction which improves the specific capacitance by utilizing the maximum number of active sites for the redox reaction, while the high porosity of the MWCNTs facilitates ion migration in the electrolyte and shorten the ion diffusion path. The ultrathin MoO3 coated MWCNTs electrodes show a very high specific capacitance of 1145 Fg−1 in 2M Na2SO4 aqueous solution when 5nm thick MoO3 was considered alone despite the low weight percentage of the MoO3 (16wt%). Furthermore, the ultrathin MoO3 coated MWCNTs supercapacitor electrodes exhibited excellent cycling performance of>97% capacitance retention over 1000 cycles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Non-noble metal containing catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are being targeted due to their low cost and availability. The rarity, high-cost, and self-poisoning of noble metals are the main drawbacks for the large-scale applications. Herein, a facile and simple synthetic strategy is adopted to prepare non-noble metal-based nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs). The cobalt oxides (CoOx) nanoparticles are in-situ encapsulated inside these N-CNTs which are then treated with acid (HCl) and phosphidized to obtain CoOx-CoP/N-CNTs. High resolution transmission electron spectroscopy (HR-TEM) results reveal that the ends of N-CNTs are closed with nanoparticles. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms the presence of cobalt oxide and cobalt phosphide nanoparticles. The catalyst CoOx-CoP/N-CNTs2 demonstrated E onset and E 1/2 of 0.96 V and 0.81 V, respectively in alkaline environment which is very much comparable to the state of art catalyst (20 wt% Pt/C). Acid treatment significantly enhances the electrocatalytic activity for ORR in comparison to material synthesized without prior treatment with acid. The catalyst exhibits excellent durability over 10,000 cycles and methanol tolerance to 0.5 M methanol addition. The enhanced ORR activity is attributed to synergistic effect of carbon matrix and encapsulated nanoparticles. • Cobalt oxides (CoOx) nanoparticles are in-situ encapsulated inside N-CNTs. • CoOx/N-CNTs treated with acid (HCl) and phosphidized to obtain CoOx-CoP/N-CNTs. • High resolution transmission electron spectroscopy results reveal that the ends of N-CNTs are closed with nanoparticles. • CoOx-CoP/N-CNTs2 demonstrated E onset and E 1/2 of 0.96 V and 0.81 V, respectively in alkaline environment. • The catalyst exhibited excellent durability over 10,000 cycles and methanol tolerance to 0.5 M methanol addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An indigenously prepared, steam activated and chemically modified carbon from husk and pods of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera), an agricultural waste, was comparatively examined as an adsorbent for the removal of lead from aqueous solutions. Studies were conducted as a function of contact time, initial metal concentration, dose of adsorbent, agitation speed, particle size and pH. Maximum uptake capacities were found to be, 98.89, 96.58, 91.8, 88.63, 79.43% for cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrochloric acid treated and untreated carbon adsorbents, respectively. Bangham, pseudo-first- and second-order, intra-particle diffusion equations were implemented to express the sorption mechanism by utilized adsorbents. Adsorption rate of lead ions was found to be considerably faster for chemically modified adsorbents than unmodified. The results of adsorption were fitted to both the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Satisfactory agreement between the metal uptake capacities by the adsorbents at different time intervals was expressed by the correlation coefficient (R 2). The Langmuir model represented the sorption process better than the Freundlich one, with R 2 values ranging from 0.994 to 0.998. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• A fault detection scheme is proposed for MTDC by using local transient information. • Classify internal and external fault by tracking pulse count in a specific window. • The concept of protection unit is employed for rapid isolation of faulty part. • Results provide evidence for protection scheme's key role in handling MTDC faults. DC faults render hindrance in the flourishment of multi-terminal flexible high voltage DC (MTDC). The fault current rises rapidly, making a sharp peak, however, under a specific fault instance, isolation of the whole network is an impractical solution. For effective reliability of the whole network, rapid and accurate fault detection and selection of faulty pole is mandatory. A fault detection scheme is proposed in this paper to draw transient current harmonics from initial fault current by utilizing Discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Current harmonics employed the fault detection promptly at the converter stations without communication among the MTDC networks. Additionally, the proposed scheme can discriminate internal from external fault by tracking the number of pulse count in a specific interval of the harmonics of the voltage. In this way, the reliability of the protection scheme enhances and escape from the mal-operation of the circuit breaker. For four terminal MTDC transmission network, the simulations are carried out in PSCAD to authenticate the implementation of the proposed scheme and protection units (PU) are utilized for the isolation of faulty part with the combination of hybrid circuit breaker (HCB). A keen analysis of test results authenticated the ability of the proposed scheme to rapidly detect the faults with high precision, along with efficient classification of the nature of faults. Furthermore, consequential results provide a strong evidence for its key role in handling a multitude of MTDC faults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pt/Er nanoparticles are decorated on Cd-MOF derived hierarchical carbon. • Pt-Er@PCN-900 shows wide range porosity and large active sites. • Pt-Er@PCN-900 presented excellent ORR and HER catalytic activity. • Stability and durability of Pt-Er@PCN-900 is marvelous in alkaline media. Fabrication of Pt alloy with controlled morphology and size has drawn an attractive attention in developing active electrocatalysts for fuel cell and water splitting application. However, the effectively controlled synthesis strategy and morphology on N-doped carbon structure is still a challenging issue. Herein, a facile strategy for uniform dispersion of active sites of Pt/Er on the hierarchical N-doped carbon structure through pyrolysis in innert atmosphere is addopted. The developed product of Pt-Er@PCN-900 has exhibited efficacious trifunctional catalytic activity for hydrogen/oxygen evolution as well as oxygen reduction reaction. Comparatively, Pt-Er@PCN-900 with 8% Pt presents excellent performance than commercial 20%Pt/C. The present work highlights the importance of the rationalized dispersion of Pt/Er active sites for the future large-scale commercial applications of fuel cell and water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual metal doping is a state-of-the-art technique for improving the electrocatalytic characteristics for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and enhancement of the antibacterial activity of the material. Series of rare earth dual metal-doped Pr 2 O 3 electrocatalysts (Pr 2 CeMO 3 , M = Sm, Yb, Er) were successfully fabricated by employing sol-gel treatment. The antimicrobial and electrochemical applications of grown products were studied along with physical properties using advanced techniques such as FESEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, IV, CV, LSV, EIS, and ECSA. The prepared products retain the monoclinic Pr 2 O 3 structure with the successful doping of rare-earth elements. From the FESEM analysis, grown products have the grainy conglomerate shape, icy monoclinic boxes, irregular lamellar shaped, and well-crystallized grains with the plate-like morphology. EDX has confirmed the presence of metal elements Pr, Ce, Sm, Yb, and Er in grown samples. The electrochemical measurements exhibited the enhancement by dual-doping, and Pr 2 CeSmO 3 has an extraordinarily low overpotential of 189 mV to reach 10 mAcm−2 density and lower Tafel slope (75 mV/dec) for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in 1.0 M KOH electrolyte. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic efficiency of Pr 2 CeSmO 3 electrocatalyst for OER is extremely long-lasting for (>16 h). The antibacterial test showed that all grown single and dual-doped nanostructures have good antibacterial performance, but Pr 2 CeSmO 3 exhibits strong inhibition activity towards E. coli , K. pneumoniae , S. aureus , and P. vulgaris bacterial strains with maximum inhibition zone diameter 30, 32, 35, and 31 mm, respectively. This low-cost method for the production of rare earth dual metal-doped materials holds a lot of potential for making efficient catalysts, electrochemical energy-conversion devices, and economical antibacterial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient electron transport and minimizing recombination losses are crucial for optimizing DSSC performance, necessitating strategies to improve electron diffusion and reduce charge recombination. Two new eco-friendly polyimides based on χ -type polyoxometalates namely Tris@ZnPOM, and Tris@NiPOM, one with the Zn-containing Anderson-type POM(ADP), and the other with the Ni-containing Anderson-type POM, respectively have been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, UV–vis. spectral analysis, TGA,1H NMR, fluorescence and cyclic voltametric analysis. The fluorescence quenching in Tris@ZnPOM, and Tris@NiPOM was observed as98% and 99.7% as compared to Tris@anhydride, referring the photo-induced transfer of electrons between POM and Tris@anhydrides. The dielectric loss is found to be higher in Tris@anhydride as compared to the Tris@NiPOM, and Tris@ZnPOM. From the MEP analysis it has been seen that POM act as an electron with drawing subunit when conjugated with the anhydride. Different global reactivity parameters (μ, η and ω) were estimated from the frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) analysis, and the order of reactivity for Tris@anhydride, Tris@NiPOM, and Tris@ZnPOM is determined to be in accordance with their increasing band gap i.e., Tris@anhydride > Tris@NiPOM > Tris@ZnPOM. The increase in efficiency (η) of photovoltaics response for Tris@ZnPOM (2.35) is found to be higher as compared to Tris@NiPOM (1.25) and Tris@anhydride(0.62). The presence of Zn in ADP is responsible for increasing the efficiency of Tris@ZnPOM due to its low band gap that causes the easiest transfer of electron. [Display omitted] • Two new eco-friendly polyimides based on χ -type polyoxometalates have been synthesized and characterized. • The fluorescence quenching in Tris@ZnPOM, and Tris@NiPOM was observed as 98% and 99.7% as compared to Tris@anhydride. • The dielectric loss is found to be higher in Tris@anhydride as compared to the Tris@NiPOM, and Tris@ZnPOM. From the MEP analysis it has been seen that POMs act as an electron with drawing subunit when conjugated with the anhydride. • Different global reactivity parameters (μ, η and ω) were estimated from the frontier molecular orbitals(FMO) analysis. • The increase in efficiency (η) of photovoltaics response for Tris@ZnPOM is found to be higher as compared to Tris@NiPOM and Tris@Anhydride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, spray drying independent operating conditions such as the inlet air temperature (A-IAT 130, 150 and 170 °C), outlet air temperature (B-OAT 60, 70 and 80 °C), needle speed (C-NS 3S, 4S, 5S), maltodextrin concentration (D-MD 10, 15, 20 %), pump speed (E-PS 5, 10, 15 mL/min) and water/grape pomace ratio (F-W/GP ratio 10, 15, 20) were optimized to develop the spray-dried grape pomace powder (SDGPP) with maximum yield. The impact of these conditions on total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH· values) of SDGPP samples were analyzed. The independent spray drying factors (IAT, OAT, NS, MD, PS, and W/GP ratio) impart a strong direct effect (p ≤ 0.05) on powder yield, TPC, TFC, and DPPH· values. The interaction effects (A × B, A × C, A × D, A × E, A × F, B × C, B × D, B × E, B × F, C × D, C × E, C × F, D × E, D × F, and E × F) of independent variables were noted non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) for response values. After validation of the model and verification of results, the independents' variables were found in the range of 170 °C (IAT), 80 °C (OAT), 4S (NS), 15 % (MD), 10 mL/min (PS) and 15 (W/GP ratio) for yield (64.7 ± 1.18 %), TPC (7.66 ± 0.53 mg GAE/g), TFC (3.19 ± 0.30 mg CE/g) and DPPH· 140.3 ± 1.59 (100 µL/mL), respectively. The decrease in TPC, TFC, and DPPH· values of SDGPP samples was noted during 60 days of storage at 25 ± 2 °C and 65 ± 5 % RH (p ≤ 0.05) but not greater than unprocessed samples. It could be concluded that the protection of phenolic contents and retention of antioxidant activity of dried powders can be achieved at optimized spray drying conditions for discerning food and byproduct processing industries. [Display omitted] • Spray drying of phenolics rich grape pomace is a promising method for encapsulation. • Interaction for spray drying independent factors was optimized for pomace powder. • The quality of raw and spray-dried grape pomace was evaluated during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We have developed a hyperspectral soil imaging method using LA-ICP-MS. • Method gives excellent visualization of the spatial distribution of elements in soil using intact soil cores. • This technique shows how different land management systems modulate multi elements spatial distribution in the soil. • Hyperspectral imaging using intact soil cores could have huge implications in the soil ecosystem management. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a versatile analytical technique that can create qualitative images delineating the spatial distribution of elements in different samples. However, there is no demonstration of this technique in imaging the spatial distribution of elements in soil cores. Herein, we developed a hyperspectral imaging method using LA-ICP-MS to visualize the spatial distribution of selected elements in soil cores as a proof of concept. Soil cores were collected in plastic liners, frozen at −20°C; cut uniformly in halves using a band saw. The surface of the intact cores was ablated using a 213 nm laser optimized with the following parameters: spot size 100 µm, laser energy of 7 mJ, and scan speed of 220 µms−1. Two-dimensional images of the soil cores were created for Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Zn, Fe, Co, and Mn using the iolite software. The new imaging method was very effective in showing that different crop management systems and fertilizer applications altered the levels and spatial distribution of Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Zn, Fe, Co, and Mn in the evaluated soil cores. The results show that the developed method has great potential in multi elemental imaging of intact soil cores. This could have huge implications in environmental impact assessments, soil resource evaluation, agriculture crop production and the effectiveness of land use or land management systems in modulating the spatial distribution of elements within the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the structural, electrical, and antibacterial properties of novel Mg 0.95 Cr 0.05 O and Mg 0.9 Cr 0.05 M 0.05 O (M = Co, Ag, Ni) nanocrystals were studied. The simple, low-cost, and efficient co-precipitation method was used for the synthesis of required products and characterized by different analytical techniques such as XRD, FTIR, Raman, and I–V. The XRD study inveterated the substitution or incorporation of (M = Co, Ag, Ni) dopants deprived of disturbing the basic FCC structure of magnesium oxide. The average crystalline size and micro-strain were calculated from XRD data using different methods. The FTIR revealed the existence of Mg–O, Mg– O –Mg, and Mg– O -M bond, which confirmed the doping of (M = Co, Ag, Ni) in MgO host lattice. The Raman spectra also confirm the existence of optical phonon modes related to MgO. IV curve exhibits the improvement in the optical conductivity by co-doping. The antibacterial performance was tested against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel Zn 0·95 La 0·05 O and co-doped Zn 0·9 La 0.05 M 0.05 O (M = Yb, Nd, Sm) nanocrystals were prepared by co-precipitation method. Different analytical techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, and UV–vis were used to investigate the effect of doping of rare-earth (RE) ions in ZnO lattice. The microstructural study was performed using Scherrer, W–H, and SSP methods. UV–vis analysis has shown that the energy bandgap is redshifted (3.2–2.8 eV) by rare-earth (RE) ions doping in ZnO. The other optical parameters were also investigated to strengthen the optical study. The photocatalytic performance of grown catalysts was tested under direct sunlight against methylene blue (MB), rhodamine-B (RhB), and phenol (Ph). The antibacterial activity was carried out against S. aureus and P. Vulgaris bacteria. The La/Sm co-doped nanocrystal has the highest photocatalytic and antibacterial activity than others grown catalysts. • Enhanced optical properties of rare earth (RE) ions (La3+, Yb3+, Nd3+, and Sm3+) co-doped ZnO nanocrystals. • XRD, FTIR, UV–vis and SEM techniques were used. • Microstructural parameters of RE ions co-doped ZnO nanoparticles studied in detail. • Photocatalytic and antibacterial application of grown nanocrystals was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin films of ZnO and Co, Ni co-doped ZnO nanorods were successfully synthesized on the silicon substrate (100) by the hydrothermal method. The grown thin films were annealed at 105 °C for 4.5 h and characterized by employing different analytical techniques to investigate the effects of co-doping on structural, morphological, and optical properties of ZnO nanorods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the successful substitution of dopants (Co and Ni) without altering the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO. The crystallite size and micro-strain of grown films were calculated by employing Scherer, W–H, and SSP methods. The unit cell volume and lattice parameters were increased for Co doping, moreover by increasing Ni concentration as a co-dopant these parameters were decreased. Crystallite size of ZnO, ZnCo, ZnCoNi3, ZnCoNi6 and ZnCoNi9 grown thin films were 73 nm, 42 nm, 71 nm, 60 nm, and 52 nm respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has shown the existence of characteristic vibrational bonds of Zn–O in all co-doped samples at 499.35 cm−1, 561.25 cm−1, 570.89 cm−1, 565.10 cm−1 , and 553.53 cm−1 , respectively. SEM images show the surface morphology of grown thin films, which indicates that the diameter of nanorods is increased by increasing Ni contents. The UV–visible spectroscopy was employed to measure the energy bandgap (E g) using Tauc's plot. The optical energy band gap was decreased (3.37–3.16) eV for all co-doped samples. The redshift in energy bandgap by Co and Ni co-doping is mainly due to the strong orbital coupling and generation of new energy states between the VB and CB. The other optical parameters including optical absorption coefficient (α) , transmittance (T) , skin depth, optical density (OD) , extinction coefficient (k), refractive index (n), optical conductivity (σ opt), and dielectric constants (ε r , ε i) of the grown thin films were also discussed. • Hydrothermally derived Co, Ni co-doped ZnO nanorods; Structural, optical, and morphological study. • Variation in microstructural parameters calculated by Scherrer, W–H, and SSP methods. • Nanorods are successfully grown on thin film of Si (100) substrate. • The optical parameters i.e. energy band gap, optical absorption coefficient, transmittance, skin depth, etc. were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A transient current protection scheme is proposed in this paper. • Relation between fault current and transient current variations is utilized. • Transient current polarities are used to distinguish internal and external faults. • The increment in the transient current localized the fault location. • Two terminal MMC-HVDC model is tested in RTDS. • Fault resistance and distance affecting protection scheme performance are analyzed. The relation between fault current waves and variations of transient current in dc transmission lines (DC-TL) is meticulously investigated under numerous fault conditions. On these grounds, a transient current protection scheme is proposed for modular multi-level converter high voltage dc (MMC-HVDC). By using the wave propagation theory, the transient current distribution over the line can be acquired from current at both ends of DC-TL and fault can be localized from the approximate calculated results. Additionally, the sited fault can be precisely computed in case of internal faults. Two terminal MMC-HVDC model is tested in real-time digital simulator (RTDS) for analyzing the application of the proposed scheme. Comprehensive test results authenticate the promising performance of the proposed scheme. Efficient identification of internal as well as external faults with high accuracy, along with viable adoption for high ground resistance faults, is also a distinguishing feature of this scheme. Moreover, two main parameters; fault resistance and distance of fault that affect the protection scheme performance are also addressed critically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]