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PURPOSE: To investigate the choroidal thickness/ volume of eyes with reticular pseudodrusen using highpenetration swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and to evaluate the choroidal vasculature changes using en face images. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study. METHODS: Thirty-eight eyes with reticular pseudodrusen and 14 normal eyes were studied with prototype SS-OCT. Eyes with reticular pseudodrusen were classified into 3 subgroups: eyes without late age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (Group1), eyes with neovascular AMD (Group2), and eyes with geographic atrophy (Group3).Mean regional choroidal thickness/volume measurements were obtained by 3-dimensional (3D) raster scanning. The choroidal vascular area was measured using en face images reconstructed from a 3D SS-OCT data set. RESULTS: Mean age and axial length did not differ between eyes with reticular pseudodrusen and normal eyes. The mean choroidal thickness and volume of each sector was significantly reduced in eyes with reticular pseudodrusen compared with normal eyes (P < .020 for all). Mean choroidal thickness and volume of each area showed no significant difference between the 3 groups; however, most of them showed decreased thickness compared with normal eyes. En face images through the choroid revealed narrow and sparse choroidal vessels in eyes with reticular pseudodrusen. The area of choroidal vasculature was significantly reduced in eyes with reticular pseudodrusen compared with normal eyes (P = .037). CONCLUSIONS: In eyes with reticular pseudodrusen, macular choroidal thickness/volume was reduced regardless of choroidal neovascularization/geographic atrophy. Thinned vessels in the choroid suggest choroidal involvement in the pathogenesis of reticular pseudodrusen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of macular reticular pseudodrusen on retinal function using multiple imaging methods. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study. METHODS: Thirteen eyes with reticular pseudodrusen, but without any other macular abnormality or glaucoma, and 20 normal eyes were evaluated. All subjects underwent color fundus photography, infrared reflectance (IR), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and microperimetry. RESULTS: The similarity in the number of reticular pseudodrusen was evaluated through inter-observer intraclass correlation coefficients, which ranged from 0.852-0.944. IR could detect reticular pseudodrusen within the center circle area in 12 eyes, whereas bluechannel fundus photography and FAF could only detect these lesions in 1 and 3 eyes, respectively. The number of reticular pseudodrusen correlated among the different imaging modalities (P<.001 for all) for all areas of the macula, except the center. The mean retinal sensitivity in eyes with reticular pseudodrusen was lower in all areas of the macula, compared with normal eyes (P < .001 for all). The number of reticular pseudodrusen correlated with retinal sensitivity in all areas by IR imaging (P = .003, P<.001, P = .003 for center, inner ring, outer ring, respectively), in the inner and outer rings by blue-channel fundus photography (P < .001 for both), and in the inner and outer rings by FAF (P<.001 and P = .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although multiple imaging modalities are capable of quantifying reticular pseudodrusen, IR appears to have the best ability to do so as compared to blue-channel photography and FAF. The distribution and number of reticular pseudodrusen lesions are closely associated with retinal sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of periodic injection of aflibercept in each subtype of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to explore the predictive factors for visual outcome in clinical settings. • DESIGN: Prospective nonrandomized interventional case series. • METHODS: Patients with AMD were recruited and were administered aflibercept injections once a month for 3 months followed by once every 2 months for 8 months. The logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) at 12 months and improvement of vision from baseline were compared among polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP), and typical AMD. Regression rate of polypoidal lesions was assessed. We also performed regression analysis with logMAR at 12 months as the dependent variable. • RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 98 patients: 46 had typical AMD, 42 had PCV, and 10 had RAP. Mean logMAR improved from 0.36 to 0.21 in 12 months. While there was no difference in visual improvement between typicalAMDand PCV, final logMAR was better in PCV (0.32 ± 0.09 vs 0.08 ± 0.04, P = .016). Thirtynine PCV patients underwent follow-up angiography, and regression of polyps was observed in 27 cases (69.2%). Multiple regression analysis showed that the presence of external limiting membrane (ELM), smaller greatest linear dimension, and the presence of polypoidal lesion were associated with better visual outcome (R² = 0.53, P = 2.73 X 10-14). • CONCLUSIONS: Periodic injection of aflibercept is effective for PCV as well as for typical AMD. The statuses of ELM, greatest linear dimension, and polypoidal lesion are predictive for visual outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: To study the prevalence and 3-dimensional (3-D) tomographic features of focal choroidal excavations in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) using swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT). DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. METHODS: We examined 116 consecutive eyes with CSC with a prototype 3-D swept-source OCT. 3-D images of the shape of the macular area, covering 6 3 6 mm², were reconstructed by segmentation of the outer surface of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). RESULTS: The 3-D swept-source OCT detected focal choroidal excavations in 9 eyes (7.8%). The 3-D scanning protocol, coupled with en face scans, allowed for clear visualization of the excavation morphology. In 5 eyes with focal excavations, unusual choroidal tissue was found beneath the excavation, bridging the bottom of the excavation and the outer choroidal boundary. Additionally, 3 of those 5 eyes showed a suprachoroidal space below the excavation, as if the outer choroidal boundary is pulled inward by this bridging tissue. The focal choroidal excavations were located within fluorescein leakage points and areas of choroidal hyperpermeability. Eyes with focal choroidal excavations were more myopic (L4.42 ± 2.92 diopters) than eyes without excavations (L0.27 ± 1.80 diopters, P=.001). Subfoveal choroidal thickness was significantly thinner (301.3 ± 60.1 μm) in eyes with focal excavations than in eyes without the excavations (376.6 ± 104.8 μm, P = .036). CONCLUSIONS: Focal choroidal excavations were present in 7.8% of eyes with CSC. In these eyes, focal choroidal excavations may have formed from RPE retraction caused by focal scarring of choroidal connective tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]