Search

As the world's largest primary aluminum producer, China's primary aluminum industry (PAI) faces a huge challenge in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, detailed research on presenting the historical trajectory of GHG emissions from China's PAI and identifying the main driving factors affecting its changes has not been completed thus far. This study quantifies the GHG emission trajectory of China's PAI from 1990 to 2018 and identifies the key driving factors affecting its changes. The results show that the total GHG emissions from China's PAI from 1990 to 2018 increased by approximately 18 times, reaching 481 Tg CO 2 -eq in 2018, of which 69 %, 17 %, and 14 % were electricity-related, fuel-related, and process-related, respectively. Additionally, the production activity effect is the main factor driving the increase in GHG emissions; however, the energy intensity and energy emission factor effects can effectively reduce GHG emissions. Based on this, scenario analysis is used to evaluate the GHG emission mitigation potential of China's PAI by 2030. According to our analysis, policy suggestions for mitigating the GHG emissions in China's PAI are proposed, including reducing the energy intensity, promoting clean energy use, controlling the production capacity, and decarbonizing electricity. [Display omitted] • The historical trajectory of GHG emissions from China's PAI is evaluated. • Total GHG emissions increased by about 18 times from 1990 to 2018. • The driving forces of GHG emissions from China's PAI are analyzed. • Improving energy mix is a crucial measure to mitigate future GHG emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the potential-pH diagrams of Co-Cl-H 2 O/Co-C-Cl-H 2 O systems under the temperature of 25°C were drawn through the basic potential-pH principle with a number of thermodynamic data, and the predominant area of Co(OH) 2 /CoCO 3 in the Co-Cl-H 2 O/Co-C-Cl-H 2 O systems which existed stably in the agueous solution were obtained. According to the potential-pH diagram of Co-Cl-H 2 O/Co-C-Cl-H 2 O systems as well as numerous published reports in the literature, the potential processes and theoretical feasibility for synthesizing Co(OH) 2 /CoCO 3 using soft-chemical method in agueous solution and recovering valuable metals from the waste lithium-ion batteries by hydrometallurgical method were discussed. The potential-pH diagram of Co-Cl-H 2 O/Co-C-Cl-H 2 O systems provided the theoretical foundation for synthesizing Co(OH) 2 /CoCO 3 using electrochemical method in agueous solution and recovering valuable metals by hydrometallurgical method. Hence, high-purity, high-crystallinity submicron Co(OH) 2 /CoCO 3 powder is electro-synthesized through one-step simple deposition procedure. Simultaneously,the influencing factors of dynamics also be discussed. Based on the Stern model, we briefly described the electric double layer model near the electrode in this experiment. • Thermodynamic analysis before electrodeposition is rarely seen. • There are few related literatures on acid leaching and electrochemical recovery through experiments and thermodynamic analysis. • Not only theoretical analysis but also part of the experimental part, the feasibility of depositing cobalt hydroxide and cobalt carbonate was verified. • Electrodeposition of cobalt hydroxide / cobalt carbonate has a short preparation time, low energy consumption and good product performance. The products can be used to prepare metal cobalt, other cobalt compounds, composites, used as catalysts, electrode materials, etc. • Preparation and recyclability routes were proposed separately, and a brief kinetic analysis was added to confirm the advantages of electrodeposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IDH1 mutations are early events in the development of IDH-mutant gliomas and leukemias and are associated with various regulation of molecular process. Mutations of active site in IDH1 could lead to high levels of 2-HG and the suppression of cellular differentiation, while these changes can be reversed by molecule inhibitors target mutant IDH1. Here, through in-house developed enzymatic assay-based high throughput screening platform, we discovered DC_H31 as a novel IDH1-R132H/C inhibitor, with the IC 50 value of 0.41 μmol/L and 2.7 μmol/L respectively. In addition, saturable SPR binding assay indicated that DC_H31 bound to IDH1-R132H/C due to specific interaction. Further computational docking studies and structure-activity relationship (SAR) suggest that DC_H31 could occupy the allosteric pocket between the two monomers of IDH1-R132H homodimer, which accounts for its inhibitory ability. And it is possible to conclude that DC_H31 acts via an allosteric mechanism of inhibition. At the cellular level, DC_H31 could inhibit cell proliferation, promote cell differentiation and reduce the production of 2-HG with a dose-dependent manner in HT1080 cells. Taken together, DC_H31 is a potent selective inhibitor of IDH1-R132H/C both in vitro and in vivo, which can promote the development of more potent pan-inhibitors against IDH1-R132H/C through further structural decoration and provide a new insight for the pharmacological treatment of gliomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indium extraction from synthetic indium-bearing zinc ferrite (IBZF) was investigated using sulfur dioxide as a reductant in sulfuric acid medium, and the recovery of indium and the full use of sulfur dioxide were achieved. The leaching kinetics of indium from synthetic IBZF were studied, and the influence of leaching temperature, particle size, initial sulfuric acid concentration and sulfur dioxide partial pressure were investigated. The results showed that the leaching efficiencies increased as the leaching temperature increased from 65 to 85 °C, the initial sulfuric acid concentration increased from 5 to 65 g/L, the sulfur dioxide partial pressure increased from 0.10 to 0.30 MPa, and the particle size decreased from 150–270 μm to 48–58 μm. The unreacted shrinking core model was applied well to the kinetics of indium leaching, which showed that the rate was controlled by a chemical reaction with a calculated activation energy of 57.22 kJ/mol. The order of indium leaching with respect to particle size, initial sulfuric acid concentration and sulfur dioxide partial pressure was −0.2343, 0.02625 and 0.35618, respectively. Meanwhile, sulfur dioxide could reduce the dependency of IBZF dissolution on the initial sulfuric acid concentration. • A new reductive cleaning leaching process of indium-bearing zinc ferrite by sulfur dioxide as reductant has been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a large number of experiments were conducted to recover elemental sulfur from direct leaching residue (DLR) by liquid paraffin. The solid-liquid solubility data of sulfur in liquid paraffin were measured at a series of temperatures. The results showed that the solubility of sulfur in liquid paraffin could reach 8.92 g/100 g liquid paraffin at 120 °C, and the fitting equation using the Apelblat model was: ln X = 59.45731–4991.1942/ T -8.01079 ln T. In addition, the main technical parameters were determined, such as a reaction temperature of 120 °C, liquid-solid ratio of 8:1, reaction time of 4 min, stirring speed of 500 rpm, particle size of 48–75 μm, crystallization time of 30 min, and crystallization temperature of 0 °C. The purity of the obtained sulfur products (SPs) was more than 99%, and other valuable elements were obtained in the residue after separation of the elemental sulfur (RAS), such as Pb, In and Ag, because they were naturally enriched. When liquid paraffin was first used in the experiment, the recovery of sulfur reached 93.492%. However, when it was recycled twice or more, the recovery of sulfur was as high as 97.153%. • Liquid paraffin was firstly used to separate elemental sulfur from the sphalerite concentrate direct leaching residue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel pentacyclic iminosugars 1 and 2 with the constrained butterfly-like conformation were first synthesized by the key intramolecular click reaction from the tricyclic iminosugars fused benzo[ e ][1,3]thiazin-4-one 3 and 4 . The pentacyclic iminosugar was constructed by fusing both benzo[ e ][1,3]thiazin-4-one and triazolo[5,1- c ][1,4]oxazepine scaffolds. Their structures were determined by their 1 H, 13 C NMR, and HRMS (ESI) spectra and X-ray. The pentacyclic iminosugars 1 ( a – c ), 2 ( a – b ) and their corresponding protected precursors 13 ( a – c ) and 14 ( a – b ) were examined for their HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitory activities. The result showed that all compounds could effectively inhibit RT activity. Among them, compound 13c was the best one with the IC 50 value of RT inhibitory activity of 0.69 μM. Structure-activity relationship analysis suggested that the improvement of the hydrophilicity of the pentacycles was of benefit to their anti-HIV RT activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, a chaotic encryption algorithm for highly autocorrelated data was proposed. By adding chaotic diffusion to the former work, the information leakage of the encryption results especially for the images with lower gray scales was eliminated, and both higher-level security and fast encryption time were achieved. In this study, we analyze the security weakness of this scheme. By applying the ciphertext-only attack, the encrypted image can be restored into the substituted image except for the first block; and then, by using the chosen-plaintext attack, the S-boxes, the distribution map, and the block of chaotic map values, can all be revealed, and the encrypted image can be completely cracked. The improvement is also proposed. Experimental results verify our assertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid economic growth and industrialization in China have induced a large aluminum demand since 1990. Faced with the complex international economic situation recently, China proposed a new national development pattern of "with the big domestic cycle as the main body, the domestic and international double cycles promote each other". Under the guidance of this kind of macro-control thinking, China's aluminum industry (CAI) may also need to make corresponding adjustments to future development policies. This paper used dynamic material flow analysis (MFA), regression analysis, and normal life distribution to estimate the domestic consumption, scrap generation, and in-use stock of aluminum from 1990 to 2030 in China. The results show that the amount of domestic consumption, scrap generation, in-use stock has been increasing from 1990 and are expected to reach 54, 19, and 640 Tg in 2030, respectively. Then, the scenario analysis method was adopted to discuss the impact of reducing external circulation (export volume) of aluminum on China's aluminum production and related GHG emissions. The results of the scenario analysis indicate that effective measures to reduce the export of aluminum products could lead to significant mitigation in China's primary aluminum production and GHG emissions. Besides, the amount of recycled aluminum will gradually increase in the future, and the proportion of it will reach about 30% by 2030 (22% in 2017) even under the most unfavorable scenario. Relying on the growth of recycled aluminum and the decline in exports of aluminum products, CAI is expected to reach the peak of GHG emissions around 2030, on the premise of meeting the domestic strong aluminum consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reductive leaching of a zinc-leached residue was investigated using galena. • Iron existed mainly in a Fe2+ from solution after leaching. • Indium leaching was controlled by surface chemical reaction. Large quantities of indium-bearing zinc-leached residue (ZLR) are produced constantly in the hydrometallurgical production of zinc, including zinc, indium, iron and other valuable metals. In order to recover valuable metals from the residue, a new reductive leaching process using galena as reductant has been developed, in which the extensive leaching of zinc and indium is achieved. A shrinking core model under the control of surface chemical reaction best fitted the leaching of indium from the residue. The apparent activation energy of indium leaching was calculated to be 64 kJ/mol, and the reaction orders were determined as −0.34 and 1.47 with respect to particle size and initial H 2 SO 4 concentration, respectively. The extent of leaching was 87% for zinc, 91% for iron and 88% for indium after 90 min at 85 °C, using an initial H 2 SO 4 concentration of 140 g/L and a molar ratio of lead sulfide to zinc ferrite of 1:1. The reductive leaching process of the residue achieved high dissolution of zinc and indium, and iron existed as Fe2+ in solution would prove beneficial for the subsequent iron removal stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel leaching process has been reported in this paper to extract silver from silver-bearing residue, which was obtained by low-temperature roasting and sulfuric acid leaching of sphalerite direct leaching residue after sulfur separation. The silver in the silver-bearing residue primarily existed in the form of silver chloride by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis. The extraction of silver from silver-bearing residue was investigated by using a choline chloride aqueous solution (ChCl-H 2 O solution). The results showed that 86.91% of silver in the residue was extracted at a liquid-solid ratio of 12–1, leaching temperature of 65 °C, molar ratio of ChCl to H 2 O of 1–4 and leaching time of 90 min. In addition, the mechanism of silver deposition on the copper surface in choline chloride leaching solution was determined by ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) absorbance curves and cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis. When deposited at 65 °C for 210 min, the deposition of silver on copper in the choline chloride leaching solution could reach 0.407 mg/cm2. • The silver from silver-bearing residue was efficiently extracted by a choline chloride aqueous solution. • The complex was formed by the Ag+ and the anion of ChCl in the leaching process of silver. • The sustained deposition of silver on copper substrate was achieved from the choline chloride leaching solution. • The Cu was oxidized to Cu+ in the deposition process of silver on copper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aimed to perform an integrative clinical and survival analysis for patients with coexisting glioma and intracranial aneurysm and to assess the influence of prognostic factors on overall survival (OS). Methods A systematic literature search on PubMed and Web of Science was performed for literature in English published from 1951 to August 2017. Detailed information including clinical characteristics, treatments, critical events, and time to events for survival analysis was extracted from the included articles. Clinical characteristics of included patients were reviewed, and survival analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors of OS. Results A total of 56 cases from 38 articles published in English-language journals were included in this study, and relative details were selected for integrative analysis. Univariate analysis demonstrated that age (<47/≥47 years), ruptured aneurysm (yes/no), glioma type (glioblastoma multiforme [GBM]/no GBM), World Health Organization (WHO) grade (low/high), and radiotherapy (yes/no) had a statistically significant correlation with OS (log-rank P = 0.004, P = 0.037, P = 0.004, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). Further, multivariate analysis revealed that WHO grade (hazard ratio [HR], 22.383; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.795–279.151; P = 0.016) and receiving radiotherapy (HR, 0.054; 95% CI, 0.009–0.333; P = 0.002) were the independent prognostic factors for OS. Conclusions This integrative survival analysis revealed that WHO grade and receiving radiotherapy were independent prognostic factors for OS, and patients with low-grade glioma and receiving radiotherapy had longer survival than counter groups. Nevertheless, similar clinical studies which should be larger samples, multicenter, and collaborative are needed further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]