17 results on '"Novotný, Josef"'
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2. The role of geographic and cognitive proximity in knowledge networks: The case of joint R&D projects
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Květoň, Viktor, Novotný, Josef, Blažek, Jiří, and Marek, David
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- 2022
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Catalog
3. Social determinants of environmental health: A case of sanitation in rural Jharkhand
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Novotný, Josef, Ficek, František, Hill, Joseph K.W., and Kumar, Anant
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- 2018
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4. Performance of 9% Cr steels in flowing lead-bismuth eutectic at 450 and 550 °C, and 10−6 mass% dissolved oxygen
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Schroer, Carsten, Wedemeyer, Olaf, Novotny, Josef, Skrypnik, Aleksandr, and Konys, Jürgen
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- 2014
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5. Corrosion kinetics of Steel T91 in flowing oxygen-containing lead–bismuth eutectic at 450 °C
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Schroer, Carsten, Wedemeyer, Olaf, Skrypnik, Aleksandr, Novotny, Josef, and Konys, Jürgen
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- 2012
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6. Long-term service of austenitic steel 1.4571 as a container material for flowing lead–bismuth eutectic
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Schroer, Carsten, Wedemeyer, Olaf, Novotny, Josef, Skrypnik, Aleksandr, and Konys, Jürgen
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- 2011
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7. Same planet but different worlds! Diverging convergence pattern of urban form typologies across 413 cities with million+ inhabitants and their sustainability trade-offs.
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Chakraborty, Saurav, Novotný, Josef, Maity, Indranil, Lemoine-Rodríguez, Richard, and Follmann, Alexander
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CITIES & towns , *URBAN land use , *SUSTAINABILITY , *URBAN policy , *FRAGMENTED landscapes - Abstract
Low-density urban expansion presents a worldwide urban land use sustainability challenge, resulting in increased land consumption and heightened landscape fragmentation. Existing research looks at the impacts of various urban form typologies on these two effects independently. We try to close this gap by identifying the urban form of 413 cities with million+ inhabitants worldwide as well as their simultaneous contribution to both land consumption and fragmented built-up land. We found that dispersed-continuous and compact-continuous typologies are predominant in cities in the Global North, whereas dispersed-fragmented and compact-fragmented typologies are prevalent in cities in the Global South. This effectively demonstrates the 'diverging convergence ' pattern of urban form typologies across Global North and Global South. Our results further unravel that cities in the Global North divulge less built-up fragmentation while consuming more land. Contrarily, cities in the Global South consume less land per capita but have a more fragmented built-up area. It serves as a metaphor for regional trade-offs of urban land use sustainability, particularly if adopting a synchronic perspective on the global urban sustainability. Urban policy should prioritize finding ways to lessen adverse consequences linked with specific urban form typologies to effectively tackle urban land use sustainability trade-offs. [Display omitted] • Urban land density and landscape metrics based integrated methodology for urban form characterization. • 413 million + cities classified based on the compact/dispersed and continuous/fragmented dimension. • Diverging convergence pattern of urban forms between cities in Global South and Global North. • Regional urban land use sustainability trade-offs are in operation. • Reorienting global urban policy towards achieving concordant beneficial outcomes is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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8. The social and political construction of latrines in rural Ethiopia.
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Novotný, Josef, Humňalová, Helena, and Kolomazníková, Jana
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RURAL geography ,INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) ,SANITATION ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors - Abstract
Abstract This study seeks to understand the complexity of efforts to improve sanitation practices in the infrastructure-restricted and environmentally vulnerable setting of two rural districts of the Wolaita Zone, South Ethiopia. It seeks to simultaneously address micro-level behavioural and social determinants of sanitation, on the one hand, and political and environmental drivers, on the other hand. We draw on analysis of secondary information and own survey comprising structured interviews and direct observations in 368 households in 11 villages as well as 20 semi-structured interviews with health workers and village leaders. We consecutively examine different sanitation drivers and then attempt to paint a complex picture of sanitation situation in a given context. We found high latrine coverage and use but low functional quality of latrines implying uncertain benefits to human health. We attribute this pattern to relationships between the political construction of latrines (political commitment to sanitation characterized by the command-and-control nature of Ethiopian governance), socially constructed perceptions of symbolic risks and benefits of sanitation, and neglect of sanitation technologies within an environmental context. Highlights • Examines sanitation in conditions of infrastructural limitations and environmental vulnerability. • Explores different dimensions of sanitation determinants. • Reveals low functional quality of latrines despite high latrine coverage. • Questions the potential health benefits and sustainability of the sanitation approach. • Identifies the political, psychosocial, and environmental drivers of sanitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2018
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9. Contextual factors and motivations affecting rural community sanitation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review.
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Novotný, Josef, Hasman, Jiří, and Lepič, Martin
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CROSS-sectional method , *INVESTMENTS , *HOUSEHOLD surveys , *HOUSEHOLDS , *SANITATION , *PUBLIC health & economics , *MOTIVATION (Psychology) , *PUBLIC health , *RURAL population , *WASTE management , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *STANDARDS ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
Background: Unsafe management of human faecal waste represents a major risk for public health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Efforts to improve sanitation conditions are considerably sensitive to contextual specifics of natural and social environments. This review operationalises, analyses, and synthesises evidence of how contextual factors and motivations affect different sanitation outcomes with a specific focus on community approaches to rural sanitation.Methods and Findings: We operationalised contextual factors and motivations as determinants that influence sanitation conditions independently of the examined intervention. We conducted a systematic search of both peer-reviewed and grey literature with no restriction on the methods After screening the titles and abstracts of 19,198 records obtained through initial searches, we scrutinised the full content of 621 studies for relevance. While 102 of these studies qualified to be assessed for risk of bias and information content, ultimately, just 40 studies met our eligibility criteria. Of these 40 studies from 16 countries, 26 analysed specific interventions and 14 were non-interventional. None of the experimental studies reported the effects of contextual factors or motivations as operationalised in this study and only observational evidence was thus used in our review. We found that sanitation interventions are typically seen as the principal vehicles of change, the main instruments to fix 'deviant' behaviour or ensure access to infrastructure. The programmatic focus of this study on sanitation determinants that act independently of specific interventions questions this narrow understanding of sanitation dynamics. We identified 613 unique observations of quantitatively or qualitatively established relationships between certain contextual factors or motivations and 12 different types of sanitation outcomes. The sanitation determinants were classified into 77 typologically similar groups clustered into 12 broader types and descriptively characterised. We developed a graphical synthesis of evidence in the form of a network model referred to as the sanitation nexus. The sanitation nexus depicts how different groups of determinants interlink different sanitation outcomes. It provides an empirically derived conceptual model of sanitation with an aggregate structure indicating similarities and dissimilarities between sanitation outcomes with respect to how their sets of underlying determinants overlap.Conclusion: This study challenged the understanding of context as merely something that should be controlled for. Factors that affect targeted outcomes independently of the analysed interventions should be scrutinised and reported. This particularly applies to interventions involving complex human-environment interactions where generalisability is necessarily indirect. We presented a novel approach to comprehending the contextual factors and motivations which influence sanitation outcomes. Our approach can be analogously applied when mapping and organising underlying drivers in other areas of public and environmental health. The sanitation nexus derived in this study is designed to inform practitioners and researchers about sanitation determinants and the outcomes they influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2018
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10. The Korcak-exponent: A non-fractal descriptor for landscape patchiness
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Imre, Attila R., Novotný, Josef, and Rocchini, Duccio
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- 2012
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11. Urban expansion of the 43 worlds' largest megacities: A search for unified macro-patterns.
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Novotný, Josef, Chakraborty, Saurav, and Maity, Indranil
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URBAN growth , *MEGALOPOLIS , *METROPOLITAN areas , *URBANIZATION , *HINTERLAND , *SYSTEMS development - Abstract
In this article, we make the case for the existence of global macro-patterns of urban change and urban growth, in particular, which may be recognized across metropolitan systems located around the globe. In order to achieve these goals, we examine the pace and types of built-up land expansion inside metropolitan regions of the 43 major megacities in the globe between 1985 and 2015. We show that the advancement of the urbanization-metropolisation process involves the sequential co-occurrence of three urban growth modes (outlying, edge expansion, and infilling). It refutes earlier claims that the three expansion modes occur simultaneously (concurrent co-occurrence) and supports the diffusion-coalescence hypothesis of urbanization. Additionally, we suggest a straightforward model based on the urban scaling laws that can be used to predict the growth of new built-up land in metropolitan areas based on the current urban mass (agglomeration effect), the availability of undeveloped land (hinterland effect), and fundamental structural elements of wider settlement systems (national-level urbanization rate and fertility). We find that the agglomeration effect is crucial for urban infilling while the hinterland effect has a greater impact on edge expansion and outlying growth. We also predict that built-up land inside the administrative regions of the studied megacities will expand by 15% (11,000 sq. km.) between 2015 and 2030. Our research thereby advances knowledge of the physical development of urban systems. [Display omitted] • Examines macro-patterns of urban expansion of 43 worlds' largest megacities. • Evinces sequential co-occurrence of growth modes along urbanisation-metropolisation. • Urban expansion within metropolitan areas modelled by: • Urban mass, undeveloped land, and national-level urbanization and fertility rates. • Calls for integrating social and environmental aspects to advance urban theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2022
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12. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) quality assurance network in the Czech Republic
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Kroutilıková, Daniela, Novotný, Josef, and Judas, Libor
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RADIOTHERAPY , *QUALITY assurance , *THERMOLUMINESCENCE dosimetry - Abstract
Introduction: The Czech thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) quality assurance network was established in 1997. Its aim is to pursue a regular independent quality audit in Czech radiotherapy centres and to support state supervision.Materials and methods: The audit is realised via mailed TL dosimetry. The TLD system consists of encapsulated LiF:Mg,Ti powder (type MT-N) read with Harshaw manual reader model 4000. Basic mode of the TLD audit covers measurements under reference conditions, specifically beam calibration checks for all clinically used photon and electron beams. Advanced mode consists of measurements under both reference and non-reference conditions using a solid multipurpose phantom (‘Leuven phantom’) for photon beams. The radiotherapy centres are instructed to deliver to the TLD on central beam axis absorbed dose of 2 Gy calculated with their treatment planning system for a particular treatment set-up. The TLD measured doses are compared with the calculated ones. Deviations of ±3% are considered acceptable for both basic and advanced mode of the audit.Results: There are 34 radiotherapy centres in the Czech Republic. They undergo the basic mode of the TLD audit regularly every 2 years. If a centre shows a deviation outside the acceptance level, it is audited more often. Presently, most of the checked beams comply with the acceptance level. The advanced TLD audit has been implemented as a pilot study for the present. The results were mostly within the acceptance limit for the measurements on-axis, whereas for off-axis points they fell beyond the limit more frequently, especially for set-ups with inhomogeneities, oblique incidence and wedges.Conclusions: The results prove the importance of the national TLD quality assurance network. It has contributed to the improvement of clinical dosimetry in the Czech Republic. In addition, it helps the regulatory authority to monitor effectively and regularly radiotherapy centres. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
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- 2003
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13. Spatio-temporal patterns of urbanization in the Kolkata Urban Agglomeration: A dynamic spatial territory-based approach.
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Chakraborty, Saurav, Maity, Indranil, Patel, Priyank Pravin, Dadashpoor, Hashem, Pramanik, Suvamoy, Follmann, Alexander, Novotný, Josef, and Roy, Utpal
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URBAN growth ,URBAN fringe ,CITIES & towns ,URBANIZATION ,INNER cities ,ZONING - Abstract
• Rapid urban growth/densification seen in urban peripheral areas and in rural zones. • Urban fringe pushed outward as the urban core expanded and in-filled simultaneously. • Different hypotheses on spatio-temporal changes in urbanization patterns were tested. • Diffusion-coalescence phases have operated simultaneously but at varying intensities. • A dynamic spatial territory based analysis of urban spatial organization is proposed. This study analyzes the spatio-temporal patterns of urban growth for the Kolkata Urban Agglomeration (KUA) in eastern India using dynamic spatial territorial extents and compares the results with existing popular hypotheses of urbanization patterns (diffusion-coalescence and three-growth-mode). Time series neighborhood-level built-up densities were extracted and overlain to identify two broad urban spatial extents, inner and outer, which were further categorized into sub-territorial units. Landscape metrics and mode-wise urban growth statistics were computed for the above spatial extents. Results reveal a marked increase in the urban land share, from 20 % in 2000 to nearly 50 % in 2018, when about 75 % of the built-up spaces comprised the high-density urban core. Urban growth patterns in KUA show clear intra-urban variations between inner and outer spatial extents. The inner city zone underwent coalescence with nearly 90 % of the built-up growth within inner city extents occurring through infilling, whereas the outer extents showed complex growth patterns with outlying growth dropping by almost 27 % points, with related increase in both infilling (11 % points) and edge-expansion (16 % points). Diffusion and coalescence occurred simultaneously, but at varying intensities within the different sub-territorial units. Examining such complex spatiality of urbanization is crucial to reduce its adverse environmental effects and promote sustainable urban growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2021
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14. Why do theories matter? The Czech scholarships programme for students from developing countries examined through different theoretical lenses.
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Novotný, Josef, Horký-Hlucháň, Ondřej, Němečková, Tereza, Feřtrová, Marie, and Jungwiertová, Lucie
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SCHOLARSHIPS , *STUDENT financial aid , *EDUCATION policy - Abstract
• Innovative overview of theories in order to understand development-oriented international scholarships programmes. • Low performance of the Czech scholarships programme from human capital and rights-based perspectives. • The capability approach reflected in the functioning of the Czech scholarships programme. • Officially declared potential of the scholarships programme for Czech foreign policy remains under-utilised. • Path dependency and organised anarchy explain the programme's deficiencies. Theoretical understanding of development-oriented international scholarships programmes becomes critical for their planning, implementation and evaluation. This article thus firstly overviews different theories thorough which these programmes can be comprehended and identifies their focal parameters. These parameters are then examined empirically on a case study of the Czech international scholarship programme for students from developing countries. The analysis draws on quantitative and qualitative data collated earlier for its two subsequent external evaluations covering the period 2008–2017. We found substantial deficiencies with respect to the programme's declared goals linked to the reasoning behind the human capital model, the rights-based approach and the soft-power perspective. By contrast, the programme seems to work comparatively well when assessed from the perspective of the capability approach, even though this rationale did not resonate in the programme's strategy. Historical institutionalism and the garbage can model provide useful frameworks for explaining policymaking behind the Czech programme and the identified conflicts between the declared goals and the actual performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2021
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15. In pursuit of sustainability – Spatio-temporal pathways of urban growth patterns in the world's largest megacities.
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Chakraborty, Saurav, Dadashpoor, Hashem, Novotný, Josef, Maity, Indranil, Follmann, Alexander, Patel, Priyank Pravin, Roy, Utpal, and Pramanik, Suvamoy
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MEGALOPOLIS , *URBAN growth , *SUSTAINABILITY , *TABLE tennis , *HIERARCHICAL clustering (Cluster analysis) ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
Governing the future growth of the world's megacities towards higher land use efficiency is important for achieving global sustainability. We have computed statistics of the urban growth modes of 33 megacities (with ten-million-plus population) worldwide for two periods (1985–2000 and 2000–2015) and performed a hierarchical cluster analysis to examine their urban growth patterns. Results reveal that urban growth has mostly occurred through edge expansion but also that its relative dominance has decreased due to the rising shares of the infilling and outlying growth modes. Based on the co-occurrence and changing dominance of these three urban growth modes over time, four pathways of urban growth patterns are identified– oscillating/ping pong, transition-to-densification, transition-to-sprawl, and extensive sprawl. The majority of megacities followed the oscillating/ping pong pathway, which is dominated by edge expansion and altered phases of infilling and outlying growth. However, by indicating a clear shift from edge expansion towards infilling as the dominant pathway of urban growth, the transition-to-densification pathway appears to be the most sustainable in terms of land-use efficiency, with ten megacities following this pathway. Overall, our results highlight the diverse mega-urban growth pathways across the world, particularly for megacities in the Global South which generally have higher growth rates. [Display omitted] • Four types of pathways of urban growth pattern detected in a set of 33 megacities. • The megacities' growth was dominated by the oscillating/ping pong pathway. • The transition-to-densification pathway is most sustainable in terms of land-use efficiency. • 10 megacities in different regions follow the transition-to-densification pathway. • Southern megacities show higher growth rates, but heterogenous urban growth patterns [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2022
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16. Extending comparative typologies of diaspora policies: Towards a "cautiously proactive" diaspora policy state.
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Janská, Eva, Janurová, Kristýna, Löblová, Olga, and Novotný, Josef
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TENSILE architecture , *CULTURAL policy , *DIASPORA , *ECONOMIC policy , *SOCIAL policy - Abstract
In the past two decades, the 'diaspora turn' in research and policy has led to the development of several typologies of diaspora policies around the world. This study explores and extends Francesco Ragazzi's established 2014 global typology of diaspora policies. We use in-depth qualitative analysis of Czech diaspora policies to assess the internal validity of the typology and identify new dimensions that are central to our understanding of diaspora politics. We then replicate Ragazzi's quantitative analysis with the inclusion of new data on the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia and Poland, assessing the typology's external validity. We find a new cluster of diaspora policy types, characterized by a "cautiously proactive" mix of diaspora policy mechanisms based on relatively generous cultural and citizenship policies, variably accentuated symbolic policies and limited social and economic policies. We suggest that this mix has been structured by the tension between the countries' commitment to a (neo) liberal emigration regime and the continued importance of ethno-cultural conceptions of nationhood. In addition, we identify three new variables that should be included in future typologies: 1) the volume and distribution of funding for diaspora policy; 2) the symbolic recognition of diaspora in the legal system; 3) policy differentiation among different kinds of diaspora. Our mixed-method approach illustrates the importance of using nuanced qualitative data to provide a meaningful depiction of policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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17. Quality control of the stereotactic radiosurgery procedure with the polymer-gel dosimetry
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Novotný Jr, Josef, Dvořák, Pavel, Spěváček, Václav, Tintěra, Jaroslav, Novotný, Josef, Čechák, Tomáš, and Liščák, Roman
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QUALITY control , *RADIOSURGERY - Abstract
Purpose: To assess the entire geometric and dosimetric (relative) uncertainties of the radiosurgery procedure with the Leksell gamma knife.Materials and methods: The entire Leksell gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery treatment procedure was simulated with the use of a special water filled head phantom and polymer-gel dosimeter evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). A test vessel filled with the polymer-gel dosimeter was fixed in the head phantom. The phantom underwent stereotactic NMR imaging, treatment planning and then irradiation according to the treatment plan prepared exactly the same way as in the ordinary treatment procedure for a patient. The treatment plan was represented by one isocenter positioned approximately centrally in the head phantom. This procedure was subsequently repeated for all four collimators (4, 8, 14, 18 mm) used on the Leksell gamma knife. Evaluation of dosimeters was performed on a Siemens EXPERT 1 T NMR scanner. Dose profiles in X, Y and Z axes through the ellipsoidal shaped dose distribution were obtained to compare experimental results from the irradiated phantom with the treatment planning system calculations.Results: Reasonable agreement was observed between the treatment planning system calculations of relative dose distribution and the measured data. The maximum observed deviation in the spatial position between the center of the measured and calculated dose profiles was 0.6 mm. The maximum observed difference in full width of half maximum between calculated and measured profiles was 1.2 mm.Conclusions: The use of polymer-gel dosimetry for a verification of stereotactic procedures has some unique advantages that can be summarized as follows: the dosimeter itself is tissue equivalent, three-dimensional dose distributions can be measured and the dosimeter allows simulation of the patient''s procedures without any limitations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier] more...
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- 2002
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