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The objective of this study was to investigate how the cumulative expulsion interval, litter size, and birth order influence the characteristics of newborn piglets from hyperprolific sows, as well as their intake of colostrum. Analysis was conducted on the temporal aspects of parturition in 254 sows, including 3920 piglets. Newborn piglet characteristics examined encompassed delivery time, birth order, birth status, umbilical cord rupture, meconium staining, delivery ease, birth weight, blood oxygen saturation, and heart rate. From the raw data, colostrum intake, birth interval, and cumulative birth interval of each piglet were computed. Piglets were sorted based on the cumulative expulsion interval into nine categories: 0–30, 31–60, 61–90, 91–120, 121–150, 151–180, 181–210, 211–240, and >240 min. Litter sizes were categorized into three groups: 10–13, 14–17, and ≥18 piglets per litter. The birth-order ranking referred to the piglet's position within a litter and was categorized into four quartiles: 1, 2, 3, and 4. On average, the expulsion interval, cumulative expulsion interval, and colostrum consumption were 14.8 ± 21.8 min, 138.6 ± 155.7 min, and 407.6 ± 162.1 g, respectively. In litters with ≥18 piglets, the percentage of piglets with inadequate colostrum intake (<300 g) was higher compared to litters with 10–13 piglets (33.1 % vs. 12.9 %, P < 0.001) and 14–17 piglets (23.9 %, P < 0.001). The occurrence of stillbirths in the fourth quartile of the litter was higher than in the first (16.0 % vs. 2.2 %, P < 0.001), second (4.0 %, P < 0.001), and third (7.8 %, P < 0.001) quartiles. Among litters with ≥18 piglets, those born in the third quartile exhibited lower colostrum consumption compared to those born in the first quartile (346.0 ± 9.9 vs. 391.4 ± 8.6 g, P = 0.028). Colostrum intake decreased with longer cumulative expulsion intervals, evident from a notable decline starting at 90 min post-farrowing compared to piglets born within the first 30 min (P = 0.004). Interestingly, colostrum consumption exhibited a negative correlation with the cumulative expulsion interval (P < 0.001), but not with individual piglet expulsion intervals (P = 0.460). Piglets born with meconium staining were most prevalent among those with a cumulative expulsion interval of >240 min. In summary, both the cumulative expulsion interval and birth-order ranking significantly impact the physiological characteristics of newborn piglets and their colostrum intake. Colostrum consumption decreases and newborn piglet characteristics change with higher cumulative expulsion intervals. Identifying piglets at high risk of hypoxia and implementing appropriate treatments and management strategies within an optimal timeframe could aid pig producers in reducing pre-weaning mortality among piglets born to hyperprolific sows. • The analysis was conducted on the parturition timing of 3920 piglets. • Colostrum intake decreased with longer cumulative expulsion intervals. • Meconium staining was most prevalent in piglets with expulsion intervals of >240 min. • Birth assistance in litters of ≥18 piglets was lower than in smaller litters. • The incidence of umbilical rupture in the fourth quartile was higher than in the first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral mitochondrial and hemodynamic abnormalities have been implicated in Bipolar Disorder pathophysiology, likely contributing to neurometabolic vulnerability–leading to worsen clinical outcomes and mood instability. To investigate neurometabolic vulnerability in patients with BD, we combined multi-modal quantitative MRI assessment of cerebral oxygenation with acute administration of Methylene Blue, a neurometabolic/hemodynamic modulator acting on cerebral mitochondria. Fifteen euthymic patients with chronic BD-type 1, and fifteen age/gender-matched healthy controls underwent two separate MRI sessions in a single-blinded randomized cross-over design, each after intravenous infusion of either MB (0.5 mg/kg) or placebo. MRI-based measures of Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Extraction Fraction were integrated to compute Cerebral Metabolic Rate of Oxygen in Frontal Lobe, Anterior Cingulate, and Hippocampus–implicated in BD neurometabolic pathophysiology. Inter-daily variation in mood rating was used to assess mood instability. A decrease in global CBF and CMRO 2 was observed after acutely administrating MB to all participants. Greater regional CMRO 2 reductions were observed after MB, in patients compared to controls in FL (mean = −14.2 ± 19.5 % versus 2.3 ± 14.8 %), ACC (mean = −14.8 ± 23.7 % versus 2.4 ± 15.7 %). The effects on CMRO 2 in those regions were primarily driven by patients with longer disease duration and higher mood instability. Sample size; medications potentially impacting on response to MB. An altered neurometabolic response to MB, a mitochondrial/hemodynamic modulator, was observed in patients, supporting the hypothesis of vulnerability to neurometabolic stress in BD. Integrating quantitative imaging of cerebral oxygen metabolism with a mitochondrial-targeting pharmacological challenge could provide a novel biomarker of neurometabolic and cerebrovascular pathophysiology in BD. • Methylene Blue reduced cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism. • The response to Methylene Blue was altered in patients with Bipolar Disorder. • Disease duration and mood instability were associated with altered response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous bedside monitoring of brain tissue oxygen levels is a crucial component in the management of comatose patients suffering from acute brain injury on neurointensive care units. Ensuring sufficient brain oxygenation is recognized as an essential objective within neurocritical care, aimed at safeguarding patients from secondary ischemia. Hypoperfusion in occipital and the posterior watershed regions often remains undetected, as the placement of probes in these areas is challenging. A major concern is that patients would have to lie on the traditionally used implanted bolts due to the occipital entry point of the probes. Therefore, we present a novel technique compatible with magnetic resonance imaging that enables bedside placement of brain tissue oxygen probes without the use of a bolt in these areas. We conducted bedside implantations of Licox brain tissue oxygenation probes through Frazier's point utilizing peripheral venous cannulas on burr holes eliminating the need for bolts. A novel approach was successfully established for the bedside implantation of a Licox brain tissue oxygenation probe for occipital regions. This technical note describes the feasibility of a novel, simple, and straightforward bedside technique for boltless implantation of Licox brain tissue oxygen probes leading to rigid fixation and compatibility with magnetic resonance imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) play a key role in physiological processes. However, the imbalance between ROS and antioxidants in favor of the former causes oxidative stress linked to numerous pathologies. Due to its unique attributes, including distinguished permeability and selective antioxidant capability, molecular hydrogen (H 2) has become an essential therapeutic agent. Hydrogen Inhalation Therapy (HIT) has come to light as a promising strategy to counteract oxidative stress. In this randomized controlled study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of HIT in reducing blood ROS levels. 37 participants with elevated ROS levels (d-ROMs value > 350 U.CARR) were enrolled in the study. Participants were divided into test and control groups. The test group participants received HIT, and then their blood ROS levels were measured immediately post-treatment and after 24 h. Their results were compared to those of the control group participants who did not undergo HIT. The test group demonstrated a significant reduction in blood ROS levels after the treatment. These findings suggested the efficacy of HIT in reducing oxidative stress. [Display omitted] • An evaluation of the impact of H 2 inhalation on blood ROS levels was conducted. • 37 participants were recruited for the study and split into test and control groups. • ROS levels were measured immediately after treatment and again after 24 h. • The test group exhibited a significant reduction in blood ROS levels. • Findings indicated that H 2 inhalation was effective in reducing oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MR-induced gradient artifact affects EMG recordings during simultaneous muscle BOLD/EMG acquisitions. However, no dedicated hardware can remove the gradient artifact easily, and alternative methods are expensive and time-consuming. This study aimed to develop three denoising methods requiring different processing levels and MR-compatible hardware. At two time points, surface EMG was recorded from the lower leg of 6 participants (50:50 sex ratio, age = 26.24.6 yrs., height = 173.59.2 cm, weight = 71.511.4 kg) using a plantar flexion-based block design consisting of 30s of rest followed by 30s of flexion for 5 min, under three conditions: inside the MRI bore, with and without a BOLD sequence (3 T, BOLD sequence, GRE EPI, 10 slices, 64×64 matrix, 2 mm thickness, and TE/TR/flip = 35/3000 ms/70), and outside the MRI environment. Simultaneous BOLD/EMG recordings were denoised using average artifact subtraction with three methods of artifact template creation, each having varying timing and hardware requirements. Method M1 builds the artifact template by recording the scanner triggers coming from the MRI; M2 creates the artifact template with a constant artifact period computed as TR/[number of slices]; M3 estimates the artifact template by looking at the periodicity of the gradient artifact located in the EMG recordings. Following postprocessing, SNR analysis was performed, comparing rest-to-flexion periods, to assess the efficacy of denoising methods and to compare differences between conditions. Linear mixed-effects models showed no significant differences in the mean SNR between denoising methods (p = 0.656). Furthermore, EMG SNR measurements were significantly affected by the magnetic environment (p < 0.05) but not by muscle fatigue over time (p = 0.975). EMG recordings contaminated with gradient artifacts during simultaneous BOLD/EMG can be efficiently denoised using all proposed methods, with two methods requiring no extra hardware. With minimal post-processing, EMG can easily be performed during muscle BOLD MRI studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muscle hyperemia in exercise is usually the combined result of increased cardiac output and local muscle vasodilation, with the latter reflecting muscle's capacity for increased blood perfusion to support exercise. In this study, we aim to quantify muscle's vasodilation capability with dynamic BOLD imaging. A deoxyhemoglobin-kinetics model is proposed to analyze dynamic BOLD signals acquired during exercise recovery, deriving a hyperemia index (HI) for a muscle group of interest. We demonstrated the method's validity with calf muscles of healthy subjects who performed plantar flexion for muscle stimulation. In a test with exercise load incrementally increasing from 0 to 16 lbs., gastrocnemius HI showed considerable variance among the 4 subjects, but with a consistent trend, i.e. low at light load (e.g. 0–6 lbs) and linearly increasing at heavy load. The high variability among different subjects was confirmed with the other 10 subjects who exercised with a same moderate load of 8 lbs., with coefficient of variance among subjects' medial gastrocnemius 87.8%, lateral gastrocnemius 111.8% and soleus 132.3%. These findings align with the fact that intensive exercise induces high muscle hyperemia, but a comparison among different subjects is hard to make, presumably due to the subjects' different rate of oxygen utilization. For the same 10 subjects who exercised with load of 8 lbs., we also performed dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI to measure muscle perfusion (F). With a moderate correlation of 0.654, HI and F displayed three distinctive responses of calf muscles: soleus of all the subjects were in the cluster of low F and low HI, and gastrocnemius of most subjects had high F and either low or high HI. This finding suggests that parameter F encapsulates blood flow through vessels of all sizes, but BOLD-derived HI focuses on capillary flow and therefore is a more specific indicator of muscle vasodilation. In conclusion, the proposed hyperemia index has the potential of quantitatively assessing muscle vasodilation induced with exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insomnia disorder with objective short sleep duration (ISS) phenotype is a more serious biological subtype than insomnia with objective normal sleep duration (INS) phenotype, and the neuroimaging data is helpful to understand the pathophysiology of the ISS phenotype. This study was to compare the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and functional connectivity (FC) between the ISS phenotype and the INS phenotype. In this cross-sectional study, 55 patients with insomnia disorder were recruited, and 22 of them were defined as the ISS phenotype by the objective cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC) technique. The blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) sequences of all participants were obtained using the 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging system. We analyzed and compared the ALFF, ReHo, and FC between the ISS phenotype and the INS phenotype. We also conducted Pearson's correlation analysis between significant neuroimaging biomarkers and the CPC parameters. The differences were not significant in ALFF (P FWE-corr ＞0.05) or ReHo (P FWE-corr ＞0.05) between the ISS phenotype and the INS phenotype. For the FC analysis, the ISS phenotype had a Hub-node of the left inferior occipital gyrus (IOG.L), with significantly decreased connections (p＜0.001) in the bilateral occipital, parietal, and temporal regions. The significant FCs were closely related to sleep parameters. The left inferior occipital gyrus (IOG.L), as a Hub-node with decreased functional connections, may be a potential fMRI-based biomarker of the ISS phenotype. • The ISS phenotype may be characterized by a functional MRI-based biomarker. • The left inferior occipital gyrus (IOG.L) is a Hub-node. • This Hub-node has a number of significantly decreased functional connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effects of high-altitude living low-altitude training on the athletic performance and metabolic indexes of adolescent boxers by using a hypobaric cabin to simulate hypoxia in high-altitude environments. Male adolescent boxers (n = 16; control: n = 8, living and training at low altitude [LOLO]; experimental: n = 8, living at high altitude and training at low altitude [HILO]). The study period was 5 weeks (35 days) for both groups: baseline, week 1, week 2, week 3, week 4, and week 5 (post-training) representing the time point prior to, the first week, second week, third week, fourth week, and the week after training. Participants in the experimental group, slept in a high-altitude environment (2000m) simulated using an altitude-training hypobaric cabin. Blood indexes (erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, blood urea, creatine kinase), functional indexes (longitudinal jump, grip strength, eyes-closed one-foot standing, selective reaction time, 30-second sit-ups, 30-second push-ups, 30-second squats), and endurance indexes (lactate threshold, power) were assessed. In the HILO group, with respect to baseline, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin level, and hematocrit level increased (week 1); hemoglobin level remained high (week 2), decreased (week 3), and increased (week 4). Blood urea concentration increased to 6.11 ± 0.59 mmol/L in week 2 (P < 0.05); creatine kinase concentration increased to 310.75 ± 112. 21 U/L in week 3 (P < 0.01). Upper and lower limb strength increased in week 5, while the number of squats performed in 30 seconds (lower limb strength) decreased 6.87% in week 4 (P < 0.05), and the grip strength (upper limb strength) decreased 11.35% in week 4 (P < 0.05). The lactate threshold of the experimental group increased. Adolescent boxers who lived in high-altitude conditions and trained in low-altitude conditions for 4 weeks exhibited improved blood oxygen transport capacity, upper limb strength, and speed endurance, which indicate that exercise ability improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pedestrians had delayed responses in shared spaces with multiple road objects. • Texting elicited greater neural activity in the frontopolar cortex than reading. • Walking while using smartphones or in complicated traffic raised perceived workload. • Texting and reading performance declined as traffic complexity increased. Distraction, primarily owing to the widespread use of cell phones and mobile devices while walking, is a contributing factor to pedestrian injuries. Pedestrians distracted by smartphones exhibit decreased situational awareness, influenced by the nature of concurrent tasks. However, little is known about the neural correlations between smartphone use and pedestrian responses to safety–critical events in a walking environment. This study recruited 30 young adults to investigate pedestrians' ability to selectively respond to road objects while using smartphones (texting and reading) while walking in an immersive virtual environment system. The level of traffic complexity for the road conditions was manipulated by varying the number of safety–critical road objects coexisting in the environment at any given time and the number of required responses to the number of objects. During each 7-min task condition, cerebral oxygenation was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, smartphone task performance, response times to road objects, and perceived workload were also measured. The participants exhibited reduced texting speed and reading performance when responding sequentially to coexisting road objects. Compared with other road conditions, those requiring two responses to four objects resulted in an increased workload and longer object response times. Participants perceived a higher workload in conditions involving tasks with smartphones than those without smartphones. More importantly, increased concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin in the prefrontal cortex were observed when participants were concurrently performing smartphone and pedestrian tasks. Compared to smartphone reading, smartphone texting induced greater cerebral oxygenation in the bilateral frontopolar cortex. These results suggest that continuously texting while walking may demand additional cognitive resources for executive function. The findings of this study represent an initial step towards elucidating the cognitive mechanisms underlying attentional impairments experienced during smartphone distraction and working towards a viable solution to mitigate pedestrian risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fetuses with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) exhibit profound fetal circulatory disturbances that may affect early outcomes. This study sought to investigate the relationship between fetal hemodynamics and early survival and neurodevelopmental (ND) outcomes in patients with cyanotic CHD. In this longitudinal observational study, fetuses with cyanotic CHD underwent late gestational fetal cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) to measure vessel blood flow and oxygen content. Superior vena cava (SVC) flow was used as a proxy for cerebral blood flow. Primary outcomes were 18-month mortality and Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III assessment. A total of 144 fetuses with cyanotic CHD were assessed. By 18 months, 18 patients (12.5%) died. Early mortality was associated with reduced combined ventricular output (P = 0.01), descending aortic flow (P = 0.04), and umbilical vein flow (P = 0.03). Of the surviving patients, 71 had ND outcomes assessed. Cerebral oxygen delivery was the fetal hemodynamic variable most strongly associated with cognitive, language, and motor outcomes (P < 0.05). Fetal SVC flow was also associated with cognitive, language, and motor outcomes (P < 0.01), and it remained an independent predictor of cognitive (P = 0.002) and language (P = 0.04) outcomes after adjusting for diagnosis. Diminished SVC flow also performed better than other fetal CMR and echocardiographic predictors of cognitive ND delay (receiver-operating characteristic curve area: 0.85; SE 0.05). Among fetuses with cyanotic CHD, diminished fetal combined ventricular output is associated with mortality, whereas cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery are associated with early cognitive, language, and motor development at 18 months of age. These results support the inclusion of fetal CMR to help identify patients at risk of adverse ND outcomes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ketamine is receiving renewed interest in perioperative medicine as an anaesthetic adjunct and a treatment for chronic conditions, including depression. Ketamine's complex pharmacologic profile results not only in several desirable effects, such as anaesthesia and analgesia, but also multiple adverse effects affecting the central nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. In addition to defining patient-centred outcomes in future clinical studies on the perioperative uses of ketamine, careful monitoring for its numerous adverse effects will be paramount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In comparison to other stroke types, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is characterized by an early age of onset and often results in poor prognosis. The inadequate blood flow at the site of the lesion leads to localized oxygen deprivation, increased level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and triggers inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, ultimately causing hypoxic brain damage. Despite the potential benefits of oxygen (O 2) administration, there is currently a lack of efficient focal site O 2 delivery following SAH. Conventional clinical O 2 supply methods, such as transnasal oxygenation and hyperbaric oxygen therapy, do not show the ideal therapeutic effect in severe SAH patients. The perfluorocarbon oxygen carrier (PFOC) demonstrates efficacy in transporting O 2 and responding to elevated levels of CO 2 at the lesion site. Through cellular experiments, we determined that PFOC oxygenation serves as an effective therapeutic approach in inhibiting hypoxia. Furthermore, our animal experiments showed that PFOC oxygenation outperforms O 2 breathing, leading to microglia phenotypic switching and the suppression of inflammatory response via the inhibition of HIF-1α. Therefore, as a new type of O 2 therapy after SAH, PFOC oxygenation can effectively reduce hypoxic brain injury and improve neurological function. Subarachnoid hemorrhage primarily arises from the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. The rupture of an aneurysm results in a substantial influx of blood into the subarachnoid space, exerting arterial pressure and accumulating within the cerebral sulcus cerebral pool, thereby forming a hematoma that compresses the brain tissue. Consequently, this compression leads to localized tissue hypoxia, which subsequently triggers excitatory neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Considering these circumstances, we propose a novel approach utilizing perfluorocarbons following subarachnoid hemorrhage, enhancing oxygenation at the site of the lesion in comparison to conventional O 2 breathing. Perfluorocarbon oxygen carrier oxygenation has been found to have a downregulating effect on HIF-1α, leading to a decrease in the population of M1-type microglia and an increase in the population of M2-type microglia. Additionally, this oxygenation process inhibits inflammatory responses and oxidative stress following subarachnoid hemorrhage, ultimately resulting in an improvement in neurological function. [Display omitted] • HIF-1α mediates hypoxic brain injury after SAH. • We developed a method of supplying oxygen that can be administered intravenously. • Perfluorocarbon oxygen carrier ameliorates hypoxic brain injury by inhibiting HIF-1α. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First clinical trial evaluating inhaled DMT's effects in a controlled setting. • No serious adverse event were observed, indicating potential safety. • Profound, yet manageable, subjective psychological effects reported by participants. • Inhaled DMT offers a rapid, non-invasive, and cost-efficient tool for psychiatry. Psychedelics are being increasingly examined for their therapeutic potential in mood disorders. While the acute effects of ayahuasca, psilocybin, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) last over several hours, inhaled N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) effects last around 10 min, which might provide a cost- and time-effective alternative to the clinical application of oral psychedelics. We aimed at investigating the safety and tolerability of inhaled DMT (BMND01 candidate). We recruited 27 healthy volunteers to receive a first, lower dose and a second, higher dose (5/20 mg, 7.5/30 mg, 10/40 mg, 12.5/50 mg, or 15/60 mg) of inhaled DMT in an open-label, single-ascending, fixed-order, dose-response study design. We investigated subjective experiences (intensity, valence, and phenomenology), physiological effects (blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood oxygen saturation, body temperature), biochemical markers (liver, kidney, and metabolic functions), and adverse events during the acute and post-acute effects of DMT. DMT dose-dependently increased intensity, valence and perceptual ratings. There was a mild, transient, and self-limited increase in blood pressure and heart rate. There were no changes in safety blood biomarkers and no serious adverse events. DMT dose-dependently enhanced subjective experiences and positive valence. Inhaled DMT might be an efficient, non-invasive, safe route of administration, which might simplify the clinical use of this substance. This is the first clinical trial to test the effects of inhaled DMT (BMND01 candidate). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monitoring of acidosis and hypoxia is crucial because both factors promote cancer progression and impact the efficacy of anti-cancer treatments. A phosphonated tetrathiatriarylmethyl (pTAM) has been previously described to monitor both parameters simultaneously, but the sensitivity to tackle subtle changes in oxygenation was limited. Here, we describe an innovative approach combining the pTAM radical and lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc) crystals to provide sensitive simultaneous measurements of extracellular pH (pH e) and pO 2. Both parameters can be measured simultaneously as both EPR spectra do not overlap, with a gain in sensitivity to pO 2 variations by a factor of 10. This procedure was applied to characterize the impact of carbogen breathing in a breast cancer 4T1 model as a proof-of-concept. No significant change in pH e and pO 2 was observed using pTAM alone, while LiPc detected a significant increase in tumor oxygenation. Interestingly, we observed that pTAM systematically overestimated the pO 2 compared to LiPc. In addition, we analyzed the impact of an inhibitor (UK-5099) of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) on the tumor microenvironment. In vitro , the exposure of 4T1 cells to UK-5099 for 24 h induced a decrease in pH e and oxygen consumption rate (OCR). In vivo , a significant decrease in tumor pH e was observed in UK-5099-treated mice, while there was no change for mice treated with the vehicle. Despite the change observed in OCR, no significant change in tumor oxygenation was observed after the UK-5099 treatment. This approach is promising for assessing in vivo the effect of treatments targeting tumor metabolism. [Display omitted] • Acidosis and hypoxia are detrimental factors in cancer progression. • Innovative EPR procedure to measure extracellular pH and pO 2 simultaneously. • Using both LiPc with pTAM allows a gain in sensitivity to oxygen variations by a factor of 10. • Proof-of-concept studies using carbogen breathing and MPC inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of our study was to characterize the dynamics of intracellular oxygen during application of radiation at conventional (CONV) and FLASH dose rates and obtain evidence for or against the oxygen depletion hypothesis as a mechanism of the FLASH effect. The measurements were performed by the phosphorescence quenching method using probe Oxyphor PtG4, which was delivered into the cellular cytosol by electroporation. Intracellular radiochemical oxygen depletion (ROD) g -value for a dose rate of 100 Gy/s in the normoxic range was found to be 0.58 ± 0.03 μM/Gy. Intracellular ROD g -values for FLASH and CONV dose rates in the normoxic range were found to be nearly equal. As in solution-based studies, intracellular ROD was found to exhibit strong dependence on oxygen concentration in the range of 0 to ∼40 μM [O 2 ]. Depletion of oxygen in cells in vitro by a clinical dose of proton radiation delivered as FLASH is unable to produce a transient state of hypoxia and, therefore, unable to induce radioprotection. The difference between ROD g -values for FLASH and CONV dose rates, detected previously in solutions-based experiments, disappears when measurements are conducted inside cells. Understanding this phenomenon should provide additional insight into the role of oxygen in FLASH radiation therapy and help to decipher the mechanism of the FLASH effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When handling real-world data modeled by a complex network dynamical system, the number of the parameters is often much more than the size of the data. Therefore, in many cases, it is impossible to estimate these parameters and the exact value of each parameter is frequently less interesting than the distribution of the parameters. In this paper, we aim to estimate the distribution of the parameters in the mesoscopic neuronal network model from the macroscopic experimental data, for example, the BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) signal. Herein, we assume that the parameters of the neurons and synapses are inhomogeneous but independently and identically distributed from certain distributions with unknown hyperparameters. Thus, we estimate these hyperparameters of the distributions of the parameters, instead of estimating the parameters themselves. We formulate this problem under the framework of data assimilation and hierarchical Bayesian method and present an efficient method named Hierarchical Data Assimilation (HDA) to conduct the statistical inference on the neuronal network model with the BOLD signal data simulated by the hemodynamic model. We consider the Leaky Integral-Fire (LIF) neuronal networks with four synapses and show that the proposed algorithm can estimate the BOLD signals and the hyperparameters with high preciseness. In addition, we discuss the influence on the performance of the algorithm configuration and the LIF network model setup. • Hierarchical Data Assimilation realizes whole brain simulation. • Hierarchical Data Assimilation matches macroscopic neuroimaging and mesoscopic neuron synaptic level modeling. • Asymptotic and well-posedness of the algorithm are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplemental oxygen administration by apnoeic oxygenation during laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation is intended to prolong safe apnoea time, reduce the risk of hypoxaemia, and increase the success rate of first-attempt tracheal intubation under general anaesthesia. This systematic review examined the efficacy and effectiveness of apnoeic oxygenation during tracheal intubation in children. This systematic review and meta-analysis included randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies in paediatric patients requiring tracheal intubation, evaluating apnoeic oxygenation by any method compared with patients without apnoeic oxygenation. Searched databases were MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov , International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to March 22, 2023. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment followed the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) recommendation. After initial selection of 40 708 articles, 15 studies summarising 9802 children were included (10 randomised controlled trials, four pre-post studies, one prospective observational study) published between 1988 and 2023. Eight randomised controlled trials were included for meta-analysis (n =1070 children; 803 from operating theatres, 267 from neonatal intensive care units). Apnoeic oxygenation increased intubation first-pass success with no physiological instability (risk ratio [RR] 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.57, P =0.04, I 2=0), higher oxygen saturation during intubation (mean difference 3.6%, 95% CI 0.8–6.5%, P =0.02, I 2=63%), and decreased incidence of hypoxaemia (RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.17–0.33, P <0.01, I 2=51%) compared with no supplementary oxygen administration. This systematic review with meta-analysis confirms that apnoeic oxygenation during tracheal intubation of children significantly increases first-pass intubation success rate. Furthermore, apnoeic oxygenation enables stable physiological conditions by maintaining oxygen saturation within the normal range. Protocol registered prospectively on PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42022369000) on December 2, 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral venous oxygenation (Y v) is a key parameter for the brain's oxygen utilization and has been suggested to be a valuable biomarker in various brain diseases including hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in neonates and Alzheimer's disease in older adults. T 2 -Relaxation-Under-Spin-Tagging (TRUST) MRI is a widely used technique to measure global Y v level and has been validated against gold-standard PET. However, subject motion during TRUST MRI scan can introduce considerable errors in Y v quantification, especially for noncompliant subjects. The aim of this study was to develop an Automatic Rejection based on Tissue Signal (ARTS) algorithm for automatic detection and exclusion of motion-contaminated images to improve the precision of Y v quantification. TRUST MRI data were collected from a neonatal cohort (N = 37, 16 females, gestational age = 39.12 ± 1.11 weeks, postnatal age = 1.89 ± 0.74 days) and an older adult cohort (N = 223, 134 females, age = 68.02 ± 9.01 years). Manual identification of motion-corrupted images was conducted for both cohorts to serve as a gold-standard. 9.3% of the images in the neonatal datasets and 0.4% of the images in the older adult datasets were manually identified as motion-contaminated. The ARTS algorithm was trained using the neonatal datasets. TRUST Y v values, as well as the estimation uncertainty (ΔR 2) and test-retest coefficient-of-variation (CoV) of Y v , were calculated with and without ARTS motion exclusion. The ARTS algorithm was tested on datasets of older adults: first on the original adult datasets with little motion, and then on simulated adult datasets where the percentage of motion-corrupted images matched that of the neonatal datasets. In the neonatal datasets, the ARTS algorithm exhibited a sensitivity of 0.95 and a specificity of 0.97 in detecting motion-contaminated images. Compared to no motion exclusion, ARTS significantly reduced the ΔR 2 (median = 3.68 Hz vs. 4.89 Hz, P = 0.0002) and CoV (median = 2.57% vs. 6.87%, P = 0.0005) of Y v measurements. In the original older adult datasets, the sensitivity and specificity of ARTS were 0.70 and 1.00, respectively. In the simulated adult datasets, ARTS demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.91 and a specificity of 1.00. Additionally, ARTS significantly reduced the ΔR 2 compared to no motion exclusion (median = 2.15 Hz vs. 3.54 Hz, P < 0.0001). ARTS can improve the reliability of Y v estimation in noncompliant subjects, which may enhance the utility of Y v as a biomarker for brain diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In high-resource countries, adverse perinatal outcomes are currently rare in term, non-malformed fetuses, undergoing labor, but they remain a leading cause of medico-legal dispute. Precise terminology is important to describe situations related to inadequate fetal oxygenation in labor, to ensure appropriate communication between healthcare professionals and adequate transmission of information to parents. This position statement provides consensus definitions from European perinatologists and midwives regarding the most appropriate terminology to describe situations related to inadequate fetal oxygenation in labor: suspected fetal hypoxia, severe newborn acidemia, newborn metabolic acidosis, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. It also identifies terms that are imprecise or nonspecific to this situation, and should therefore be avoided by healthcare professionals: fetal well-being, fetal stress, fetal distress, non-reassuring fetal state, and birth asphyxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension is the leading risk factor for cerebral small vessel disease. We aimed to determine whether antihypertensive drug classes differentially affect microvascular function in people with small vessel disease. We did a multicentre, open-label, randomised crossover trial with blinded endpoint assessment at five specialist centres in Europe. We included participants aged 18 years or older with symptomatic sporadic small vessel disease or cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) and an indication for antihypertensive treatment. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to one of three sequences of antihypertensive treatment using a computer-generated multiblock randomisation, stratified by study site and patient group. A 2-week washout period was followed by three 4-week periods of oral monotherapy with amlodipine, losartan, or atenolol at approved doses. The primary endpoint was change in cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) determined by blood oxygen level-dependent MRI response to hypercapnic challenge in normal-appearing white matter from the end of washout to the end of each treatment period. Efficacy analyses were done by intention-to-treat principles in all randomly assigned participants who had at least one valid assessment for the primary endpoint, and analyses were done separately for participants with sporadic small vessel disease and CADASIL. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03082014 , and EudraCT, 2016-002920-10, and is terminated. Between Feb 22, 2018, and April 28, 2022, 75 participants with sporadic small vessel disease (mean age 64·9 years [SD 9·9]) and 26 with CADASIL (53·1 years [7·0]) were enrolled and randomly assigned to treatment. 79 participants (62 with sporadic small vessel disease and 17 with CADASIL) entered the primary efficacy analysis. Change in CVR did not differ between study drugs in participants with sporadic small vessel disease (mean change in CVR 1·8 × 10–4%/mm Hg [SE 20·1; 95% CI –37·6 to 41·2] for amlodipine; 16·7 × 10–4%/mm Hg [20·0; –22·3 to 55·8] for losartan; –7·1 × 10–4%/mm Hg [19·6; –45·5 to 31·1] for atenolol; p overall =0·39) but did differ in patients with CADASIL (15·7 × 10–4%/mm Hg [SE 27·5; 95% CI –38·3 to 69·7] for amlodipine; 19·4 × 10–4%/mm Hg [27·9; –35·3 to 74·2] for losartan; –23·9 × 10–4%/mm Hg [27·5; –77·7 to 30·0] for atenolol; p overall =0·019). In patients with CADASIL, pairwise comparisons showed that CVR improved with amlodipine compared with atenolol (–39·6 × 10–4%/mm Hg [95% CI –72·5 to –6·6; p=0·019) and with losartan compared with atenolol (–43·3 × 10–4%/mm Hg [–74·3 to –12·3]; p=0·0061). No deaths occurred. Two serious adverse events were recorded, one while taking amlodipine (diarrhoea with dehydration) and one while taking atenolol (fall with fracture), neither of which was related to study drug intake. 4 weeks of treatment with amlodipine, losartan, or atenolol did not differ in their effects on cerebrovascular reactivity in people with sporadic small vessel disease but did result in differential treatment effects in patients with CADASIL. Whether antihypertensive drug classes differentially affect clinical outcomes in people with small vessel diseases requires further research. EU Horizon 2020 programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great significance to enhance the mechanical properties in single grain YBCO bulk superconductors, as mechanical failure limits the suitability of these materials for high-field applications. The influence of the microstructure on the mechanical properties of YBCO bulk materials was studied in 11 partially oxygenated YBCO, 11 oxygenated YBCO, and 10 oxygenated YBCO(Ag) melt-processed bulk single grains in a statistically significant way using Brazilian testing. Surprisingly, the oxygenation cracks evolving during the tetragonal to orthorhombic phase transition do not influence the average tensile strength of YBCO bulk single grains, with compaction cracks and pores as the main microstructural flaws responsible for mechanical failure. The mechanical properties of bulk YBCO single grains even improve following oxygenation, as indicated by an increase in Weibull modulus. An addition of 10 wt% Ag 2 O to YBCO increases the average tensile strength and the Weibull modulus further, making the material mechanically more robust. However, an overlap in the measured tensile strengths of oxygenated YBCO and oxygenated YBCO(Ag) bulk materials reveals that not all silver-containing samples have better mechanical properties compared to oxygenated YBCO bulk samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed at determining whether a 2-h session of high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) immediately after extubation improves oxygen exchange after major gynaecological surgery in the Trendelenburg position in adult female patients. In this single-centre, open-label, randomised trial, patients who underwent major gynaecological surgery were randomised to HFNO or conventional oxygen treatment with a Venturi mask. The primary outcome was the P ao 2 /FiO 2 ratio after 2 h of treatment. Secondary outcomes included lung ultrasound score, diaphragm thickening fraction, dyspnoea, ventilatory frequency, P aco 2 , the percentage of patients with impaired gas exchange (P ao 2 /FiO 2 ≤40 kPa) after 2 h of treatment, and postoperative pulmonary complications at 30 days. A total of 83 patients were included (42 in the HFNO group and 41 in the conventional treatment group). After 2 h of treatment, median (inter-quartile range) P ao 2 /FiO 2 was 52.9 (47.9–65.2) kPa in the HFNO group and 45.7 (36.4 -55.9) kPa in the conventional treatment group (mean difference 8.7 kPa [95% CI: 3.4 to 13.9], P =0.003). The lung ultrasound score was lower in the HFNO group than in the conventional treatment group (9 [6–10] vs 12 [10–14], P <0.001), mostly because of the difference of the score in dorsal areas (7 [6–8] vs 10 [9–10], P <0.001). The percentage of patients with impaired gas exchange was lower in the HFNO group than in the conventional treatment group (5% vs 37%, P <0.001). All other secondary outcomes were not different between groups. In patients who underwent major gynaecological surgery, a pre-emptive 2-h session of HFNO after extubation improved postoperative oxygen exchange and reduced atelectasis compared with a conventional oxygen treatment strategy. NCT04566419. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep apnea is a disease that occurs due to the decrease in oxygen saturation in the blood and directly affects people's lives. Detection of sleep apnea is crucial for assessing sleep quality. It is also an important parameter in the diagnosis of various other diseases (diabetes, chronic kidney disease, depression, and cardiological diseases). Recent studies show that detection of sleep apnea can be done via signal processing, especially EEG and ECG signals. However, the detection accuracy needs to be improved. In this paper, a ML model is used for the detection of sleep apnea using 19 static sensor data and 2 dynamic data (Sleep score and Arousal). The sensor data is recorded as a discrete signal and the sleep process is divided into 4.8 M segments. In this work, 19 different sensor data sets were recorded with polysomnography (PSG). These data sets have been used to perform sleep scoring. Then, arousal status marking is done. Model training was carried out with the feature vector consisting of 21 data obtained. Tests were performed with eight different machine learning techniques on a unique dataset consisting of 113 patients. After all, it was automatically determined whether people were diseased (a kind of apnea) or healthy. The proposed model had an average accuracy of 97.27%, while the recall, precision, and f-score values were 99.18%, 95.32%, and 97.20%, respectively. After all, the model that less feature engineering, less complex classification model, higher dataset usage, and higher classification performance has been revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multispectral imaging (MSI) is a unique layer-by-layer imaging technique that allows the visualization of a wide array of retinal and choroidal pathologies including retinovascular disorders, retinal pigment epithelial changes, and choroidal lesions. Herein, we summarize the basic imaging principles and current applications of MSI together with recent technology advances in the field. MSI detects reflectance signal from both normal chorioretinal tissue and pathological lesions. Either hyperreflectance or hyporeflectance reveals the absorption activity of pigments such as hemoglobin and melanin and the reflection from interfaces such as the posterior hyaloid. Advances in MSI technique include creation of a retinal and choroidal oxy-deoxy map that could provide a better understanding of blood oxygen saturation within lesions as well as better interpretation of reflectance phenomenon of MSI images such as the different reflectance from the Sattler and Haller layers described in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intra-tumoral hypoxia is associated with a worse prognosis in prostate cancer. We hypothesized that functional MR detection of hypoxia would correlate with in situ biomarkers of hypoxia. If true, hypoxia imaging could identify men that would benefit from treatment intensification. An MR hypoxia detection protocol was run on both a diagnostic 1.5 T MR and 1.5 T MR Linac and included intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM), oxygen-enhanced (OE) T1 and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) imaging. Imaging was acquired at 2 timepoints prior to radical prostatectomy in the HYPROGEN trial (NCT05702619). Here we report the OE-BOLD data only, quantifying T 2 * values measured while patients inhaled medical air (T 2 * air) followed by 100% oxygen (T 2 * O2). Following prostate dissection, histological sections through tumor were stained for GLUT1 expression with a rabbit monoclonal antibody. GLUT1 staining intensity was quantified on HALO software as a tumor GLUT1 H-score (0-300). Median GLUT1 H-score defined the cut-off between low GLUT1 (LG) and high GLUT1 (HG) tumours. Dominant prostatic lesion (DL) and non-malignant prostate (NP) regions were defined on T 2 W images and contours applied to T 2 * maps. Median T 2 * values within DL and NP were reported, averaged across both timepoints and compared using a two-sided paired t-test. A two-sided unpaired t-test compared LG and HG regions. 11/13 patients received 2 MR scans. GLUT1 H-scores available for 9/13 patients and ranged from 95.8 – 194.7 with a median of 144.5. Across all patients, T 2 *O 2 values were higher than T 2 *air in both NP (p<0.01) and DL (p<0.01). In the HG population, T 2 *O 2 was higher than T 2 *air in both NP (p=0.02) and DL (p=0.02). In the LG population T 2 *O 2 values were higher than T 2 *air in the NP (p<0.01) but not in DL (p=0.38). NP values for both T 2 *air and T 2 *O 2 were higher in the LG population than HG (p<0.01 and p=0.02 respectively). DL values of T 2 *air and T 2 *O 2 did not differ between the HG and LG populations (p=0.43 and p=0.88 respectively). Our analysis used the GLUT1 intrinsic biomarker to define intraprostatic hypoxia. We provide evidence T 2 * sequences with oxygen challenge can differentiate hypoxic regions as more hypoxic (HG) tumors had lower T 2 *air and T 2 *O 2 values in NP than less hypoxic (LG) tumors. Further analysis will compare the ability of T 2 * sequences to discriminate hypoxic tumors against other MR parameters; OE, IVIM and DCE, using both GLUT1 and the extrinsic hypoxia marker pimonidazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) is recommended for patients with COVID-19. However, the increasing use of HFNC brings a risk of delayed intubation. The optimal timing of switching from HFNC to invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unclear. An effective predictor is needed to assist in deciding on the timing of intubation. Respiratory rate and oxygenation (ROX) index, defined as (SpO 2 /FiO 2) / respiratory rate, has already shown good diagnostic accuracy. Modified ROX (mROX) index, defined as (PaO 2 /FiO 2) / respiratory rate, might be better than the ROX index in predicting HFNC failure. The aim was to evaluate the predictive value of mROX for HFNC failure in patients with COVID-19. Severe or critical patients with COVID-19 treated with HFNC were enrolled in two clinical centers. Laboratory indicators, respiratory parameters, and mROX index at 0 h and 2 h after initial HFNC were collected. Based on the need for IMV after HFNC initiation, the patients were divided into an HFNC failure group and an HFNC success group. The predictive value of mROX index for IMV was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and logistic regression analysis. We performed Kaplan–Meier survival analysis using the log-rank test. Sixty patients with COVID-19 (mean ± SD age, 62.8 ± 14.1 years; 42 patients were male) receiving HFNC were evaluated, including 18 critical and 42 severe cases. A total of 33 patients had hypertension; 14 had diabetes; 17 had chronic cardiac disease; 11 had chronic lung disease; 13 had chronic kidney disease; and 17 had a history of stroke. The AUROC of mROX index at 2 h was superior to that of other respiratory parameters to predict the need for IMV (0.959; p < 0.001). At the mROX index cutoff point of 4.45, predicting HFNC failure reached the optimal threshold, with specificity of 94% and sensitivity of 92%. Logistic regression analysis showed that 2-h mROX index < 4.45 was a protective factor for IMV (odd radio 0.18; 95% CI 0.05–0.64; p = 0.008). In the HFNC failure group, the median time from HFNC to IMV was 22.5 h. The 28-day mortality of the late intubation patients (≥ 22.5 h) was higher than that of the early intubation patients (< 22.5 h) (53.8% vs. 8.3%; p = 0.023). mROX at 2 h is a good early warning index of the need for IMV in patients with COVID-19 after HFNC initiation. Early intubation may lead to better survival in patients with 2-h mROX index < 4.45. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mesoproterozoic ocean was previously proposed to be characterized by low oxygen concentrations that may have resulted in a stasis in eukaryotic evolution. Recent studies reveal several pluses of oxygenation during this period that may have facilitated eukaryote evolution. However, few quantitative constraints on the global oxygenation events have hindered the comprehensive understanding of interactions between eukaryotes and environments. Here we present new molybdenum isotope (δ98/95Mo, simplified as δ98Mo) data coupled with sulfur and carbon isotope compositions and trace element contents from the carbonates and mudstones of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation (ca. 1.60–1.54 Ga) in two-well preserved sections in the North China Craton. The δ98Mo data from the two sections show similar trends in stratigraphic variation, with a prominent positive excursion in the Gaoyuzhuang Member III and peak values reaching up to 2.03‰ and 1.92‰, respectively. We developed a revised isotope mass balance model with high manganese (Mn) (hydr)oxide burial rate due to higher manganese concentration in the Mesoproterozoic oceans. Model calculation suggests that at least more than half of global seafloor (>54%) was covered with oxygenated seawater during the deposition of the Gaoyuzhuang Member III. Our estimation points to a significant oxygenation event in the early Mesoproterozoic with magnitude and extent much higher than previously thought. Further, a simple mass-balance calculation suggests that the atmospheric oxygen level was at least > 4% PAL (present atmospheric level) and likely up to 30% PAL at ca. 1.57 Ga. This oxygenation event, together with other environmental and/or developmental factors, may have facilitated a short and rapid evolution of eukaryotes in the early Mesoproterozoic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 omicron variant has a low affinity for the lower respiratory tract. However, upper respiratory tract symptoms, such as nasal discharge and sore throat, characterize the infection with this variant. Therefore, in laryngeal stenosis, disease severity assessment through blood oxygen saturation has not been useful. We report the case of "omicron laryngitis" in a 59-year-old male who visited the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) clinic with complaints of a sore throat and difficulty in swallowing saliva that persisted for a day. Laryngoscopy revealed severe swelling of the transglottic region and exudates on the larynx. He was then diagnosed with COVID-19 and subjected to emergency tracheostomy for airway management. Until the emergence of the omicron variant, COVID-19 showed mainly lower airway and mild upper airway inflammatory features. However, upper airway stenosis should be suspected in cases presenting with "muffled speech," "dysphagia," "severe pain on swallowing," and "inspiratory dyspnea or stridor." Therefore, laryngeal and pharyngeal evaluation using a flexible laryngoscope under appropriate infection control measures is necessary, considering the possibility of progression to fatal laryngeal stenosis, as noted in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis-based nanoplatforms have shown great potential in cancer therapy. However, they also face issues such as degradation and metabolism. Carrier-free nanoplatforms consisting of active drugs can effectively avoid the security issues associated with additional carrier ingredients. Herein, a biomimetic carrier-free nanoplatform (HESN@CM) was designed to treat cancer by modulating cascade metabolic pathways of ferroptosis. CCR2-overexpressing macrophage membrane-modified HESN can target cancer cells via the CCR2-CCL2 axis. The acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) can disrupt the supramolecular interaction of HESN, releasing hemin and erastin. Then, erastin could induce cancer cells ferroptosis by inhibiting system X C − pathways, while hemin, a vital component of blood to transport oxygen, could be broken down by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), increasing the intracellular Fe2+ concentration to induce cancer cells' ferroptosis further. Meanwhile, erastin could enhance the activity of HO-1, further promoting the release of Fe2+ from hemin. As a result, HESN@CM demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy in both primary and metastatic tumors in vitro and in vivo. The carrier-free HESN@CM provided cascade ferroptosis tumor therapy strategies for potential clinical application. CCR2-overexpressing biomimetic carrier-free nanoplatform (HESN@CM) was designed for cancer treatment by modulating metabolic pathways of ferroptosis. HESN modified with CCR2-overexpressing macrophage membrane can target tumor cells via the CCR2-CCL2 axis. HESN was composed of hemin and erastin without additional vectors. Erastin could directly induce ferroptosis, while hemin could be broken down by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), increasing the intracellular Fe2+ concentration to enhance ferroptosis further. Meanwhile, erastin could improve the activity of HO-1, promoting the release of Fe2+ from hemin. Therefore, HESN@CM with good bioavailability, stability, and simple preparation can realize cascade ferroptosis tumor therapy and have the potential prospect of clinical translation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D bioprinting technology has emerged as a tool that promises to revolutionize the biomedical field, including tissue engineering and regeneration. Despite major technological advancements, several challenges remain to be solved before 3D bioprinted tissues could be fully translated from the bench to the bedside. As oxygen plays a key role in aerobic metabolism, which allows energy production in the mitochondria; as a consequence, the lack of tissue oxygenation is one of the main limitations of current bioprinted tissues and organs. In order to improve tissue oxygenation, recent approaches have been established for a broad range of clinical applications, with some already applied using 3D bioprinting technologies. Among them, the incorporation of photosynthetic microorganisms, such as microalgae and cyanobacteria, is a promising approach that has been recently explored to generate chimerical plant-animal tissues where, upon light exposure, oxygen can be produced and released in a localized and controlled manner. This review will briefly summarize the state-of-the-art approaches to improve tissue oxygenation, as well as studies describing the use of photosynthetic microorganisms in 3D bioprinting technologies. 3D bioprinting technology has emerged as a tool for the generation of viable and functional tissues for direct in vitro and in vivo applications, including disease modeling, drug discovery and regenerative medicine. Despite the latest advancements in this field, suboptimal oxygen delivery to cells before, during and after the bioprinting process limits their viability within 3D bioprinted tissues. This review article first highlights state-of-the-art approaches used to improve oxygen delivery in bioengineered tissues to overcome this challenge. Then, it focuses on the emerging roles played by photosynthetic organisms as novel biomaterials for bioink generation. Finally, it provides considerations around current challenges and novel potential opportunities for their use in bioinks, by comparing latest published studies using algae for 3D bioprinting. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer stemness and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) in accordance with tumor oxygenation are variable during bevacizumab (Bev) therapy for glioblastoma (GBM). Positron emission tomography (PET) using 18F-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) reflects hypoxic TME. The aim of this study was to compare FMISO-PET and immunohistochemical findings of tumor oxygenation in the TME of GBM during Bev treatment. Seven patients with newly diagnosed IDH-wildtype GBM underwent FMISO-PET during follow-up. Three patients received preoperative neoadjuvant Bev (neo-Bev) and subsequently underwent surgical resection. Reoperation was performed at the recurrence. FMISO-PET was performed before and after neo-Bev. Four patients who underwent tumor resection without neo-Bev were included as the control group. Expressions of hypoxic markers (carbonic anhydrase; CA9), stem cell markers (nestin, FOXM1), and immunoregulatory molecules (CD163, FOXP3, PD-L1) in tumor tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). All 3 patients treated with neo-Bev showed decrease in FMISO accumulation in accordance with expressions of CA9 and FOXM1 compared with the control group. Two of these 3 patients at the recurrence showed increase in FMISO accumulation. IHC showed increased CA9-and FOXM1-positive cells in recurrent tumors. Expression of PD-L1 tended to be lower after neo-Bev compared with the control group. FMISO-PET effectively visualized TME oxygenation after neo-Bev. Increased FMISO accumulation at the time of recurrence, even under Bev treatment, suggests that FMISO-PET might be useful for monitoring the duration of Bev efficacy by reflecting tumor oxygenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pneumonia is a serious postoperative complication of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH), and there is no specific treatment for pneumonia. In this study, we conducted randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on the treatment of pneumonia in patients with HICH. An equal number of patients with HICH complicated with pneumonia (n = 80 in total) were randomly placed in either the EA group (EA treatment and routine basic treatment) or the control group (routine basic treatment). After 14 days of treatment, clinical symptoms and signs, blood oxygen saturation, the level of inflammatory factors, the effective rate, the scores of the Barthel Index, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and Glasgow Coma Scale, the hospitalization time, and expenses were compared between the groups. The general information of the patients in the control and EA groups were similar. After 14 days of intervention, the patients in the EA group showed better symptom and sign scores, blood oxygen saturation levels, Barthel Index scores, Glasgow Coma Scale scores, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores than the patients in the control group. Furthermore, the EA treatment also lowered the levels of inflammatory factors and white blood cell count. Additionally, the patients in the EA group showed higher effective rates than those in the control group. EA benefits the treatment of pneumonia in patients with HICH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital anemias, including sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, are associated with cerebral tissue hypoxia and heightened stroke risks. Recent works in sickle cell disease mouse models have suggested that hyperoxia respiratory challenges can identify regions of the brain having chronic tissue hypoxia. Therefore, this work investigated differences in hyperoxic response and regional cerebral oxygenation between anemic and healthy subjects. A cohort of 38 sickle cell disease subjects (age 22 ± 8 years, female 39%), 25 non-sickle anemic subjects (age 25 ± 11 years, female 52%), and 31 healthy controls (age 25 ± 10 years, female 68%) were examined. A hyperoxic gas challenge was performed with concurrent acquisition of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) MRI and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). In addition to hyperoxia-induced changes in BOLD and NIRS, global measurements of cerebral blood flow, oxygen delivery, and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen were obtained and compared between the three groups. Regional BOLD changes were not able to identify brain regions of flow limitation in chronically anemic patients. Higher blood oxygen content and tissue oxygenation were observed during hyperoxia gas challenge. Both control and anemic groups demonstrated lower blood flow, oxygen delivery, and metabolic rate compared to baseline, but the oxygen metabolism in anemic subjects were abnormally low during hyperoxic exposure. These results indicated that hyperoxic respiratory challenge could not be used to identify chronically ischemic brain. Furthermore, the low hyperoxia-induced metabolic rate suggested potential negative effects of prolonged oxygen therapy and required further studies to evaluate the risk for hyperoxia-induced oxygen toxicity and cerebral dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Tibetans increased gray matter volume in the visual cortex and hippocampus. • Tibetans increased neural activity in the left putamen and left fusiform. • Tibetans decreased functional connectivities with the motor cortex. • Brain changes are associated with hematological measurements in Tibetans. Tibetans have adapted to high altitude environments. However, the genetic effects in their brains have not been identified. Twenty-five native Tibetans living in Lhasa (3650 m) were recruited for comparison with 20 Han immigrants who originated from lowlands and had been living in Lhasa for two years. The physiological characteristics, brain structure and neuronal spontaneous activity were investigated. Compared with Han immigrants, Tibetans showed higher peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO 2), and lower heart rate, red blood cell counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. Tibetans showed increased gray matter volume in the visual cortex, hippocampus, and rectus; increased the amplitudes of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) values in the left putamen and left fusiform gyrus; and decreased voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) values in the precentral gyrus. Moreover, Tibetans have decreased functional connectivity (FC) between the left precentral gyrus and the frontal gyrusand right precuneus. In Tibetans and Han immigrants, hemoglobin and hematocrit were negatively correlated with total gray matter volume in males, SpO 2 was also positively correlated with ALFF in the left fusiform gyrus, while hemoglobin, and hematocrit were positively correlated with VMHC in the precentral gyrus and FC in the precentral gyrus with other brain regions, SpO 2 was also found to be negatively correlated with VMHC in the precentral gyrus, and hemoglobin and hematocrit were negatively correlated with ALFF in the left putamen and left fusiform gyrus. In summary, genetic mutations may result in modulation of some brain regions, which was further confirmed by the identification of correlations with hemoglobin and hematocrit in these regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychiatric disorders are complex, often emerging from multiple atypical processes within specified domains over the course of development. Characterizing the development of the neural circuits supporting these domains may help break down the components of complex disorders and reveal variations in functioning associated with psychiatric risk. This review highlights the current and potential role of infant task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in elucidating the developmental neurobiology of psychiatric disorders. Task-fMRI measures evoked brain activity in response to specific stimuli through changes in the blood oxygen level–dependent signal. First, we review extant studies using task fMRI from birth through the first few years of life and synthesize current evidence for when, where, and how different neural computations are performed across the infant brain. Neural circuits for sensory perception, the perception of abstract categories, and the detection of statistical regularities have been characterized with task fMRI in infants, providing developmental context for identifying and interpreting variation in the functioning of neural circuits related to psychiatric risk. Next, we discuss studies that specifically examine variation in the functioning of these neural circuits during infancy in relation to risk for psychiatric disorders. These studies reveal when maturation of specific neural circuits diverges, the influence of environmental risk factors, and the potential utility for task fMRI to facilitate early treatment or prevention of later psychiatric problems. Finally, we provide considerations for future infant task-fMRI studies with the potential to advance understanding of both functioning of neural circuits during infancy and subsequent risk for psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) have been widely studied in cerebrovascular disease, but little is known about their role in moyamoya disease (MMD). The objective of this study was to assess the value of spontaneous LFOs in MMD based on wavelet analysis of near-infrared spectroscopy signals. Sixty-four consecutive idiopathic adult patients were prospectively enrolled. The regional tissue oxygenation index (TOI) obtained from continuous near-infrared spectroscopy signals. Five frequency intervals of spontaneous LFOs (I, 0.0095–0.02 Hz; II, 0.02–0.06 Hz; III, 0.06–0.15 Hz; IV, 0.15–0.40 Hz; and V, 0.40–2.00 Hz) were extracted based on wavelet analysis. The data were compared between the patients and healthy control groups. Clinical features, cognitive function, and disease progression of MMD were analyzed using TOI and frequency interval data. Compared with the healthy control group, patients with MMD had a higher cerebral TOI in both hemispheres. Based on wavelet analysis, the spontaneous LFO of TOI was found to be significantly lower for patients with MMD in frequency intervals II to IV than that for the controls. The spontaneous LFO of TOI is also related to the Suzuki stages in intervals II to IV, stroke in interval III, and cognitive impairment in intervals III to Ⅳ. There were significant differences in spontaneous LFO between patients with MMD and healthy controls. The change in spontaneous LFO in MMD is related to Suzuki stage, cerebral infarction, and cognitive impairment. This might be an effective method for evaluating the severity and monitoring the progression of MMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of the neural mechanisms underlying increased disease burden in anxiety disorders that is unaccounted for by individual categorical diagnoses could lead to improved clinical care. Here, we tested the utility of a joint functional magnetic resonance imaging–electroencephalography neurobiological profile characterized by overvaluation of negative stimuli (amygdala) in combination with blunted elaborated processing of these same stimuli (the late positive potential [LPP], an event-related potential) in predicting increased psychopathology across a 2-year period in people with anxiety disorders. One hundred ten participants (64 female, 45 male, 1 other) including 78 participants with phobias who varied in the extent of their internalizing comorbidity and 32 participants who were free from psychopathology viewed negative and neutral pictures during separate functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygen level–dependent and electroencephalogram recordings. Dysphoria was assessed at baseline and 2 years later. Participants with both heightened amygdala activation and blunted LPPs to negative pictures showed the greatest increases in dysphoria 2 years later. Cross-sectionally, participants with higher comorbidity load (≥2 additional diagnoses, n = 34) showed increased amygdala activation to negative pictures compared with participants with lower comorbidity load (≤1 additional diagnosis, n = 44) and compared with participants free from psychopathology. In addition, high comorbid participants showed reduced LPPs to negative pictures compared with low comorbid participants. Heightened amygdala in response to negative stimuli in combination with blunted LPPs could indicate overvaluation of threatening stimuli in the absence of elaborated processing that might otherwise help regulate threat responding. This brain profile could underlie the worsening and maintenance of internalizing psychopathology over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite advances in Extracorporeal Membranous Oxygenation (ECMO) equipment, hematologic complications remain significant in critically ill children. The aim of this study is to summarize prevalence of hematologic complications for children and neonates. MEDLINE, PubMed and Scopus databases were searched focusing on the period from January 01, 2017 to October 01, 2022. The population included critically ill children and neonates with hematologic complications. The review included all aspects of related complications including hemorrhage, thrombosis, and hemolysis. We performed random effects meta-analyses. The primary outcome measure was overall hematologic complications. Secondary outcomes are changes in the prevalence of hemorrhagic complications. Risk of bias of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. The systematic search identified 37 studies totaling 10,659 critically ill pediatric patients receiving ECMO. The pooled prevalence of hemorrhagic complications, thrombotic complications and hemolysis among pediatric patients requiring ECMO was 43.7 % (95 % CI: 28.6 % to 58.9 %, P < 0.001), 27.6 % (95 % CI: 20.4 % to 34.8 %, P < 0.001), 34.3 % (95 % CI: 22.9 % to 45.7 %, P < 0.001). The prevalence of hemorrhagic complications was represented in descending order: surgical site (21.6 %, 95 % CI: 10.3 % to 32.9 %); cannulation site (20.6 %, 95 % CI: 11.8 % to 29.3 %); intracranial (12.2 %, 95 % CI: 9.5 % to 15.0 %); pulmonary (7.7 %, 95 % CI: 5.9 % to 9.6 %); gastrointestinal (6.0 %, 3.7 % to 8.4 %). For the assessment of thrombotic complications, thrombosis in cannulation site had a higher prevalence (28.5 %, 95 % CI: 22.1 % to 34.9 %), followed by DIC (13.5 %, 95 % CI: 8.7 % to 18.3 %) and intracranial thrombosis (4.5 %, 95 % CI: 1.4 % to 7.6 %). Predictors of increased prevalence of hemorrhagic complications included age (P = 0.017) and VV-ECMO support mode (P = 0.029). Among critically ill pediatric patients, there was a series of hematologic complications can occur during ECMO support. Physicians should pay special attention to the management and establish appropriate treatment programs to reduce the occurrence of hematologic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skeletal muscle perfusion and oxygenation are commonly evaluated using Doppler ultrasound and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) techniques. However, a recently developed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence, termed PIVOT, permits the simultaneous collection of skeletal muscle perfusion and T2* (an index of skeletal muscle oxygenation). To determine the level of agreement between PIVOT, Doppler ultrasound, and NIRS-based assessments of skeletal muscle perfusion and oxygenation. Twelve healthy volunteers (8 females, 25 ± 3 years, 170 ± 11 cm, 71.5 ± 8.0 kg) performed six total reactive hyperemia protocols. During three of these reactive hyperemia protocols, Tissue Saturation Index (TSI) and oxygenated hemoglobin (O 2 Hb) were recorded from the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and tibialis anterior (TA), and blood flow velocity was recorded from the popliteal artery (BFv pop) via Doppler Ultrasound. The other three trials were performed inside the bore of a 3 T MRI scanner, and the PIVOT sequence was used to assess perfusion (PIVOT perf) and oxygenation (T2*) of the medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles. Positive incremental areas under the curve (iAUC) and times to peak (TTP) were calculated for each variable, and the level of agreement between collection methods was evaluated via Bland-Altman analyses and Spearman's Rho correlation analyses. The only significant bivariate relationships observed were between the T2* vs. TSI iAUC and PIVOT perf vs. BFv pop values recorded from the MG. Significant mean differences were observed for all comparisons (all P ≤ 0.038), and significant proportional biases were observed for the PIVOT perf vs. tHb TTP (R2 = 0.848, P < 0.001) and T2* vs. TSI TTP comparisons in the TA (R2 = 0.488, P = 0.011), and the PIVOT perf vs. BFv pop iAUC (R2 = 0.477, P = 0.013) and time to peak (R2 = 0.851, P < 0.001) comparisons in the MG. Our findings suggest that the PIVOT technique has, at best, a moderate level of agreement with Doppler ultrasound and NIRS assessment methods and is subject to significant proportional bias. These findings do not challenge the accuracy of either measurement technique but instead reflect differences in the vascular compartments, sampling volumes, and parameters being evaluated. • Recent studies have used the MRI "PIVOT" sequence to quantify leg muscle perfusion and oxygenation. • This study determined the level of agreement between PIVOT, near-infrared spectroscopy, and Doppler ultrasound. • PIVOT demonstrates, at best, moderate levels of agreement with Doppler and NIRS. • This provides valuable information for future investigations planning to use the PIVOT MRI technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a risk factor for airway-related incidents during anaesthesia. High-flow nasal oxygen has been advocated to improve safety in high-risk groups, but its effectiveness in the obese population is uncertain. This study compared the effect of high-flow nasal oxygen and low-flow facemask oxygen delivery on duration of apnoea in morbidly obese patients. Morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery were randomly allocated to receive either high-flow nasal (70 L min−1) or facemask (15 L min−1) oxygen. After induction of anaesthesia, the patients were apnoeic for 18 min or until peripheral oxygen saturation decreased to 92%. Eighty patients were studied (41 High-Flow Nasal Oxygen, 39 Facemask). The median apnoea time was 18 min in both the High-Flow Nasal Oxygen (IQR 18–18 min) and the Facemask (inter-quartile range [IQR], 4.1–18 min) groups. Five patients in the High-Flow Nasal Oxygen group and 14 patients in the Facemask group desaturated to 92% within 18 min. The risk of desaturation was significantly lower in the High-Flow Nasal Oxygen group (hazard ratio=0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11–0.65; P =0.007). In experienced hands, apnoeic oxygenation is possible in morbidly obese patients, and oxygen desaturation did not occur for 18 min in the majority of patients, whether oxygen delivery was high-flow nasal or low-flow facemask. High-flow nasal oxygen may reduce desaturation risk compared with facemask oxygen. Desaturation risk is a more clinically relevant outcome than duration of apnoea. Individual physiological factors are likely to be the primary determinant of risk rather than method of oxygen delivery. NCT03428256. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work focuses on the fabrication of polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan-loaded oleanolic acid-nanofibers (PVA-CS-OLA-NFs) for bacterial infection. The prepared PVA-CS-OLA-NFs were characterized for contact angle, SEM, AFM, XRD, FTIR, and TGA. The solid-state characterization and in vitro performance evaluation of nanofibers reveal consistent interconnection and diameters ranging from 102 ± 9.5 to 386 ± 11.6 nm. The nanofibers have a flat surface topography and exhibit efficient drug entrapment. Moreover, the in vitro release profile of PVA-CS-OLA-NFs was found to be 51.82 ± 1.49 % at 24 h. Furthermore, the hemocompatibility study showed that the developed PVA-CS-OLA-NFs are non-hemolytic to human blood. The PVA-CS-OLA-NFs demonstrate remarkable antibacterial capabilities, as evidenced by their MBC and MIC values, which range from 128 and 32 μg/mL, against the strains of S. aureus. The in-vivo fluorescence optical imaging showed the sustained PVA-CS-OLA-NFs release at the wound site infected with S. aureus for a longer duration of time. Moreover, the PVA-CS-OLA-NFs showed superior wound healing performance against S. aureus infected wounds compared to the marketed formulation. Further, the laser Doppler imaging system improved oxygen saturation, blood supply, and wound healing by providing real-time blood flow and oxygen saturation information. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A deep-sea sediment record from the Western Alboran Basin spanning the last 37 kyr has been analysed using a multiproxy approach, integrating sediment colour, magnetic susceptibility, elemental ratios, benthic foraminiferal assemblages and bioturbation, gaining new insights into Alboran Basin deep-sea environments and palaeoceanographic conditions since the Last Glacial Maximum. The combination of a diverse set of proxies made it possible to recognise the diagenetic signals and reconstruct new low-frequency events in the deep basin, recording the significant fluctuations in deep water oxygenation occurred during the studied period. From the studied data, short-term periodic low-oxygen events are recognised during Heinrich Stadials 2 and 3 (HS2 and HS3) and Greenland Interstadial GI8, showing important responses of the deep sea environments to climate climate change. Furthermore, the presence of a not previously well-defined Organic Rich Layer 2 (ORL 2) can be defined from the observations as a sequence of events transitioning between low oxygen (associated with humid conditions and Heinrich Events) and oxygenated conditions, and not as a singular low oxygenation event. In addition, the Organic Rich Layer 1 (ORL1), associated with the most recent low oxygen event has been also recognised in the record, with low oxygen conditions starting as early as 16 kyr before the present (BP) during the HS1 and spanning to 8 kyr BP with important fluctuations in environmental conditions and oxygenation. Several climate events that have been previously recognised in the Northern Hemisphere and the Mediterranean Basin can be linked to the observed changes in oxygen conditions during ORL1 deposition, for instance reoxygenation that occurred during the pre-ORL1, between the demise of Heinrich Event 1.1 (HE1.1) and the end of HS1 and the inception of the Bølling-Allerød (BA); the start of ORL1 deposition during BA with the onset of low oxygen conditions. Interestingly, the BA is punctuated by short duration reoxygenation events that can be recognised in the record and correlated to cold events observed in the North Atlantic records. In addition, there is a partial discontinuous reoxygenation during the Younger Dryas (YD), observed also in the Eastern Mediterranean and in other Mediterranean sites which was followed by the return to lower-oxygen conditions after the YD, coinciding with the start of S1 deposition. Finally, the final reoxygenation event occurs at around 8 kyr BP along with the demise of the ORL1. • A multiproxy approach has been used to reconstruct deep-sea oxygenation. • Maximum oxygen depletion marks the onset of the Deglaciation Heinrich Stadial 1 and Bølling-Allerød. • The Alboran Sea was low-ventilated during Heinrich Stadials 2 and 3 and interstadials 5 to 8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonradical activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) over nonmetallic catalyst remains a significant scientific challenge. Herein, we proposed a facile stepwise calcination approach to prepare fragmented carbon nitride (CN) with three coordinate nitrogen (N3 C) vacancies (VCN). The defective structure comprising vacant and disintegrated nanosheet synergistically conferred VCN abundant unpaired electrons, providing an exceptional catalytic behavior to evolve nonradical pathway in PMS activation. This featured system allowed generating nonradical reactive species with 100 % selectivity, namely, a major singlet oxygenation and a spot of VCN/PMS complex-triggered oxidation, which enabled a high effectiveness in the degradation of Acid Orange 7 (almost 100 % removal efficiency within 20 min). Impressively, the VCN was also featured with excellent environment serviceability, long-term operational performance, and desirable non-photocatalytic efficiency in the PMS-mediated nonradical oxidation. Overall, this study offers a facile strategy for tailoring CN architecture to achieve PMS nonradical activation and contributes to an efficient strategy for wastewater remediation. [Display omitted] • Fragmented carbon nitride with N3 C -site vacancy (VCN) was facilely synthesized. • VCN with abundant unpaired electrons activated PMS in a nonradical pathway. • The synergy between vacancy and fragmentation conferred VCN the highest efficacy. • Both photocatalytic and catalytic routes were integrated on VCN in PMS activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated system for in vivo multi-spectral imaging (MSI) and Raman spectroscopy was developed to understand the external morphology and internal molecular information of biological tissues. The achieved MSI images were reconstructed by eighteen separated images from 400 nm to 760 nm, whose illumination bands were selected with six tri-channel band filters. Based on the spectral analysis algorithms, the spatial distribution patterns of blood volume, blood oxygen content and tissue scatterer volume fraction were visualized. In vivo Raman spectral measurements were executed by inserting specially designed optical probe into instrumental channel of endoscope. By this way, the molecular composition at selected sampling points could be identified with its fingerprint spectral information under the guidance of molecular imaging modality. Therefore, both structural and compositional features of intestinal membrane could be addressed without labeling and continuously. The achieved results testified that our presented methodology reveals insights not easily extracted from either MSI or Raman spectroscopy individually, which brings the enrichment of biological and chemical meanings for future in vivo studies. [Display omitted] • MSI endoscopy and Raman spectroscopy were integrated for in vivo molecular imaging and spectral analysis. • Intestinal blood volume, oxygen content, and tissue scatterer volume were obtained from rat model by MSI. • The constitutional information was extracted from the rat intestine by in vivo Raman spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]