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Abstract: Our main aim was to study the mylohyoid nerve, but during cadaveric dissections an unnamed branch of the lingual nerve was encountered incidentally. Dissections of sublingual and pterygomandibular spaces on 13 cadavers preserved in formalin showed an unnamed branch present bilaterally in 11 specimens, which had not been identified before in any of the anatomical textbooks. The branch extended horizontally from the medial mandibular cortex at the level of the retromolar pad to mesial of the lower first molars-second premolars. It was supplying the lingual periosteum, gingiva, and mucosa that were overlying the medial alveolar process. The mean (SD) diameter of the left and right branches was 0.66 (0.1) mm at the branching side. The mean (SD) length of the right and left sides was 28.7 (4.4) mm. The mean (SD) distance from the alveolar crest was 5.8 (0. 9) mm. The lingual nerve supplies the lingual soft tissues; however, none of the anatomical textbooks mention such a subdivision or a branch supplying that part of the oral cavity. We describe the site and the morphological characteristics of this unnamed branch, and recommend that it be named “the gingival branch of the lingual nerve”. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Studies about the anatomic relationship between the inferior laryngeal nerve (ILN) and the ligament of Berry are insufficient, despite controversy in the literature. In addition, the relationship between the laryngeal branches of the ILN and the ligament of Berry has not been investigated. Study design: Sixty specimens (120 sides) were examined for this study, including 41 male and 19 female cadavers between the ages of 40 and 89 years at death. Results: The nerve trunk or its anterior and posterior laryngeal branches run posterolateral to the ligament in 51 and 39 sides, respectively. The nerve trunk or both its laryngeal branches passed posteromedial to the ligament in 12 and 7 sides, respectively. In seven sides, the anterior branch of the ILN was located posterolateral and the posterior branch was posteromedial to the ligament. In three sides, the anterior (motor) branch of the ILN penetrated the ligament of Berry. In one right side, a nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve arose from the vagal nerve at the level of ligament of Berry. The nerve divided into the anterior and posterior laryngeal branches just above posterior surface of the ligament; both branches extended parallel to it. Conclusions: We have shown that the nerve was located not only posterolateral to the ligament but also posteromedial to it. Additionally, unlike other authors, we have shown that the anterior (motor) branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve penetrated the ligament of Berry in 2.5% of 60 specimens. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

: PurposeIn 1All the cadaver orbits were provided by the Department of Anatomy of the Cerrahpasa University of Turkey. Our department contains the records and transferring permissions given from Turkish law court. this study, we aimed to investigate the muscular bridge between the inferior oblique (IO) and inferior rectus (IR) muscles of the eye.: DesignCohort study.: MethodsThe orbits of sixty intact cadavers with no history of eye muscle or orbital disorders during life were carefully dissected to expose the muscular bridge between the IO and IR muscles. Numbers of the bridges, their length and width were recorded.: ResultsWe observed muscular bridge between IO and IR muscles in 6.6% of 60 orbits. They originated from the lateral side of the IR muscle, and joined to posteromedial side of the IO muscle. Mean length and width were 14.2 ± 6.3 and 1.3 ± 0.2 mm, respectively.: ConclusionsMuscular bridges were found in 6.6% of orbits dissected. We conclude that muscular bridges are important due to potential cause of failed IO or IR muscles surgery. In this respect, before surgery of the extraocular muscles, the muscular bridges should be kept in mind and demonstrated by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging in transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: The differences at the attachment site of peroneus brevis (PB) to the fifth metatarsal bone is important in terms of the forces exerted on the bone and hence the mechanism of fractures involving this structure. In this study, we investigated the anatomical properties of PB at the insertion site to the base of fifth metatarsal bone, its possible intertendinous connections with peroneus tertius (PT) and their possible effects on the fracture occurrence at the bony attachment site.Methods: The length and the width of PB tendons at their mid- and end-points were measured and classified according to the insertion types. Besides, the length and the width of the base of fifth metatarsal bone were assessed. The slips extending from the PB tendons and their relationship with PT were also evaluated. The data was compared statistically with each other and between the right and left sides.Results: The length of PB tendon was measured 79.57±15.40mm on the right side; 81.48±14.31mm on the left. The width of PB tendon at the mid-point was 4.46±0.80mm on the right side; 4.42±0.94mm on the left. The width of the tendon at its insertion point was measured 14.85±3.40mm and 15.16±3.42mm on the right and left sides respectively. PB was divided into three types according to its attachment to base of fifth metatarsal bone (5thMB). Type I, Type II and Type III were observed at the rates of 59.5%, 28.6% and 11.5% respectively. It was observed that the slips to the bone were extending more commonly from PB than from PT and that the large majority of them were single having their insertions on the base of the proximal phalanx of the fifth toe.Conclusions: Knowing the width and insertional types of PB aids in understanding the mechanism of fractures at the site of bony attachment. The existence of slips may help the surgeon in the procedures involving PB or the lateral side of the forefoot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: To demonstrate the vascular anatomy of the normal and undescended testes, emphasizing the surgical importance of the anastomotic channels between the testicular and deferential arteries in the undescended testis. Methods: This study was performed on four normal testes obtained from adult cadavers and the undescended testes taken from men undergoing unilateral orchiectomy. To show the arteries and their connections, we used the injection-corrosion casting technique. Results: The normal and undescended testes measured 36.3 ± 9.2 mm × 21.2 ± 4.3 mm × 14.3 ± 5.4 mm and 19 × 16 × 9 mm, respectively. The testis and epididymis had an unusual shape in the undescended testes. The undescended testes were round, with a semilunar epididymis that was over the testis. All the testes, including the undescended testes, had testicular, deferential, and cremasteric arteries. The testicular, deferential, and cremasteric arterial diameter was 1.7 ± 0.4, 1.1 ± 0.3, and 0.5 ± 0.3 mm in the normal testes and 1.5, 0.7, and 0.6 mm in the undescended testes, respectively. Communication among the three arteries was illustrated consistently by retrograde filling of the two noninjected arteries. Clearly visible anastomotic channels were present between the testicular and deferential arteries in the normal and undescended testes. Conclusions: We suggest that the original Fowler and Stephans concept (high ligation of the testicular artery) is valid to preserve vascularity to the testis when vascular transection orchiopexy is performed, although the number of our specimens was not enough to prove this definitively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]