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Abstract: A retro-convection enhanced delivery (R-CED) method has been developed to improve the entry of intravenously administered therapeutics within solid brain tumors. R-CED uses an osmotic gradient to withdraw brain interstitial fluid (ISF) in a controlled manner via an implanted microdialysis catheter. Withdrawal of ISF increases the local tissue specific gravity in normal brain and increases twofold the extravasation of intravenous Evans blue (EB) albumin in normal brain and in an orthotopic 9L tumor. R-CED also increases the extravasation of 70 nm fluorescent liposomes fivefold in the 9L tumor. Thus the transmembrane osmotic gradient induces movement of substances in the blood into the tissue parenchyma. Following probe removal, the magnitude of the R-CED effect on EB-albumin extravasation decreases to control values within 1.5 h in normal brain; however, the effect persists beyond 6 h in the tumor. There was no evidence of histologic damage to the neurons at either 6 h or 2 weeks after R-CED. These studies establish the feasibility of applying R-CED to increase the distribution of systemically administered drugs in both the normal tissue–tumor margin as well as in the central tumor core, holding forth the possibility of improved antitumor drug efficacy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: We investigated the effects of fractionated radiation treatments on the life spans of athymic rats bearing intracerebral brain tumors. Methods and Materials: U-251 MG or U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells were implanted into the brains of athymic rats, and the resulting tumors were irradiated once daily with various doses of ionizing radiation for 5 consecutive days or for 10 days with a 2-day break after Day 5. Results: Five daily doses of 1 and 1.5 Gy, and 10 doses of 0.75 and 1 Gy, cured some U-251 MG tumors. However, five daily doses of 0.5 Gy increased the survival time of animals bearing U-251 MG tumors 5 days without curing any animals of their tumors. Ten doses of 0.3 Gy given over 2 weeks extended the lifespan of the host animals 9 days without curing any animals. For U-87 MG tumors, 5 daily doses of 3 Gy produced an increased lifespan of 8 days without curing any animals, and 10 doses of 1 Gy prolonged lifespan 5.5 days without curing any animals. The differences in extension of life span between the 5- and 10-fraction protocols were minor for either tumor type. Conclusion: The finding that the U-251 MG tumors are more sensitive than U-87 MG tumors, despite the fact that U-251 MG tumors contain many more hypoxic cells than U-87 MG tumors, suggests the intrinsic cellular radiosensitivities of these cell lines are more important than hypoxia in determining their in vivo radiosensitivities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: To investigate the toxicity, biodistribution, and convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of a boronated porphyrin (BOPP) that was designed for boron neutron capture therapy and photodynamic therapy. Methods and Materials: For the toxicity study, Fischer 344 rats were injected with graded concentrations of BOPP (35–100 mg/kg) into the tail vein. For boron biodistribution studies, 9L tumor-bearing rats received BOPP either systematically (intravenously) or locally. Results: All rats that received 70 mg/kg BOPP and 70% of rats that received ≤60 mg/kg BOPP i.v. either had to be euthanized or died within 4 days of injection. In the biodistribution study, boron levels were relatively high in liver, kidney, spleen, and adrenal gland tissue, and moderate levels were found in all other organs. The maximum tumor boron concentration was 21.4 μg/g at 48 h after i.v. injection; this concentration of boron in brain tumors is at the low end of the range considered optimal for therapy. In addition, the tumor/blood ratio (approximately 1.2) was not optimal. When BOPP was delivered directly into intracerebral 9L tumors with CED, we obtained tumor boron concentrations much greater than those obtained by i.v. injection. Convection-enhanced delivery of 1.5 mg BOPP produced an average tumor boron level of 519 μg/g and a tumor/blood ratio of approximately 1850:1. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that changing the method of BOPP delivery from i.v. to CED significantly enhances the boron concentration in tumors and produces very favorable tumor/brain and tumor/blood ratios. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Physiological processes that modulate photosynthetic acclimation to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration are subjects of intense discussion recently. Apparently, the down-regulation of photosynthesis under elevated CO2 is not understood clearly. In the present study, the response of soybean (Glycine max L.) to CO2 enrichment was examined in terms of nitrogen partitioning and water relation. The plants grown under potted conditions without combined N application were exposed to either ambient air (38Pa CO2) or CO2 enrichment (100Pa CO2) for short (6 days) and long (27 days). Plant biomass, apparent photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and 15N uptake and partitioning were measured consecutively after elevated CO2 treatment. Long-term exposure reduced photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. In contrast, short-term exposure increased biomass production of soybean due to increase in dry weight of leaves. Leaf N concentration tended to decrease with CO2 enrichment, however such difference was not true for stem and roots. A close correlation was observed between transpiration rate and 15N partitioned into leaves, suggesting that transpiration plays an important role on nitrogen partitioning to leaves. In conclusion existence of a feed back mechanism for photosynthetic acclimation has been proposed. Down-regulation of photosynthetic activity under CO2 enrichment is caused by decreasing leaf N concentration, and reduced rate of transpiration owing to decreased stomatal conductance is partially responsible for poor N translocation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important mediator of the intense angiogenesis which is characteristic of glioblastoma. While genetic manipulation of VEGF/VEGF receptor expression has previously been shown to inhibit glioblastoma growth, to date, no study has examined the efficacy of pharmacologic blockade of VEGF activity as a means to inhibit intracranial growth of human glioblastoma. Using intraperitoneal administration of a neutralizing anti-VEGF antibody, we demonstrate that inhibition of VEGF significantly prolongs survival in athymic rats inoculated in the basal ganglia with G55 human glioblastoma cells. Systemic anti-VEGF inhibition causes decreased tumor vascularity as well as a marked increase in tumor cell apoptosis in intracranial tumors. Although intracranial glioblastoma tumors grow more slowly as a consequence of anti-VEGF treatment, the histologic pattern of growth suggests that these tumors adapt to inhibition of angiogenesis by increased infiltration and cooption of the host vasculature. Neoplasia (2000) 2, 306–314. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of the blood–brain barrier complicates drug delivery in the development of therapeutic agents for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The use of local gene transfer in the brain has the potential to overcome this delivery barrier by allowing the expression of therapeutic agents directly at the tumor site. In this study, we describe the development of a recombinant adeno-associated (rAAV) serotype 8 vector that encodes an optimized soluble inhibitor, termed sVEGFR1/R2, of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is an angiogenic factor highly up-regulated in GBM tumor tissue and correlates with disease progression. In subcutaneous models of GBM, VEGF inhibition following rAAV-mediated gene transfer significantly reduces overall tumor volume and increases median survival time following a single administration of vector. Using orthotopic brain tumor models of GBM, we find that direct intracranial administration of the rAAV-sVEGFR1/R2 vector to the tumor site demonstrates anti-tumor efficacy at doses that are not efficacious following systemic delivery of the vector. We propose that rAAV-mediated gene transfer of a potent soluble VEGF inhibitor in the CNS represents an effective antiangiogenic treatment strategy for GBM.Molecular Therapy (2006) 13, 956–966; doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.02.004 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which investigated the function of a modified comet assay in detecting hypoxia in human brain tumor xenografts. Materials and methods; Results; Discussion and findings.

To facilitate investigation of the molecular mechanisms of tumor cell radiosensitivities, we have generated a set of clones with different radiosensitivities from a human glioma cell line U-251 MG-Ho. Forty-four colonies were isolated by subjecting parent cells to the mutagen N-methylnitrosourea and then irradiating these cells with increasing doses of x-rays. About half of the clones displayed different radiosensitivities than the parent cells. We selected one of the most sensitive clones (X3i) and one of the most resistant clones (Y6) for further study. Isoeffective doses for these two clones differed by about a factor of 1.7; the relative radiosensitivities of both clones were stable for at least 30 cell culture passages. These two clones do not differ significantly in either the induction or repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks as measured by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Radiation-induced apoptosis measured by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labe ling assay and micronucleus formation were similar in both clones. However, potentially lethal damage repair was greater in the radioresistant Y6 clone than in the radiosensitive X3i clone as determined by colony-forming efficiency assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]