Search

• Provided comprehensive overview of all the 20 oligonucleotide drug products commercially approved till March 2024. • Focused on nature, formulation composition, presentation, primary packaging, in-use stability, and long-term stability. • Proposed generalized formulations that could be used as a starting point in early phase development of an oligonucleotide molecule recognizing that safety and efficacy must be established by controlled preclinical and clinical investigations. Oligonucleotide drug products commercially approved in the US and the EU are reviewed. A total of 20 products that includes 1 aptamer, 12 antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), 6 small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs), and 1 mixture of single-stranded and double-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotides have been identified. A typical oligonucleotide formulation is composed of an oligonucleotide with buffering agent(s), pH adjusting agents, and a tonicity adjusting agent. All the products are presented as 2.1 – 200 mg/mL solutions at pH between 6 and 8.7. Majority of the products are approved for intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) routes, with two for intravitreal (IVT), two for intrathecal (IT), and one for intramuscular (IM) routes. The primary packaging includes vials and prefilled syringes (PFS). Products approved for IV and IT administration routes and requiring >1.5 mL dose volumes are supplied in vials, while those approved for SC, IM, and IVT and requiring ≤1.5 mL dose volume are supplied in PFS. Based on the compiled dataset, we propose a generalized starting point for an oligonucleotide formulation during early phase development for IV, SC, and IT administration routes. Overall, we believe this harmonized evaluation and understanding of various oligonucleotide drug product attributes will help derive platform generalizations and allows for accelerated early phase development for first-in-human studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standardized ('plain') packaging is effective in reducing the appeal of cigarettes among young people. This study examined the impact of plain packaging and brand imagery on interest in trying e-cigarettes among youth. Experimental design. Two online experiments were conducted in February 2020 as part of the ITC Youth Tobacco & Vaping Survey, conducted with 13,624 16- to 19-year-olds in Canada, England, and the USA. In the between-group Experiment 1, participants were randomized to view a set of 3 e-cigarette brands, in either their original external packaging ('branded' condition) or standardized olive-green packaging ('standardized' condition), and asked to select the product they would be most interested in trying. The within-group Experiment 2 examined brand imagery directly on devices, including potential differences in appeal among subgroups. Each participant viewed 4 pod-style e-cigarette devices: one 'plain' and 3 in colourful 'skins'. Logistic regression models were conducted to test the effect of condition, adjusting for demographics, smoking and vaping status. In Experiment 1, participants in the 'standardized' packaging condition were significantly more likely to indicate 'I have no interest in trying any of these products' (72.3%) than those in the 'branded' condition (66.9%, AOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.33–1.59). Experiment 2 results indicated differences in e-cigarette appeal by sex in the selection of male- and female-oriented designs, and by cannabis use for a Rastafarian-themed design. Brand imagery on e-cigarettes can target products to specific subgroups. Removal of imagery, in the form of standardized packaging, has the potential to reduce interest in trying e-cigarettes among young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Waste from public spaces is currently predominantly collected as mixed waste. • The composition of public waste differs from household waste. • High proportions of recyclable materials and packaging waste were identified. • The case city's annual public waste generation is around 100 tonnes. Waste from public places like parks, pedestrian zones or sidewalks is a visible yet unexploited waste stream. Publications and information on the amounts and makeup of this waste flow are very scarce. To evaluate the resource potential and enable waste management planning, this study aims to assess the quality and quantity of public waste in a detailed waste characterisation campaign. For the first time, an analysis at this level of detail was conducted in a medium-sized town (25,000 inhabitants) in Austria. The sampling campaign included the whole town area. In total, almost 1000 kg of waste was sorted in up to 88 different fractions, which allows the detailed composition of, for example, packaging waste and single-use plastics to be delineated. We found that the amount of waste collected in public street bins is approximately 2.6 % of the total mixed municipal solid waste, resulting in 4.1 kg of public waste per inhabitant annually. The vast majority of this waste is currently collected as mixed waste. The results indicate a high share (52 %) of recyclable materials (glass, metal, paper and lightweight packaging) in mixed public waste, most of which is packaging (44 % of total waste). Other large shares include dog feces (18 % of total waste) and biogenic waste (17 % of total waste). The results lay the foundation for further investigations into, for example, exploiting recycling potential or evaluating possible improvements in separate waste collection in public spaces. Further, the collected data serve as an essential knowledge basis for policymakers and local authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement of environmental product performance is an important driver for product development. It is also related to the optimization of product packaging solutions. This paper addresses the question related to packaging eco-design strategies. A simplified approach, based on the Life Cycle Assessment methodology and Material Flow Analysis, is proposed to quickly compare alternative design solutions in terms of environmental impacts. Quantifying impacts and identifying the most significant design parameters for these products can assist industrial companies in avoiding potential impact transfer issues and finding the best solutions for their products. Multiple environmental impact categories and indicators are included to comprehensively consider impacts on the environment, resources, and human health. The proposed approach is applied to the environmental performance evaluation of several alternative design solutions for the packaging of a professional coffee machine. Alternative designs, starting from the selection of appropriate materials to the identification of solutions suitable for the reverse supply chain, will be compared and deeply analysed in environmental terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel framework that eliminates the often cumbersome "build and install" step when running software. Our framework packages a collection of techniques to automatically infer and generate sandboxes, specifically Linux containers, for running applications directly from their source code. This approach significantly simplifies software execution, improving developer productivity and promoting reuse. We demonstrate the framework's effectiveness through real-world examples and use cases implemented in Python, NodeJS, and Bash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this issue of Structure , Kong et al. utilized cryoelectron tomography to closely examine Rubisco packaging within β-carboxysomes. They observed unique Rubisco packaging arrangements that may have important implications for carboxysome structural integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Sensitivity analysis in packaging EoL modeling to evaluate influence in EoL impacts. • Take-back presents environmental benefits due to paper and glass recycling. • Incineration with energy recovery reduces EoL impacts from pharmaceutical packaging. • Smaller pharmaceutical packaging and EoL valorization reduces impacts. • Decisions at packaging early design stage influence EoL impacts. Pharmaceutical packaging waste has increased due to a higher global demand for pharmaceutical products, leading to more waste generation and associated environmental impacts. The main goal of this article is to present a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment of pharmaceutical packaging, evaluating end-of-life (EoL) alternatives, aiming to identify hotspots and opportunities for improvement. A life cycle model was implemented for three types of pharmaceutical packaging (blisters, sachets, bottles; 23 packaging). The functional unit is the storage and delivery of medicines containing the same active pharmaceutical ingredient, dosage, and amount of medicines. Two EoL analyses were performed: 1) compare take-back (recycling and incineration) with domestic waste collection (landfill or incineration); and 2) assess different EoL situations of pharmaceutical packaging in Europe. A life cycle impact assessment was performed for 13 categories. Analysis 1 shows that take-back presents lower environmental impacts than domestic waste collection for seven out of 13 categories due to paper and glass recycling benefits. Analysis 2 shows that in the take-back, higher amounts of packaging are recycled or incinerated, which leads to lower EoL impacts. A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the influence of parameters and assumptions in packaging EoL impacts. Packaging production contributes significantly to life cycle impacts, followed by transportation, EoL, and packing process. Ecodesign initiatives are recommended, such as packaging with less material and volume, using materials with lower impacts to significantly reduce the impacts of pharmaceutical packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Service style, packaging, wastefulness cause 10–47%, 3–11%, 5–37% food waste (FW). • Packaging & consumer behaviour relevant FW depend on the food and service type. • Consumer wastefulness seems to increase with increases in their affluency. • Interplay of the packing properties with that of the food impacts the FW quantity. This paper provides data obtained from real-life measurement of the Food Waste (FW) associated with the services offering food in mini size (9–20 g) single-use packaging representing the impact of the difficulties in emptying the food from such packages and service characteristics. We collected discarded such food packages from commercial public eateries (a time-share thermal town, student canteen, and student refectory), quantified FW, and subjected data to statistical analysis regarding the eatery places, package characteristics, and food type. The results suggest that service style, packaging, and consumer wastefulness can cause 10–47 %, 3–11 %, and 5–37 % FW, respectively, indicating hidden part of the wastage iceberg from mini size food portions with vast implication on the food and relevant packaging sustainability. Regarding the packing, the dominant cause of FW is difficulties in emptying the food, such as the shape, size, depth, width, and material of the package. Concerning the consumer wastefulness, our measurements seem to imply that the groups with relatively higher affluency creates more FW. Our results will prove to be highly beneficial in both promoting efforts to raise awareness of not only consumers but also industry players and decision makers on the sustainability for food and relevant packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creasing and folding are fundamental steps in many manufacturing processes of multi-material paperboard packaging. The complex structure of these materials, which comprise layers of cellulose fibres, aluminium, and polyethylene, coupled with the growing complexity of packaging designs, make these process operations essential to ensure the required structural integrity for packaging as well as their functionality in daily life. This paper introduces an approach for modelling damage in paper-based sandwich materials by integrating fibre-based and cohesive numerical modelling techniques. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, opening new possibilities for process design and optimization in packaging manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the rapidly evolving industrial landscape, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in various sectors, including manufacturing and supply chain management. Meanwhile, packaging planning is another area that is still open to AI development. Effective packaging planning is a complicated task to be handled carefully throughout the entire planning process. To solve this problem, we propose an improved heterogeneous chain-based multi-output classification model for predicting the dimensions and types of packages for each shipment. While conventional chain regression models typically employ only a single base classifier within each chain, our improved model allows for flexibility in the utilization of different classifiers within a chain structure. Our improved model is analyzed on a real-world dataset by employing different multi-output classification algorithms, including Random Forest (RF), Decision Trees (DT), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). Experimental results demonstrate that our model, based solely on DT, outperforms by obtaining the best accuracy with a 0.98 overall accuracy value compared to traditional multi-output classification and chain regression models. Also, the proposed model with different classifiers has the second-best overall accuracy result in all models and has a higher overall accuracy result than traditional chain-based models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As private car usage has negative effects, such as traffic congestion and air pollution, the effectiveness of Transportation Demand Management (TDM) policies could be considered as any reduction in car usage. However, the efficiency of TDM policies could be addressed by a combination of their effectiveness and public acceptability. Policy packaging is treated as a way to get more benefits from a set of policies in form of a package. Therefore, to improve the efficiency of a package containing a push TDM policy, which is usually effective but not acceptable, introducing a pull policy that is generally acceptable could be of interest. This research aimed to evaluate the efficiency of two packages of TDM policies containing a push policy (either cordon or parking pricing) and a pull policy (transit system development). Therefore, 535 working-purpose car commuters were interviewed to examine the trade-offs between the acceptability and effectiveness of each package. According to the results, although the transit development policy causes a 1.52% reduction in car usage, it significantly affects the acceptability of cordon pricing and transit development package. Finally, a discussion is provided regarding how to use the policy packages to achieve the highest potential effectiveness at a specific level of acceptability. • The efficiency of a TDM policy is related to its effectiveness and acceptability. • The effectiveness of a push policy is inversely related to its acceptability. • There is a positive relationship between the effectiveness and acceptability of a pull policy. • An auxiliary pull policy can increase both the acceptability and effectiveness of a policy package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Energy and environmental performances of strawberry supply chain. • Field measurement and interviews of professional stakeholders. • Non-plastic packaging showed significantly better environmental performance. • Most impactful processes are packaging production and refrigerated transport. Berries are highly perishable fruits and require both low storage temperature and suitable packaging throughout the supply chain to preserve their organoleptic qualities. However, the energy consumption of refrigerated equipment and the use of packaging materials, plastic in particular, might generate important environmental impacts. Besides, there is a strong commitment to reduce the use of plastic in the food industry. The aims of the current work are first to assess the energy consumption of refrigerated equipment and second to analyze the environmental performance of the strawberry supply chain. Various stages of the supply chain from transport from growers to retail storage were modeled using data from field measurement and interviews with professional stakeholders. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed for the strawberry supply chain. Different packaging materials, plastic (PET, RPET) and alternatives (molded pulp, recycled paper, cardboard), were used. The processes that generated the most important environmental burden were the packaging production and the long-distance refrigerated transport. To limit the impact related to packaging production, it is necessary to consider not only the type of packaging material but also the processes and energy consumption used in their manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most N-Nitrosamine compounds are found to be genotoxic in several animal species. Some are classified as probable or possible human carcinogens and very low acceptable daily intake has been established such as 96 ng/day for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and 26.5 ng/N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA). The pharmaceutical industry has considered all processing areas for potential formation or contamination of N-nitrosamine. One risk is the potential contamination of nitrosamine during drug product blister packaging using lidding foils containing nitrocellulose, and different approaches have been used by pharmaceutical companies to evaluate and mitigate this risk. Herein we share a perspective from IQ Consortium N-nitrosamine Working Group on some of the approaches and corresponding results. From these assessments, it was concluded that the risk of nitrosamine contamination during blister packaging is negligible. The approaches shared in this perspective can be incorporated into risk assessment for nitrosamine contamination during drug product packaging at other pharmaceutical companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] In order to overcome silicone oil related problems for biopharmaceuticals, novel container systems are of interest with a focus on the reduction, fixation or complete avoidance of silicone oil in the primary container. Ultimately, silicone oil free (SOF) container systems made from cyclic olefin (co–)polymer or glass combined with the respective silicone-oil free plungers were developed. In the following study we evaluated the potential of a SOF container system based on a glass barrel in combination with a fluoropolymer coated syringe plunger. In a long-term stability study, the system was compared to other alternative container systems in terms of functionality and particle formation when filled with placebo buffers. The system proved to be a valuable alternative to marketed siliconized container systems with acceptable and consistent break-loose gliding forces and it was clearly superior in terms of particle formation over storage time. Additionally, we evaluated the importance of the glass barrel surface for functionality. The interaction of the fill medium with the glass surface significantly impacted friction forces. Consequently, storage conditions and production processes like washing and sterilization, which can easily alter the surface properties, should be carefully evaluated, and controlled. The novel combination of non-lubricated glass barrel and fluoropolymer coated plunger provides a highly valuable SOF packaging alternative for biopharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) with tunable bandgaps and strong light absorptions in the broad spectral range of ∼ 1.2–2.3 eV make them suitable candidates as light absorber in tandem photovoltaic (PV) devices. This review presents the latest progress and limitations of all perovskite tandem solar cells (AP-TSCs) with different configurations. As of today, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of reported AP-TSCs have not yet met the requirements for commercial products, mainly due to prominent defect activities in both absorbers of top wide bandgap (WB) and bottom narrow bandgap (NB) metal halide perovskites (MHPs). In this paper, we critically examine the unique instabilities and energy loss channels in WB-MHPs and NB-MHPs, as well as discuss the corresponding strategies to suppress them. We also discuss the effect of the interconnecting layer on the preparation of high-quality light absorber by a solution method. Moreover, we analyze in detail the unique requirements and methods of device packaging to improve the stability of AP-TSCs. Finally, we offer new viewpoints on the major challenges, favorable circumstances, and heuristic perspectives for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The U.S. food supply chain, from manufacturer to retailer, is a relatively hazardous occupation for workers, with higher morbidity and mortality rates versus other industries. • Employees in food manufacturing, wholesaling, and even retailing experience relatively high numbers of occupational injuries and fatalities. One reason for the high hazard rates may be the reliance on a synergistic packaging system designed to load and transport food products within and between manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. • This paper examined severe injuries related to the packaging and movement of food products in segments of the food and beverage supply chain from manufacturing to retailing. We used an OSHA database to investigate all severe injuries in the six years from 2015 to 2020. • Results show there were 1,084 severe injuries and 47 fatalities during the six-year period. Fractures of the lower extremities were most prevalent, with the most frequent event type being transportation-related such as pedestrian-vehicle incidents. Significant differences were seen in the three parts of the food supply chain. The paper discusses how pressure from various parts of the food supply chain may be increasing risks for workers. Introduction : The modern food supply chain presents unique hazards to employees that result in higher morbidity and mortality rates versus other industries. Employees in food manufacturing, wholesaling, and even retailing experience relatively high numbers of occupational injuries and fatalities. One reason for the high hazard rates may be the reliance on a synergistic packaging system designed to load and transport food products within and between manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. Packaged food products are often aggregated using palletizers before they can be transported by forklifts and pallet jacks. Materials handling within facilities is critical to the efficient functioning of all members of the food-related supply chain, but product movement can be a source of occupational injuries. No previous research has examined the cause and result of such hazards. Method: This paper aims to examine severe injuries related to the packaging and movement of food products in segments of the food and beverage supply chain from manufacturing to retailing. An OSHA database was used to investigate all severe injuries in the six years from 2015 to 2020. The focus was on the food supply chain for the period since OSHA began mandating new reporting procedures for severe injuries. Results: Results show there were 1,084 severe injuries and 47 fatalities during the six-year period. Fractures of the lower extremities were most prevalent, with the most frequent event type being transportation-related such as pedestrian-vehicle incidents. Significant differences were seen in the three parts of the food supply chain. Practical Applications: Implications are drawn for key sectors of the food-related supply chain to reduce packaging- and product movement-related hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of the problem of creating and implementing sustainable food packaging is forcing companies to implement innovations in this area. Changes in the approach to the production of sustainable packaging should take into account environmental, social and financial aspects. The introduction of modern technologies is becoming a natural part of companies' production processes. Awareness of ongoing changes in the spheres of production innovation, technology, IT and communication can contribute to the creation and implementation of sustainable food packaging. The aim of this article is to identify and define innovative activities of food companies in the creation and implementation of sustainable product packaging. The objective included refers to one of the United Nations' objectives - Goal 9: 9.B - Support technological development, research and innovation in developing countries through enabling policies. In addition to the objective, a research hypothesis was included and a research problem was defined. The research used the CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) interview method , and the CAWI (Computer Assisted Web Interview) method. The research tool used was a survey questionnaire. The research addressed, among other issues, the use of raw materials and materials used in the production of packaging, the impact of packaging on transport costs, packaging recycling activities and ways of placing information on packaging. The final section of the article discusses the results of the research and identifies recommendations for future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 50.8% of packaging waste and 59.8 % CO 2 reduced in the reuse strategies proposed. • Waste reduction is affected by consumers' adoption willingness of reuse strategies. • Ambitious goals are suggested for fruits, eggs, and bottled water for retailers. • Consumers' adoption willingness is proportional to regulations or the accessibility. Consumption of single-use packaging has been increasing globally and the waste produced causes negative impacts on both human and the environment. Retailers, such as supermarkets, developed quickly in recent years to provide for the modern lifestyle, using a lot of packaging in the process of distribution and sales. This research evaluates the packaging waste and CO 2 reduction potential of 10 different products sold in supermarkets in Taiwan when adopting different reuse strategies of Reduce, Return and Refill. In the suggested reuse strategies, a total of 8 kilotons of packaging waste and 30 kilotons of packaging CO 2 can be reduced, accounting for 50.8% and 59.8% reduction of the current situation, respectively. Retailers are suggested to provide different reuse strategies and experiential activities to increase consumers familiarity with new consumption methods. Significant impacts are made with a slight change in the small proportion investigated, which suggests considerable benefits if the scope is expanded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banana fruit is a popular crop in global agriculture production and trade. Bananas are delicate fresh produce where external factors can highly affect their quality resulting in high losses during the postharvest supply chain. This paper describes the most common nutritional, chemical, physical, and physiological quality attributes of the banana fruit. It also discusses the practiced technologies that are employed in the supply chain of bananas and their influence on banana fruit characteristics. Postharvest technologies play a crucial role in preserving fruits. Before implementing appropriate postharvest technology, it is essential to understand the quality changes in banana fruit during the ripening process. Various technologies are being used like storage, artificial ripening, packaging, handling, and transportation for bananas within the supply chain. The review can increase awareness and knowledge by selecting and implementing suitable postharvest techniques to enhance postharvest shelf-life and retain the nutritional and marketable quality of this important fruit. Relevant recent studies on banana packaging are highlighted and some current non-destructive image processing techniques applied to bananas are described. Ultimately, this review suggests strategies to reduce postharvest losses in the physical, chemical, and nutritional quality of banana fruit and provides future research trends to achieve fruit safety, security, and quality. • Banana is one of the most popular fruit and has a high nutritional content. • The main postharvest operations in the postharvest supply chain are discussed. • The effect of storage, transportation, and packaging on bananas was reviewed. • Using image processing for damage detection on banana fruit was described. • Different strategies to reduce postharvest losses in bananas were suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the environmental pollution caused by plastic packaging films and the health concerns caused by micro-plastic migration into food, development of degradable food packaging films (DFPFs) based on biopolymers with enhanced properties and via nano-additives is a popular stream in the food science field. Many studies have shown that DFPFs containing silica (SiO 2) are potential alternatives to replace plastic packaging materials. This work covers the development in DFPFs containing SiO 2 in the last decade, focusing on the effects of SiO 2 on different DFPFs in terms of light barrier, gas barrier, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties along with water sensitivity. In addition, the effect of SiO 2 on the controlled release of other bioactive compounds and the application of DFPFs containing SiO 2 for fresh food preservation are summarized. The addition of SiO 2 could improve the performance of DFPFs comprehensively. The effect of SiO 2 on the properties of DFPFs is mainly related to the concentration of SiO 2 , its dispersion state in the films, and the interaction forces between SiO 2 and the film matrix. There is a key "optimum" concentration for the incorporation of SiO 2. Due to the mesoporous properties of SiO 2 , it can be loaded with other bioactive for co-application and enhancing the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of DFPFs by improving the controlled release of bioactive in them. Importantly, DFPFs/coatings containing SiO 2 have shown surprising effects in preserving a variety of fresh foods. [Display omitted] • SiO 2 is an excellent filler for biodegradable food packaging films (DFPFs). • SiO 2 addition can improve the physical and mechanical properties of DFPFs. • The content and dispersion state of SiO 2 are critical to the properties of DFPFs. • SiO 2 can act as a controlled release carrier for bioactive compounds in DFPFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Product's packaging with integrated electronic intelligence turns into a visual, tactile and digital encounter with consumers influencing their shopping experience and purchase behavior. The Near Field Communication (NFC) tag attached to the packaging can transform everyday objects into a direct communication channel. However, the NFC technology is still not widely accepted by the industry, thus it is necessary to analyze the influential factors related to consumer behavior, changing needs, and acceptance. As a result, this study carries out the user experiment, where a product's packaging with NFC capabilities is built and tested with selected participants to track user engagement with the smart interactive packaging. The main aim of this study is to examine the peculiarities of the user interaction with NFC-enabled packaging to find out consumer perception and technology acceptance of NFC to retrieve more comprehensive insights regarding barriers to the successful NFC application to a product's packaging. The participants were asked to interact with a set of three NFC-enabled cardboard packages with attached NFC stickers, and afterwards each participant evaluated their experience via survey designed based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). According to the results, all three proposed research hypotheses were tested and confirmed to some extent. This study provides a thorough elaboration regarding the technology- and consumer-related barriers that might prevent the successful acceptance of NFC technology applied to the packaging. This research contributes to a better understanding of how different variables have an impact on consumers' perception and technology acceptance of NFC. All business management practitioners, marketers and designers could employ the results of this research as a way to improve the adoption process of the NFC technology in the packaging industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effectiveness and feasibility of cryogenic disinfectants in different cold scenarios and analyze the key points of on-site cryogenic disinfection. Qingdao and Suifenhe were selected as application sites for the manual or mechanical spraying of cryogenic disinfectants. The same amount of disinfectant (3,000 mg/L) was applied on cold chain food packaging, cold chain containers, transport vehicles, alpine environments, and article surfaces. The killing log value of the cryogenic disinfectant against the indicator microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) was used to evaluate the on-site disinfection effect. When using 3,000 mg/L with an action time of 10 min on the ground in alpine regions, the surface of frozen items, cold-chain containers, and cold chain food packaging in supermarkets, all external surfaces were successfully disinfected, with a pass rate of 100%. The disinfection pass rates for cold chain food packaging and cold chain transport vehicles of centralized supervised warehouses and food processing enterprises were 12.5% (15/120), 81.67% (49/60), and 93.33% (14/15), respectively; yet, the surfaces were not fully sprayed. Cryogenic disinfectants are effective in disinfecting alpine environments and the outer packaging of frozen items. The application of cryogenic disinfectants should be regulated to ensure that they cover all surfaces of the disinfected object, thus ensuring effective cryogenic disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of the environmental problems caused by using food packaging composed of non-renewable sources, the aim of this study was producing a new antimicrobial film, biodegradable and with UV barrier based on commercial κ-carrageenan/starch polysaccharides loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) for the first time by casting method. Different formulations of κ-carrageenan/starch/ZnONPs were extensively characterized. The X-ray patterns displayed diffraction peaks characteristics of the crystallographic plane of ZnONPs. The formation of the material composite was confirmed by specific signals in the FTIR spectrums and endothermic peak shift after ZnONPs addition. The ZnONPs (1.5 and 2 %) produce a more resistant material. The analysis of SEM (cracks remotion of film surface), mechanical properties (higher elongation at rupture and tensile strength), and opacity (low transparency) confirm this. Still, ZnONPs at 2 % produce a hydrophobic surface, justified by lower moisture content, water solubility, and higher WCA. The ZnONPs promoted UV barrier and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli , Salmonella Typhimurium , and Staphylococcus aureus microorganisms. Thus, the new active material was applied as a coating on fresh strawberries and delayed the ripening of the fruit, extending its shelf life. Therefore, we produced, characterized, and applied an active material with potential application in fresh food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article solves the scheduling problem in vegetable processing and packaging facility, where multiple types of vegetable consignments need to be packed using dissimilar parallel machines. The problem considers the real-life complexities, such as arrival and discharge time of consignments and setup time for the pre-processing requirement between consecutive consignments. The objective is to identify optimal schedules with minimum total cost and minimum makespan by satisfying the associated constraints. This study proposes an optimization framework incorporating metaheuristic techniques and heuristic mechanism to determine optimal solution for the scheduling problem. The heuristic mechanism assists metaheuristic techniques in reducing constraint violations by rescheduling vegetable consignments assigned to the machine. The efficacy of the proposed framework is analyzed by solving a case study using multiple single and multi-objective metaheuristic techniques. All metaheuristic techniques are able to determine a better schedule for optimizing total cost and makespan using the proposed framework than their naive metaheuristic technique on solving the single objective model. Differential Evolution with Multi-Population Based Ensemble of Mutation Strategies provided a better solution than other techniques for the single objective model of both objectives. Non-dominated Sorting Teaching Learning Based Optimization, with heuristic mechanism, provided strictly dominating solutions compared to the other techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to optimize the formulation of gluten-based composite film incorporated with Persian gum and Guar gum using the response surface method. The effects of three variables gluten (37%wt), Persian gum (1–2%wt), and guar gum (1–2%wt) on the physicochemical properties of the films (thickness, color parameters (L*, ΔE, WI, YI), swelling, solubility, water vapor permeability (WVP) and mechanical properties of the film were investigated. The results confirmed that gluten is compatible with Persian gum and Guar gum. Optimization was determined, and then the morphological properties and interaction of the film components were investigated with SEM and FTIR, respectively. Results showed that all three variables significantly affected the films' mechanical and physical properties (P < 0.05). Increasing the number of gums in the film solution led to a decrease in the thickness of the films, and improved solubility and WVP of films. Moreover, the yellowness index of films raised with an increasing amount of gluten and Guar gum. Increasing the number of gums, Young's modulus and modulus of elasticity decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The optimum level of the variables with desirability of 0.992, obtained by the software, was 5 % gluten, 1.5 % Persian gum, and 1.5 % Guar gum (% w /w). Intensifying and shifting some absorption peaks of FTIR spectra pattern confirmed the interaction of gums and gluten chain functional groups. The current research outcomes demonstrated that proper interaction was established between gluten protein and gums and improved the physical properties of the films. High amounts of gum reduced the thickness of the film. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropeptides produce robust effects on behavior across species, and recent research has benefited from advances in high-resolution techniques to investigate peptidergic transmission and expression throughout the brain in model systems. Neuropeptides exhibit distinct characteristics which includes their post-translational processing, release from dense core vesicles, and ability to activate G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These complex properties have driven the need for development of specialized tools that can sense neuropeptide expression, cell activity, and release. Current research has focused on isolating when and how neuropeptide transmission occurs, as well as the conditions in which neuropeptides directly mediate physiological and adaptive behavioral states. Here we describe the current technological landscape in which the field is operating to decode key questions regarding these dynamic neuromodulators. Neuropeptides dynamically encode various physiological processes, including ones that contribute to behavioral state transitions. New tools and approaches to characterize neuropeptide transmission during behavior are now more commonly used. Neuropeptide transmission – from post-translational processes, packaging, release, localization, and receptor activation – is complex and difficult to measure at the systems level. A host of promising new dynamic sensors, pharmacological approaches, and hardware offer promising new windows into understanding neuropeptidergic transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Illuminates the dynamics of stability in socio-technical systems by reviewing and advancing the concept of lock-ins. • Reviews deep and shallow material, institutional, behavioral and discursive lock-in mechanisms. • Analyzes the lock-ins and their interactions reinforcing single-use packaging over reusable alternatives. • Introduces archetypical interlock-ins and clusters of lock-ins. • Contributes to understanding the complexity of resistance to sustainability transitions. Lock-in mechanisms are major hurdles to sustainability transitions. Scholars identified various types of lock-ins; however, their dynamics and interactions remain underexplored. Using the case of food packaging, this study enhances the conceptual understanding and empirical analysis of lock-ins and their interactions from a socio-technical perspective. We analyze the material, institutional, behavioral, and discursive configuration and the shallow and deep lock-ins reinforcing the persistent dominance of single-use over reusable food packaging in Germany. Additionally, we explore the lock-in interactions both within and between the socio-technical elements. Hence, we introduce archetypical interlock-ins and lock-in clusters pointing to core trends of resistance towards reusable packaging alternatives. This study advances the lock-in concept for future socio-technical analyses while guiding the illumination of the complex dynamics of stability, the assessment of current sustainability transition interventions, and the search for potential unlocking strategies to enable change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the polylactic acid (PLA)/reversible thermochromic microcapsule (TCM) packaging application film was successfully synthesized by the blown film process. White mineral oil (WMO) was used as a dispersant to prepare PLA/TCM extruded materials with different mass fractions, in which the mass fraction of TCM was up to 20 wt% and the structural, thermal, mechanical, barrier, thermochromic, and heat storage-release properties were evaluated. It was found that WMO had a plasticizing effect, the elongation at break and water vapor transmission rate of the films with the addition of 7 wt% TCM were increased by 533 % and 31.38 %, respectively. For each thermochromic film, significant thermochromic and energy storage release phenomena were observed. For instance, 20 wt% TCM thermochromic film was most effective for prolonging the holding time and suspending the temperature drop rate. In general, thermochromic packaging films with optimized constitutes were successfully synthesized by the blown film process, which provides essential reference significance for the large-scale thermochromic film applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous hygrothermal degradation (HHTD) is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for the successful preparation of partially depolymerized konjac glucomannan (DKGM). This study investigated the degradation of konjac glucomannan (KGM) in two packaging methods and detected that compared with natural KGM, the M w of vacuum-packaged DKGM with 20 % moisture content treated at 130 °C for 40 min was reduced by 23.34 %, while that of air-packaged DKGM was decreased by 63.14 %, the vacuum-packaged DKGM with only 0.5 % H 2 O 2 added was dropped by 69.36 %. It was verified that oxygen in air-packaging plays a crucial role in HHTD. Furthermore, the effects of moisture content, treatment temperature and time on the M w and apparent viscosity of air-packaged DKGM were explored. The properties and structure of DKGM were characterized by rheometer, TGA, XRD, FT-IR and SEM. Results established that treatment temperature had a stronger promoting effect on HHTD. The rheological properties of DKGM samples changed markedly, and the thermal decomposition temperature and crystallinity were increased, with its infrared absorption peaks very close. This research is expected to provide theoretical bases and reference ideas for efficient HHTD method of KGM in actual production. • The main factors of heterogeneous hygrothermal degradation (HHTD) were investigated. • The efficiency of air-packed HHTD was notably higher than that of vacuum-packed one. • The structure and properties of depolymerized KGM were characterized. • The oxygen in the air package significantly accelerated the degradation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose has attracted the interest of the industry since it is the most abundant natural polysaccharide obtained from natural sources such as wood, cotton and food wastes, agricultural residues, cereals brans, fruit peels. Usage of CMC and its derivatives in edible film production with desired characteristics is very important for recycling of food wastes and sustainability and biodegradability. This review covers the recent developments in CMC based edible films. Production procedures and quality properties of CMC based edible films and usage of advantages/disadvantages of edible films containing CMC and its derivatives in food applications are discussed. Ingredients used to improve quality characteristics of the CMC based composite/blend films and their effects on quality characteristics are also investigated. Usage possibilities of bioactive ingredients to improve antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of CMC based films are also summarized. Key findings and conclusion : As CMC based film does not have required quality properties CMC modified with chemical methods can provide better characteristics. Mechanical and other quality parameters of CMC based films can be improved by addition of several ingredients. CMC films with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties have great potential for reducing food wastes and environmental pollution, improving food quality, safety and security. • Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) film production methods are casting, electrospinning and extrusion. • The properties of CMC are suitable for use in packaging materials. • The properties of CMC-based films are modified by other polymers and additives. • CMC-based packaging can protect the quality and shelf life of foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As cannabis increasingly becomes a consumer product in the U.S., its product packaging has become critically important to regulators. This study examined the influence of recreational cannabis packaging characteristics.Methods: Five online between-subjects experiments were conducted in April 2021, and data were analyzed in May 2021-July 2021. Experiments randomized participants to view different (1) types of cannabis, (2) visual displays of tetrahydrocannabinol content, (3) cannabis packages designed around brand personality research, (4) health warnings, and (5) health claims. Outcomes included cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses.Results: A total of 841 adults from the U.S. (49% male, 50% young adults, 44% White, 17% Hispanic) were included in the study. Edible gummies were perceived as healthier (β=0.32, 95% CI=0.03, 0.62), less grown up (β= -0.58, 95% CI= -0.86, -0.28), and more socially acceptable to consume (β=0.30, 95% CI=0.01, 0.59) than cannabis concentrate in a medical dropper. Participants also had more interest in trying edible gummies (β=1.33, 95% CI=1.04, 1.62) and trying a free sample (β=1.30, 95% CI=1.01, 1.60) than trying cannabis concentrate. Cannabis packages with a helps-you-relax health claim elicited more happy (β=0.34, 95% CI=0.04, 0.64) and good (β=0.37, 95% CI=0.07, 0.67) feelings than cannabis packages without this claim. Minimal effects were found for visual displays of tetrahydrocannabinol content and health warnings.Conclusions: Edibles are a unique type of cannabis that should be given special consideration under state laws, and lawmakers should consider limiting and governing the use of both implicit and explicit health claims on recreational cannabis packages when implementing laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An atmosphere within a package affects the metabolic process of food and the microbial growth of fresh products and has a vital role in preserving food. It depends on the membrane's specific gas permeability and selectivity to generate a desirable atmosphere for storage. In this study, triblock poly(l-lactic acid‑ d -ɛ-caprolactone) (PLDC) copolymers and three-arm poly(l-lactic acid- g -ɛ-caprolactone) (PLGC) star copolymers were synthesized, in which a microphase-separated morphology of sea-island structure was established in PLGC membrane as a gas "fast permeation channel" for regulating CO 2 and O 2 permeability and CO 2 /O 2 selectivity. AFM observation revealed different well-defined micro phase-separated structures of PLGC with size ranges of 200– 300 nm. Comparing PLGC membrane with PLLA, CO 2 and O 2 transmission rates increased by 416.9 % and 132.7 %, while H 2 O transport rates increased by 245.6 %. Mechanical testing shows that the PLGC membrane exhibits 40.8-fold elongation at break compared to PLLA, showing excellent flexibility. Moreover, okra's equilibrium-modified atmosphere packaging was designed based on a theoretically derived model. Preservation results suggested that the PLGC packaging membrane could generate an ideal high 8.7– 9.2 % CO 2 and low 2.3– 2.7 % O 2 atmosphere for okra preservation, delaying the discoloring and rotting of okra. [Display omitted] • A three-arm star poly (l-lactic acid- g - ɛ -caprolactone) membrane has been prepared. • Construction of a sea-island structure to regulate membrane gas permeability. • An ideal atmosphere with high CO 2 and low O 2 can be generated in the package. • Poly (l-lactic acid- g - ɛ -caprolactone) membranes can extend the shelf life of okra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of different nano-metal coatings on the wettability of liquid tin on monocrystalline silicon at 800 °C were discussed, aiming at optimizing the metal bonding technology in high-density chip packaging. Nanometal coatings with different combinations, including silver (Ag), titanium (Ti) and their layered coatings (Ag + Ti), were deposited on monocrystalline silicon by magnetron sputtering, and comparative experiments were carried out. The experimental results show that the metal coating with a thickness of tens of nanometers is enough to completely change the wettability of the system. The improvement of wettability does not follow the idea of active brazing, i.e., there is no need to introduce interfacial active element titanium, and better wettability can be obtained. In the wetting of tin and monocrystalline silicon coated with Ag/Ti or Ti/Ag layered coating, the solid/liquid interface near the triple line forms "pyramid" microstructures, which play a "pinning" role on the triple line. The wettability of monocrystalline silicon coated with a single silver coating with a thickness of 80 nm cannot be significantly improved, and the final wettability is equivalent to the intrinsic wettability of the Sn/Si system (contact angle of 61.2°). When the coating thickness is 160 nm, due to the enrichment of silver at the solid/liquid interface, the locally dissolved silicon precipitates and crystallizes, so that the area of the solid/liquid interface increases, and the triple line cannot be withdrawn. The research results will provide ideas for the optimization and design of metal-substrate bonding in high-density chip packaging. • Nano-metal layers can significantly modify liquid tin wettability on silicon. • Enhanced wettability achieved without needing active elements. • Pyramid microstructures are formed in Ag/Ti and Ti/Ag coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a novel multi-functional double-layer intelligent packaging. It focuses on developing a dual-function system capable of real-time monitoring and freshness preservation. Specifically, cellulose nanocrystalline (CNC) was obtained through acid hydrolysis, and then CNC/soybean protein isolate (CNC/SPI) complex colloid particles were prepared via antisolvent method. These particles served as stabilizers to prepare oil-in-water (O/W) cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion (CSCEO). The CSCEO was then integrated into the emulsified hydrophobic layer of a konjac glucomannan (Kgm) matrix through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Finally, alginate (Alg) matrix containing alizarin (Al) as an indicator was added to construct the bilayer structure using a layer-by-layer casting strategy. The inner layer Alg/Al was the pH/NH 3 -responsive indicator layer, while the outer layer Kgm/CSCEO acted as the high-barrier bacteriostatic layer. The obtained dual-function, double-layer film (Alg/Al-Kgm/CSCEO), which possesses a sensitive, reversible and rapid response towards pH/NH 3 , shows exceptional antibacterial and antioxidant properties, as well as excellent mechanical property, light-blocking capability and hydrophobicity. For monitoring and maintaining the actual freshness of shrimp, such a bilayer packaging displays smallest change of ∆E and TVB-N (18.65 mg/100 g) even after 72 h, which further highlighting its potential in enhancing food safety and extending shelf life. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapes were packaged by different Poly (L-lactic acid)-based packaging films (PLTL-PLEL) and stored at 5 °C for 35 days to investigate the effects of equilibrium modified atmosphere packaging on the quality of "Kyoho" grapes during storage. Changes in physiochemical quality, antioxidant content and senescence of grapes were studied. Furthermore, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS was used to observe and identify key factors influencing the variation of grape anthocyanins under different atmosphere conditions. Alterations in gas components and enzyme activities significantly impacted anthocyanin levels, highlighting oxygen concentration as the primary influence on total anthocyanin levels. The PLTL-PLEL50 packaging resulted in an approximate 5.7% lower weight loss and increased soluble solids by approximately 14.4%, vitamin C, total phenols and flavonoids reaching 60.2 mg/100 g, 8.4 mg/100 g and 7.2 mg/100 g, respectively. This packaging also preserved higher anthocyanin levels, with malvidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside at 0.55 μg/mL and 1.62 μg/mL, respectively, on the 35th day of storage. • The PTFPMS and PEG were incorporated to PLLA to prepare packaging film for grape. • The PLTL-PLEL50 packaging keeps grapes fresh in 35 days with 5% O 2 and 8.1% CO 2. • The PLTL-PLEL50 packaging inhibits the activities of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) of grapes. • O 2 level has great influence on anthocyanins level in "Kyoho" grapes during storage. • Interplay between gas component and enzyme activity affect anthocyanin degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Food delivery boxes are tested for aerobic disintegration and anaerobic degradation. • Boxes made of paper only or with coatings (including polylactic acid) are analysed. • Paper is highly suitable for biological treatments behaving similarly to food waste. • Aerobic disintegration of coated boxes is much slower than that of paper only boxes. • Undigested polylactic acid coating is found in anaerobic semi-continuous tests. This study evaluated the fate of food delivery boxes when subjected to biological treatments, reproducing at the lab-scale the conditions of full-scale plants. Four paper-based boxes were composted: two made of paper only, one coupled with polylactic acid (PLA), and one with a barrier coating. One paper only box and the box with PLA were also investigated for their anaerobic degradability with biochemical methane potential (BMP) and semi-continuous tests. During composting, the boxes were not recognisable inside the compost after four (paper only boxes), eight (box with PLA), and twelve (box with barrier coating) weeks. In BMP tests, the paper only box showed a degradability similar to that of food waste (92 %), while the box with PLA degraded only at 76 %. Furthermore, undigested pieces of PLA were found in semi-continuous tests. Accordingly, paper resulted suitable for biological treatments, while the presence of PLA or other barrier coatings can be critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PHBH-made rigid packaging can be mesophilically digested, yielding 400 L-CH 4 /kg. • Size reduction of rigid packaging is needed and feasible with commercial shredders. • Successful co-digestion of PHBH with food waste, sewage sludge or swine manure. • PHBH was kinetically compatible with other organic waste. • Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was key in all co-digestion scenarios. This study evaluates the anaerobic mesophilic mono- and co-digestion of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH) plastic bottles as a proxy for rigid packaging materials. Initial tests showed a 97.3 ± 0.2 % reduction in weight and an observable alteration in the surface (thinning, color fading and pitting) of the PHBH bottles after eight weeks. Subsequent tests showed that PHBH squares (3 × 3 cm) produced 400 NmL-CH 4 /g-VS fed , at a slower rate compared to powdered PHBH but with similar methane yield. Co-digestion experiments with food waste, swine manure, or sewage sludge showed successful digestion of PHBH alongside organic waste (even at a high bioplastic loading of 20 % volatile solids basis), with methane production comparable to or slightly higher than that observed in mono-digestion. Molecular analyses suggested that the type of co-substrate influenced microbial activity and that methane production was mainly driven by hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. These results suggest the potential for integrating rigid PHBH packaging into anaerobic digesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Multifunctional bacterial cellulose film was constructed. • BC-PE-Cur film has excellent anti-oxidation, anti-ultraviolet activity and antibacterial properties. • BC-PE-Cur film can be used as a pH indicator. • BC-PE-Cur film significantly extends the shelf life of basa fish. Biodegradable, sustainable, and multifunctional intelligent food packaging has attracted extensive attention due to the concerns about the environmental pollution, the health hazard, and the food safety of plastic packaging. Herein, a multifunctional bacterial cellulose (BC)-based film (termed BC-PE-Cur) was fabricated for intelligent food packaging. The film was simply prepared by vacuum filtration and compression of a mixture of the BC and the curcumin (Cur)-embedded Pickering emulsion (PE) stabilized with the natural protein-polysaccharide hybrid nanoparticles (PPH NPs). The Pickering emulsion droplets containing Cur were uniformly distributed within the film and adhered to the film surface, resulting in a uniform dispersion of Cur in the film, and a thicker, rougher film with a laminated pore structure. The BC-PE-Cur film showed excellent antibacterial, antioxidant, UV-shielding, water vapor barrier, and mechanical properties. BC-PE-Cur film can extend the shelf life of basa fish by delaying the lipid peroxidation and inhibiting the growth of spoilage microorganisms. Moreover, during the storage of basa fish, BC-PE-Cur films underwent significant color change due to the production of alkaline substances, which could indicate the freshness of basa fish. This study provides an attractive strategy to construct multifunctional smart bio-based composite films containing non-water-soluble active ingredients for food packaging and freshness monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization has instigated a high demand for nutritious, high-quality products that meet rigorous safety standards and have an extended shelf life. This increasing demand has stirred research on the development of innovative food preservation techniques that can effectively replace rigorous thermal treatments such as sterilization and pasteurization. In response to this challenge, non-thermal techniques such as cold plasma and pulsed light are gaining attention as promising solutions to enhance the shelf-life of processed foods. In this article, we reviewed studies focusing on the germicidal efficacy of cold plasma and its effect on the nutritional and organoleptic characteristics of food products. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanism and diverse applications of the cold plasma technique within the food processing sector. It has been observed that cold plasma offers multifaceted applications in food packaging, elimination of pesticides and food allergens, enhancement of antimicrobial activity, surface decontamination, and equipment disinfection. Cold plasma can be effectively used individually or as a hurdle to improve the efficiency of any preservation technique. It can be concluded that cold plasma has the potential to reshape and revolutionize food preservation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial nano-based edible packaging, which has become more popular and sustainable as compared to synthetic packaging systems, needs to be adopted by most of the food industries to reduce food spoilage. On the other hand, food security is one of the most unprecedented and challenging issues that has been witnessed by all countries with their growing population. Hence, the interplay between the role of nano-based edible packaging and reduction in food spoilage poses the concern of an environment-economic paradox. The application of nanotechnology in food packaging plays a significant role in delivering qualitative food products to consumers with prolonged shelf life. Nanotechnology brings new horizons to the food industry, expecting consumers' demand for marginally refined, nutritious food products at a reasonable price. Major advantages of nanoparticle application in food packaging include physico-chemical properties, enhanced mechanical strength, and antimicrobial characteristics. This paper deals with the recent advancements in edible coating films using nanotechnology and their role in food packaging. Mainly, this review discusses the benefits and components of edible coating films. Additionally, we highlighted the antimicrobial activities and applications of various metal-based nanoparticles in the food industry. Furthermore, we focus on the synthesis of nanoparticles, their biopolymer matrices, applied food products, antimicrobial mechanisms, and target microorganisms. And we briefly summarise several types of advanced packaging strategies. Based on the extensive review of literature, we provide adequate knowledge on the advantages of edible coating films, along with the incorporation of nanoparticles and their synthesis. Moreover, this review revealed that the nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties exhibit biocidal activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Nevertheless, we find the toxicity, risk associated with nanoparticles, and consumer adaptability are not clearly explored in the existing literature; therefore, potential industrial policies should be formulated to re-evaluate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver-metal organic framework (Ag@MOF) has exhibited outstanding antimicrobial activity in antimicrobial applications, and reducing the biotoxicity associated with silver has become a research priority. In this study, Ag@MOF was initially modified with sodium alginate (SA) to form SA-Ag@MOF. The results showed that SA could control the release of Ag+, reducing the release by about 8% at 24 h, and the biotoxicity was significantly reduced. Finally, SA-Ag@MOF was applied as an antimicrobial agent in citric acid-modified PVA film to develop a novel composite antimicrobial film. When added at 2 MIC, the CA3-M2 film can effectively inhibit the growth of E. coli and S. aureus , and the inhibition rate has reached 98%. For white radish packaging applications, CA3-M2 film inhibited the growth of surface microorganisms, while ensuring moisture and tissue hardness to extend shelf-life up to 7 days. Overall, the strategy conceived here can be a theoretical basis for novel antimicrobial packaging. [Display omitted] • Ag@MOF was successfully modified by sodium alginate through physical interaction. • The modifying of sodium alginate can control the Ag+ in Ag@MOF and avoid the fast release. • Modification of SA successfully reduced the biotoxicity of Ag@MOF. • SA-Ag@MOF-doped PVA/CA composite films exhibits high antimicrobial activity. • CA3-M2 film can effectively prolong the shelf life of white radish up to 7 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing work package schemes is challenging under uncertain task duration. This paper develops a two-list genetic algorithm (TLGA) to optimize work package schemes with minimal project costs under deterministic and stochastic task durations. First, this paper defines the deterministic and stochastic work package scheme problem. Second, the TLGA, comprising a task and a work packaging list, is developed to generate the deterministic work package scheme and issue work package policies through stochastic distribution simulations. Moreover, a graphical user interface with TLGA is developed to enhance its practical application. Finally, experiments show that the TLGA can reduce the total cost by up to 19.57% in the deterministic problem, and the minimum gap between the TLGA and the state-of-the-art heuristics is only 3.91%. However, the TLGA can reduce the running time by about 66%. In the stochastic problem, this paper analyzes the impact of stochastic distributions on work package policies. • The TLGA is proposed for generating work package schemes or policies. • TLGA can process uncertain task durations with stochastic distribution simulations. • The minimum gap between TLGA and state-of-the-art heuristics is only 3.91%. • The running time of TLGA can be reduced by about 66% through parallel computing. • The impact of stochastic task durations on work package policies is analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many industries have established producer responsibility networks, but the affiliated firms are not required to modify their packaging. This research examines conditions that influence the likelihood that firms will develop packaging with an ecological design. This study uses a resource dependency perspective to illustrate how facets of the perceived corporate environment influence packaging decisions. Data collected from 188 firms in a producer responsibility network indicate that financial resources, recycling resources, regulation, internal integration, and customer demand influence the ecological design of plastic packaging. Competitive intensity moderates the effects of customer demand on ecological packaging design. The study concludes by outlining its implications for sustainable packaging practice and research. • Empirical analysis of 188 firms affiliated with a producer responsibility organization for the reclamation of plastics. • Application of resource dependency theory to identify conditions leading to adopting an ecological design for plastic packaging. • Financial resources, recycling resources, regulation, internal integration, and customer demand influence the packaging design. • Competitive intensity moderates the effects of customer demand on ecological packaging design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, biogenic and multifunctional active food coatings and packaging with UV shielding and antimicrobial properties were structured from the aqueous dispersion of an industrial byproduct, suberin, which was stabilized with amphiphilic cellulose nanofibers (CNF). The dual-functioning CNF, synthesized in a deep eutectic solvent, functioned as an efficient suberin dispersant and reinforcing agent in the packaging design. The nanofibrillar percolation network of CNF provided a steric hindrance against the coalescence of the suberin particles. The low CNF dosage of 0.5 wt% resulted in dispersion with optimal viscosity (208.70 Pa.s), enhanced stability (instability index of <0.001), and reduced particle size (9.37 ± 2.43 μm). The dispersion of suberin and CNF was further converted into self-standing films with superior UV-blocking capability, good thermal stability, improved hydrophobicity (increase in water contact angle from 61° ± 0.15 to 83° ± 5.11), and antimicrobial properties against gram-negative bacteria. Finally, the synergistic bicomponent dispersions were demonstrated as fruit coatings for bananas and packaging for strawberries to promote their self-life. The coatings and packaging considerably mitigated fruit deterioration and improved their freshness by preventing moisture loss and microbial attack. This sustainable approach is expected to pave the way toward advanced, biogenic, and active food packaging based on widely available bioresources. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the folding of square, kirigami-inspired space structures consisting of concentrically arranged modular elements formed by thin shells. Localized elastic folds are introduced in the thin shells and different folding strategies can be obtained by varying the location of the folds and the sequence of imposed rotations. Modeling each modular element with rigid rods connected by revolute joints, numerical simulations of the kinematics of folding are obtained, including constraints that represent folding aids and a gravity offload system. These simulations are used to study two specific packaging schemes, and the folding envelopes of a specific structure are analyzed to identify the scheme that is easier to implement in practice. This particular scheme is demonstrated by means of a physical prototype. • We study the folding of space structures consisting of concentric modular elements. • Different packaging schemes are obtained by varying the locations of localized elastic folds. • A numerical model, based on rigid rods with revolute joints, is used to simulate the folding kinematics. • Specific packaging schemes that can be achieved with simple folding aids and gravity offloads are studied. • The scheme that is easier to implement is selected for an experimental demonstration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroleum-based packaging materials are nondegradable and unsustainable and thus are harmful to the environment. Renewable packaging films prepared from bio-based raw materials are promising alternatives to petroleum-based packaging materials. In this study, colorless and transparent bio-based films were successfully cast using a solution containing a mixture of arabinogalactan (AG) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Vanillin was incorporated into the mixture to endow the films with UV-shielding, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. The morphological, physical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of the blend films were then characterized. At an AG:PVA weight ratio of 1:3, and the vanillin content was 0.15 %, the tensile strength of the AG/PVA/Vanillin (APV) films reached ~28 MPa, while their elongation at break reached ~475 %. The addition of vanillin significantly affected the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the blend films, which exhibited superb UV barrier capacity. The APV films exhibited extremely low oxygen transmittance, delaying the onset of mold/rot in strawberries and reducing their weight loss. Because of the heat sealability of the blend films, they can be used for encapsulating various substances, such as concentrated laundry liquid. Moreover, the blend films were recyclable and biodegradable. Thus, these films have great potential for applications that require sustainable packaging. [Display omitted] • Arabinogalactan (AG) was first used to fabricate functional films by casting method. • The prepared AG/PVA/Vanillin films have extremely low oxygen transmittance and good mechanical properties. • The prepared AG/PVA/Vanillin active films exhibit good UV barrier capacity and antibacterial and antioxidant activity. • The prepared AG/PVA/Vanillin films are heat-sealable and can be used for packaging. • The prepared AG/PVA/Vanillin films are recyclable and biodegradable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Anthracnose and crown rot are economically devastating postharvest diseases in banana. • Greener chemicals were identified for better postharvest handling of banana. • 61 bacterial and 9 fungal isolates were screened. • Trichoderma asperellum (prr2) suppressed postharvest disease in dual antagonistic assay. • T. asperellum (prr2) showed shelf life of 65 days under 13.5°C with better firmness. Postharvest diseases viz., anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum musae and crown rot caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae severely impacts the banana trade and quality. The study aims to identify and develop biological control methods for the effective management of postharvest diseases and extending the shelf-life of banana. A total of 70 microbial (Sixty-one bacterial and nine fungal) isolates were evaluated under in-vitro against the pathogens. Among these, four out of 61 bacterial and two out of nine fungal isolates have recorded >50% inhibition of both C. musae and L. theobromae pathogens. Further, evaluation of these six microbes under in-vivo conditions (ambient temperature (28°C ±2°C) and cold storage (13.5°C)) revealed that only Trichoderma asperellum (prr2) completely suppressed the emergence of postharvest diseases and also significantly extended the shelf-life of banana compared to the conventional (Carbendazim at 500 ppm) process and control (without any treatment). Further to elucidate, the biocontrol T. asperellum (prr2) was compared with other existing postharvest treatments to study the influence on managing postharvest diseases and physico-chemical properties of banana. The results indicated that biocontrol agents expressed higher efficiency in controlling the emergence of anthracnose and crown rot diseases. Besides, physiological loss in weight increased drastically with the control whereas the application of Trichoderma asperellum (prr2) resulted lesser loss in weight till 60 days of storage with better bio-chemical characteristics like TSS, total sugar and ascorbic acid content. Considering the search for greener methods, the biocontrol agent T. asperellum (prr2) could be used as an effective substitute to chemicals for the management of postharvest diseases and extension of shelf-life of banana fruits in domestic and export trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A facile method to fabricate well-cushioned and elastic aerogels was presented. • The mechanism of buffering capability and elasticity enhancement was elucidated. • Multifunctional intelligent transportation packaging application was demonstrated. Modern logistics applications demand intelligent packaging aerogels with excellent mechanical properties, but these materials typically do not display good resilience or dynamic cushioning. Here, we propose a facile strategy to fabricate a lamellar porous composite aerogel (CB-CNF/MXene) by the crosslinking and bidirectional freeze-drying of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and MXene. The obtained CB-CNF/MXene aerogel showed good resilience and dynamic cushioning capacity, could withstand up to 90 % compressive strain, bounced back to 87.1 % of its original height, and remained stable for 1000 cycles under 80 % strain. It displayed a significantly lower maximum acceleration of 27.4 g than that of expanded polyethylene (35.9 g) and expanded polystyrene (34.1 g), indicating its effective protection characteristics. CB-CNF/MXene also displayed a stable piezoresistive sensing capability of up to 4.11 kPa, demonstrating its suitability for real-time cargo monitoring. It also showed a relatively low thermal conductivity of 29.2 mW·m−1·K−1, making it suitable for cold chain transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic pollution and its detrimental environmental effects have become a global concern. In this study, biodegradable packaging materials were developed by incorporating Tara pod extract (TPE) into soy protein isolate (SPI) films. TPE-SPI films exhibited improved mechanical properties, UV-blocking and heat-sealing performances, and barrier properties. The non-covalent interaction of SPI and Tara tannins enriched in TPE increased the films' tensile strength (TS). At 10% TPE content, the TS of the composite films increased by 56.4%, while the elongation at break (EB) reduced by 26.2%, in comparison to the pure SPI film. With 6% TPE, the composite film efficiently blocked UV lights. The oxygen permeability (OP) of 8TPE-SPI film (0.99 cm3 mm m−2 day−1 atm−1 × 10−9) was significantly lower than that of polyethylene (PE) film (59.5 cm3 mm m−2 day−1 atm−1 × 10−9). At heat-sealing conditions (120 °C, 2.0s, and 0.3Mpa), beef tallow packaged in 8TPE-SPI film showed an increase in POV from 0 to 0.002 g/100 g over 90 days, which was much lower than that of in PE pouches (0.0835 g/100 g). These findings highlight TPE-SPI films have potential to be applied in packaging oily foods. [Display omitted] • Tara pod extract-soy protein isolate (TPE-SPI) films were prepared. • TPE enhanced the films' UV-blocking, thermal stability and antioxidant properties. • TPE-SPI films exhibited better heat sealability than pure SPI film. • The prepared films greatly extended the shelf life of beef tallow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]