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This article presented a robust plan for an off-grid charging station (OGCS) for electric vehicles (EVs) and hydrogen vehicles (HVs) based on a photovoltaic (PV) system and a hydrogen storage system (HSS). This OGCS simultaneously supplies HVs and EVs continuously throughout the day. Also, HSS and fuel cell (FC) systems have been allocated in the OGCS to be used when we do not have access to the power of the PV system. In addition, a diesel generator (DG) is also designed to prevent in cases where we have extreme uncertainty, including the lack of energy in the PV system and the high load of the system, which may lead to load interruption. Uncertainties of electric and hydrogen loads of EVs and HVs in addition to PV production power are simulated using scenario-based stochastic optimization technique (SOT). Finally, a new framework based on stochastic p-robust optimization technique (SPROT) is applied to optimize the maximum relative regret (MRR) in the worst scenario in order to achieve robust planning in the uncertain environment. The obtained results from the proposed SPROT are compared with SOT. The compared results indicate a 4.51% raise in the average cost in SPROT and a 45.73% decrease in MRR that leads to robust planning. Finally, installed capacity of PV system will decrease from 1688 to 1685 kW, while installed capacity of DG will increase from 78 to 123 kW. • Off-grid charging station for electric and hydrogen vehicles is studied. • PV system, fuel cell and hydrogen storage system are considered. • Diesel generator is designed to prevent in cases where we have extreme uncertainty. • Uncertainties of electric and hydrogen loads, photovoltaic power are considered. • Stochastic p-robust optimization technique is proposed to minimize MRR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the state-of-the-art architecture of photovoltaic systems (PVS) by evaluating the performance of the developed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm of fuzzy particle swarm optimization (FPSO) for temperate continental latitudes. The material of the paper gives an evaluation of traditional MPPT algorithms in relation to the state-of-the-art FPSO algorithm. The study summarizes the problems of On-Grid PV systems and analyzes methods of solving them by combining them with hydrogen technologies. The paper summaries the experience of observations of climatic factors and solar resources on the example of the Russian Federation. Thus, in 2023, the average winter temperature exceeded the norm by 4.7 °C, and the average summer temperature exceeded the norm by 4.9 °C compared to 2022. The paper analyses the level of insolation, which increased by 0.03 kWh/m2 by regions of Russia for the period 2022–2023. The experimental part of the work was carried out at the solar power plant (SPP) «Kalmykskaya» with coordinates 53.422832 north latitude and 55.266895 east longitude. The watt-volt field characteristic of photovoltaic modules (PVM) connected to the inverter was obtained experimentally. When compared, the correlation coefficient between the experimental power (P) and voltage (U) of the panels was found to be higher than that of the ideal panels, 0.933 versus 0.914. The correlation coefficient between the ideal P(U) function and the experimental one is (−0.475). The data for calculating the coefficient of performance (COP) of the implemented MPPT algorithm was also obtained experimentally, which was about 98.7%. The reliability of the data used in the calculations was confirmed by two independent means of measurement, the difference of the obtained results was less than 1%. In the last part of the experiment of this study, the dependence of insolation in a given geographical point on the generated PV field power was evaluated. The correlation coefficient was 0.47, while the inverter output voltage was maintained in the nominal range of (600 ± 20%)V. Thus, the authors of the study experimentally proved the efficiency of using MPPT on FPSO in temperate continental climate with duration of sunshine T = 1850 h per year. The effectiveness of the FPSO algorithm under the conditions of inverter distance from the common point of the DC switching cabinet (DСCC) has been confirmed. The effectiveness of the MPPT algorithm based on FPSO under conditions of partial shading, increased cloud cover and increased air temperature is concluded. Using the description of the current architecture of On-Grid SPP, the authors draw attention to the impossibility of operation of such systems without the presence of voltage in the reference network. In addition, the impossibility of the system operation at the value of PVM power over 1500 kW and at the voltage of panels less than 900 V is noted. To modernize the existing PVS architecture, for the first time, the use of a DCCC and an inverter with implemented MPPT on the FPSO in combination with a hydrogen (H 2) production unit and nickel-hydrogen (Ni–H 2) batteries is proposed. The researchers propose that when the PVM field voltage is below 900 V and when the PVM field power exceeds 1500 kW, energy can be diverted to H2 generation or to charge Ni–H2 batteries via a DCCC controller. Such an architecture will improve the continuity and efficiency of the PVS, reduce the carbon footprint, and allow the PVS to be used as an industrial uninterruptible power supply (UPS). The authors see the lack of standardization of implemented projects based on the ESG principle as the main problem of alternative energy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inverter-driven generation units (IDGUs) based on renewable energy sources (RES) are actively integrated into electric power systems (EPSs) as a part of carbon neutrality development vector. RES units based on solar energy (photovoltaic power plants (PvPPs)) connected to hydrogen-based electric energy storage system (EESS) have been being actively introduced recently. For connection of modern PvPPs and hydrogen-based EESS (HESS) to grid electric power converters (EPC) are used. Large-scale implementation of these devices causes changes of EPS dynamic properties due to properties of inverting EPCs and their automatic control systems. To study and analyze these properties mathematical modelling can be used. Software on calculation of electromechanical transients is usually used for modelling transient processes. In such software generic mathematical models are developed and used to calculate transients in EPSs with PvPPs and HESSs. These models have a number of features due to which the full range of processes accompanying implementation of PvPPs and HESSs into weak grids cannot be simulated. The paper proposes an alternative all-mode variant to model these units in EPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green hydrogen (GH 2) is produced using renewable energy resources (RERs) such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy. However, relying solely on a single source, H 2 production systems may encounter challenges due to the intermittent nature, time-of-day variability, and seasonal changes associated with these energies. This paper addresses the assessment of mega-scale solar-wind complementarity and the economic viability of large-scale H 2 production and storage in Algeria, considering various climatic conditions. A techno-economic feasibility analysis is conducted by examining various factors, including resource complementarity, electricity and hydrogen productivity, solar and wind contributions, capacity factors (CFs), total net present cost (TNPC), the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) production, and storage (LCOS). The findings reveal that among the studied locations (Tamanrasset, M'sila, Hassi R'mel, and Adrar), Tindouf ranked first in H 2 production, with the highest amount at 11,267 kg and the lowest LCOH at 2.999 $/kg. Wind energy accounted for 69% (3,846,922 kWh) of the total (5,572,571 kWh), while solar energy contributed 31% (1,738,171 kWh). Economically, the LCOH-TNPC for the various locations ranged from 2.99 $/kg-77,042,696 $ to 3.70 $/kg-99,000,488 $. The total electricity-hydrogen generated is estimated at 25,840.251 MWh-529,395 kg. Wind power makes the major contribution, accounting for 63%–70%, compared to the PV system's share, ranging from 31% to 37%. Compared to relying on a single source, leveraging solar-wind complementarity presents opportunities for more consistent energy utilization and reliable hydrogen production. The obtained results are essential for decision-makers and policymakers in Algeria, indicating that the country can successfully achieve energy diversification and transition for future sustainability, and become a major player in the international hydrogen market. [Display omitted] • Mega-scale solar-wind assessment for energy-H 2 production and storage in Algeria. • Feasibility analysis with techno-economic criteria (H 2 productivity, CF, TNPC, LCOH). • LCOH ranges from 2.99 to 3.707 $/kg and TNPC from 77,042,696 to 99,000,488 $. • Tindouf site achieves highest H 2 production and lowest LCOH: 114,267 kg, 2.999 $/kg. • Wind CF is nearly double that of PV, ranging from 34.3 to 44.1%, contributing 63–70%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A pulsed laser method is used to debond ethylenevinylacetate polymer from silicon. • The glass/polymer layer can be separated from silicon in solar photovoltaic cells. • Nanosecond pulses at 355 nm and 532 nm are more effective than 1064 nm. • Transient surface melting does not damage the silicon wafer or metallic contacts. • Pulsed laser debonding can be applied to silicon photovoltaic panel recycling. The active silicon cell of a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel is covered by an ethylenevinylacetate (EVA) adhesive and a protective top glass layer. Separating this glass-EVA layer from the underlying silicon represents a bottleneck for recycling PV panels. Previous work has shown that the EVA-Si bond can be weakened by applying a continuous source of heat to melt the EVA. In this paper, a new method using nanosecond laser pulses is demonstrated to induce transient melting selectively at the EVA-Si interface. This impulsive heating method can cleanly separate the glass-EVA layer from the silicon in both model and commercial multicrystalline PV panels. The dependence of this debonding on parameters like laser pulse fluence (laser pulse energy per area), wavelength, applied pressure, and scan speed were characterized. For model PV panels, the single-pulse laser fluences required for spontaneous separation of the assembly under the force of gravity, were 0.23, 0.32 and 0.78 J/cm2 for 355 nm, 532 nm and 1064 nm, respectively. The use of shorter wavelengths reduces the laser fluence needed for debonding, while higher fluences can compensate for faster laser beam scanning rates. Optical and electron microscopy images of the Si surfaces before and after laser irradiation show that the textured antireflection layer is destroyed but the silver metal grid remains intact. Preliminary experiments using 532 nm pulses showed that the laser debonding method could remove the glass-EVA layer from sections of decommissioned commercial PV panels, even when the top glass layer was densely cracked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To accommodate the high-frequency and low-frequency power fluctuations of renewable energy generation with a lower system cost, a multi-electrolyzer hybrid hydrogen production system demonstrated potential for application. This study achieved the integration of proton exchange membrane electrolyzers and alkaline electrolyzers through hybrid control in a photovoltaic (PV)- transformer-electrolyzer coupled system for the first time, enabling the pre-regulation of the electrolyzer power based on the LSTM forecast of the power generation of PV, to avoid the impact of sudden large power fluctuations on the electrolyzers, with a lower system cost and higher production rate. Experiment results indicate that this hybrid hydrogen production system reduces system initial investment cost by 27.2% compared to a pure PEMWE system and increases hydrogen production by 58.7% compared to a pure AWE system. • A new hybrid hydrogen production system is proposed. • Coupling of power electronic devices and multiple electrolyzers is simulated. • A high-efficiency and low-cost hydrogen production system adaptable to power fluctuations is established. • Power pre-regulation for multiple electrolyzers based on PV power prediction is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the hydrogen storage capabilities and mechanical, optoelectronic, and thermoelectric features of double perovskite hydrides A 2 FeH 6 (A = Be, Mg). The structural aspects suggest the cubic symmetry of studied hydrides. The formation enthalpy value calculation has confirmed the structures' thermal stability. The gravimetric ratios of Be 2 FeH 6 and Mg 2 FeH 6 hydrides are 7.50 wt% and 5.43 wt%, respectively. The desorption temperatures are predicted to be 230.32 K and 208.67 K, respectively. The mechanical and thermophysical characteristics have been elaborated, which demonstrate mechanical stability, higher stiffness, ductile behavior, and higher temperature stability of both materials. The examined electronic properties have revealed band gap values of 2.89 and 3.08 eV, respectively. The optical properties have been assessed to predict the appropriateness of these hydrides for deployment in photovoltaic systems. The thermoelectric characteristics have been evaluated to examine the carrier transport mechanism and efficiency for converting heat into electricity. Finally, the investigated properties and hydrogen storage capacity of these compounds suggest that they are suitable for hydrogen storage and have the potential to play a key role in many energy generation applications. The lift side shows the figure of merit with large values at room temperature, and the right side shows the hydrogen storage capacity. [Display omitted] • Hydrides are an aspirant for Hydrogen storage. • A 2 FeH 6 (A = Be, Mg) have gravimetric ratios 7.50% and 5.43%. • The ultralow lattice conductivity. • The large values of Curie temperatures. • Structural, thermodynamic, and mechanical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the use of fuel cells and photovoltaic (PV) solar cells, green energy has become one of the most popular developments in electricity generation in recent years. Accurate modeling of fuel cell and PV cell is critical in the simulation and analysis of energy systems that use both sources. Due to the complexity and nonlinearity of these hybrid systems, the model must be optimized under different operating conditions. In this article, a novel metaheuristic efficient hybrid algorithm is proposed for this purpose. A Hybrid Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization and Slime Mould Algorithm (HCPSOSMA) has been proposed to estimate the PV/fuel cell system parameters. The hybrid HCPSOSMA algorithm is superior to other algorithms in terms of higher accuracy in searching for optimal solutions and better explorative capability. The problem formulation is based on minimizing the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the calculated values and measured values for both the triple-diode PV model and the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The results show that the hybrid algorithm outperforms other algorithms in determining the best PV/PEMFC parameters that produce accurate V–I and P–I characteristic curves and the RMSE is about 4 × 10–12. Finally, non-parametric tests based on Friedman's ranking, Wilcoxon's rank sum test and Kruskal-Wallis test are implemented to prove the superiority of the proposed hybrid algorithm in the parameter estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving photovoltaic systems to better withstand variations in temperature and irradiance, lessen steady-state ripples, maintain high efficiency, require less tracking time, and have minimal complexity is becoming increasingly important. The PV array's overall power output is negatively impacted by partial shading because the shaded cells produce less power and consume less power overall, which lowers efficiency and creates localized hotspots. Although bypass diodes may be used to counteract these impacts by rerouting current around cells that are shaded, they can result in several peaks, which complicates maximum power point tracking (MPPT). To manage several peaks and optimize power output, metaheuristic algorithms are compulsory. A recently developed game-based optimization methodology known as Golf Optimization Approach (GOA) is used in this study to find a way to MPPT in a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system under partial shading conditions (PSCs). Additionally, the same suggested approach is applied to get optimal parameters for the inverter with the goal of optimizing its voltage and current regulators. It aims to evaluate a plan to lower the output voltage and current's total harmonic distortion and DC voltage error. The proposed technique is contrasted to other tracking approaches such as the traditional Perturb & Observe (P&O), Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO), and Sea-gull Optimization Approach (SOA). Simulation is performed in MATLAB R2022b/SIMULINK environment. The obtained outcomes demonstrate the ability of the suggested technique to enhance the utility grid's power quality and improve the tracking system under various partial shading effects and temperature alterations. The proposed technique achieves a tracking efficiency of 99.8 %, surpassing the effectiveness of both of the previous methods which are at 97.2 % and 96.7 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power generation systems using photovoltaic (PV) technology have become increasingly popular due to their high production efficiency. A partial shading defect is the most common defect in this system under the process of production, diminishing both the amount and quality of energy produced. This paper proposes an Artificial Neural Network and Golden Eagle Optimization based prediction of the fault and its detection in a standalone PV system to recover the optimum performance and diagnosis of the PV system. The proposed technique combines the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Golden Eagle Optimization (GEO) algorithm. The major contribution of this work is to raise PV systems' performance. The result is a defect in the classification and identification of an ANN is used. The use of GEO provides an efficient optimization technique for ANN training, which reduces the training time and improves the accuracy of the model. The proposed technique is executed on the MATLAB site and contrasted with different present techniques, like genetic algorithm (GA),Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The findings displays that the proposed technique is more accurate and effective than the existing methodologies for detecting and diagnosing defects in PV systems. • A hybrid technique for predict fault in standalone PV to improve the performance of PV • The proposed method is the joint execution of ANN and GEO • The major contribution of this work is to improve the performance of PV systems • The use of GEO provides an efficient optimization technique for ANN training • The proposed method is more accurate and effective than existing techniques [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers an electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage system composed of supercapacitors and hydrogen components (e.g., electrolyzers and fuel cells) in the context of a microgrid with photovoltaic generators. To manage the power and hydrogen flows within the microgrid and coordinate the coupling between the microgrid and a hydrogen refueling station, this paper proposes an energy management framework. The outer layer of the framework takes the hydrogen compressor power as part of the microgrid load and optimizes the hydrogen flow from the microgrid to the hydrogen refueling station. The inner layer develops a two-stage scheme to optimize the power allocation between the electric and hydrogen systems within the microgrid. A low pass filter with an adaptive cutoff frequency is utilized to split the net load power of the microgrid into high-frequency and low-frequency components, which are then assigned to the electric and hydrogen systems, respectively. The adaptive cutoff frequency is determined based on the power split factor tuned twice during the two stages of the power allocation scheme based on the supercapacitor state of charge. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is validated by performing real-time simulations using a dSPACE platform. • Proposes an energy management framework for electric-hydrogen systems. • Optimizes the hydrogen flow from the microgrid to the hydrogen refueling station. • Develops a two-stage power allocation scheme based on artificial potential field. • Validates the framework using a dSPACE DS1202 real-time simulation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As demand for clean energy continues to increase, scientists are exploring alternative sources to fossil fuels, which are a major contributor to climate change. Hydrogen (H 2) has been identified as a promising solution due to its ability to be derived from water-splitting using electricity, solar, or thermal energies. Solar water-splitting is a conventional and eco-friendly approach for producing green H 2 with high energy storage capacity among various power sources. Perovskite (PSK) minerals have emerged as a popular choice for H 2 production due to their unique optoelectronic properties, including high carrier mobility, tunable bandgap, and strong light absorption. These properties make PSK materials suitable for perovskite-based H 2 generation processes, including photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, photo-electrocatalytic, and thermochemical processes for hydrogen generation. This investigation comprehensively overviews recent breakthroughs, challenges, and perspectives in PSK-based hydrogen generation systems. We discuss the reasons behind the selection of PSK materials, including their high efficiency, stability, and low cost, as well as opportunities to enhance their performance through material optimization and device engineering. Overall, PSK-based H 2 Evolution systems hold significant promise for addressing the pressing energy and environmental challenges of our time. [Display omitted] • Perovskite materials offer high efficiency & stability, driving green H 2 production. • Solar water-splitting with PSKs enables eco-friendly H 2 generation. • Tunable bandgap & strong light absorption make PSKs ideal for H 2 systems. • Material optimization & device engineering enhance perovskite-based H 2 evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work provides a new mathematical model of photovoltaic (PV) solar panels integrated with proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzer cells for optimal hydrogen production. The proposed mathematical model evaluates the operating temperature of the PV solar panel and PEM water electrolyzer and the effect of membrane thickness on hydrogen production performance. In the model results, when the operating temperature of the PEM water electrolyzer increased from 25 °C to 80 °C, the hydrogen flow rate of about 1.44 and 1.82 mL/min at 2 A/cm2, respectively. Moreover, the maximum flow rate of hydrogen produced in a 7-cell and 14-cell PV-assisted PEM water electrolyzer stack is around 349.98 mL/min and 699.91 mL/min, respectively. The total efficiency of the integrated PV-assisted PEM water electrolyzer stack is around 6.0–6.5%, depending on the solar irradiance values. This mathematical model significantly contributes to green hydrogen production using the integrated PV-assisted PEM water electrolyzer system. Moreover, the mathematical model of PV-assisted PEM water electrolyzer will be a pioneer in determining the hydrogen production potential of the PEM water electrolyzer systems. • Evaluation of a new mathematical model of hydrogen production with PV-assisted PEM water electrolyzer. • Mass transfer modeling for single-cell PEM water electrolyzer is presented. • The hydrogen production rate relies on solar irradiation, temperature, and membrane thickness. • The efficiencies of PEM water electrolyzer and PV module are ∼65.5% and ∼15.37%, respectively. • Total average hydrogen production with a PV-assisted PEM water electrolyzer is ∼9.970 mL/min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar cells technology will be one of the futuristic major resources for global energy demands. One of the major problems in energy harvesting using solar cells was reflection of incident light over solar cell surface. The present research work aims to synthesize the magnesium fluoride through sol-gel process which acts as antireflection layer for achieving better output performance. MgF 2 films were deposited over solar cells at varying time periods of 60, 90, 120 and150 min through electrospraying technique. MgF2 electrosprayed solar cells were inspected for evaluating its structural, optical, electrical and morphological characteristics. The coated solar cells were analyzed under dark and light conditions. The precursor materials involved in sol-gel synthesis of MgF 2 were magnesium chloride hexahydride, polyethylene glycol and hydrofluoric acid. From the I–V results, it is evident that performance of 120 min MgF 2 coated solar cell exerts maximum performance of 19.38 % (open) and 19.41 % (controlled). MgF 2 antireflective electrosprayed films were prominent materials for minimizing reflection and ensuring the maximum photon transmission into the coated surface especially in opto-electronic applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The achievement of complete conversion of PbBr 2 films presents a significant challenge in the development of CsPbBr 3 films with consistent growth, comprehensive coverage, and controllable components. To address this challenge, introducing a porous structure in the planar PbBr 2 film is advantageous for facilitating the immersion of CsBr precursor, thereby reducing impurity phase formation and mitigating strain caused by the film volume expansion. In order to accomplish this, indium tribromide (InBr 3) was employed as an additive and the InBr 3 (DMF) 3 adduct was utilized to expedite the release of organic molecules in PbBr 2 (DMF), resulting in the transformation of planar PbBr 2 film into porous structures. The growth orientation of PbBr 2 crystals was altered by this transformation, effectively suppressing the generation of metallic Pb impurities in the film. Additionally, it not only optimizes the morphology of CsPbBr 3 film but also reduces impurity phase. As a result, the InBr 3 :CsPbBr 3 perovskite solar cell achieved an efficiency of 7.28 %. The majority of In3+ ions were concentrated near the buried interface between SnO 2 and InBr 3 :CsPbBr 3 , leading to significant improvements in both non-radiative recombination defect states within the perovskite film and electron injection and collection capabilities within the device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel voltage control strategy for low voltage (LV) distribution grids, addressing the lack of coordination between photovoltaic (PV) reactive control and energy storage system (ESS) active control. The proposed strategy concentrates on group coordination of PV and ESS to improve LV grid performance. Initially, it suggests employing PV reactive power for voltage regulation before utilizing ESS active power, relying on the voltage cost sensitivity factor (VCSF) of different regulating devices, to reach efficient PV resource utilization. Devices are categorized by their VCSF, prioritizing groups with larger VCSF for voltage regulation, enhancing overall coordination. In the PV reactive voltage regulation stage, the reactive power utilization rate is the consensus variable, while in the ESS active control stage, the change in state of charge (SOC) is the consensus variable, collectively working towards desired voltage regulation and SOC change. Coordinated control is utilized to converge key node voltages to set values and obtain effective LV grid voltage regulation. An IEEE 14-node LV grid simulation incorporating PV and ESS validates the proposed strategy, demonstrating its effectiveness and correctness in improving voltage control performance. The strategy achieves 70.56% of the capacity and 81.45% of the setup cost compared to similar research, with associated costs limited to 15.80% and 35.0% of accumulated costs. • New voltage control strategy for LV grids, coordinating PV reactive control and ESS active control. • Introducing voltage cost sensitivity factor (VCSF) for optimal PV and ESS utilization. • Group regulating devices by VCSF for effective voltage control in LV grids. • Use reactive power rate and state of charge changes for PV and ESS group consensus. • Validated strategy with IEEE 14-node LV grid simulation, improving voltage control performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seasonally varying potential to produce electricity from renewable sources such as wind, PV and hydropower is a challenge for the continuous supply of hydrogen for transport and mobility. Seasonal storage of energy allows to avoid the use of grid electricity when it is scarce; storage systems can thus increase the resilience of the energy system. For grid-neutral and renewable hydrogen production, an electrolyser is considered together with a Power-to-Gas seasonal storage system, which consists of a methanation, the gas grid as intermediate storage and a steam reformer. As feed stream, electricity from an own photovoltaic (PV) system is considered, and for some cases additional electricity from the grid or from a wind turbine. The dynamic operation of the plant during a year is simulated. It is possible to safely supply fuel cell vehicles with hydrogen from the grid-neutral plant without using electricity when it is scarce and expensive. To supply 135 kg H2 /day, unit sizes of 1 MW–2.9 MW for the PV system and 0.9 MW–2.6 MW for the electrolysis are required depending on the amount of available grid-electricity. The usage of grid-electricity increases the capacity factor of the electrolysis, which results in decreased unit sizes and in a better economic performance. Seasonal storage of energy is required, which results in an increased hydrogen production in summer of approximately 50% more than directly needed by the fuel cell vehicles. The overall efficiency from electricity to hydrogen is decreased due to the storage path by 10%-points to 56% based on the higher heating value. Assuming a cost-equivalent hydrogen price per driven kilometre in comparison to the actual diesel price and electricity costs of 10 Ct/kWh el from the grid, the revenues of the system are higher than the operating costs. [Display omitted] • The system combines renewable hydrogen, dynamic operation and seasonal storage. • Feasibility for continuous fuel cell vehicle supply despite resource volatility. • Winter electricity shortage compensated by hydrogen production from methane, grid-neutral. • Grid-electricity boosts electrolysis capacity, reducing unit sizes for better economics. • Profitable scenarios for grid-neutral hydrogen production shown in techno-economic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the pivotal domain of hydrogen production through photocatalytic processes, providing insights into its potential as a sustainable energy source. In the initial section, the role of hydrogen as a versatile energy carrier is discussed, emphasizing its importance in meeting the world's energy needs. An extensive overview of current hydrogen production methods is provided, emphasizing their limitations. The research also highlights the significance of photocatalytic semiconductor materials and tandem cell configurations, pointing towards innovative approaches for enhancing hydrogen production. The core of this research involves a comprehensive literature review. It delves into the theory of water-splitting, elucidating the principles of photocatalytic water-splitting within photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells. The application of photocatalysis for water-splitting is examined, along with a deep dive into the factors that influence this process. These factors include the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers, the mechanisms underlying photoanode instability, and the substantial impact of photocurrent density on hydrogen production efficiency. In addition, the integration of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) as an auxiliary technology is also being explored. By addressing the limitations of current hydrogen production methods and providing a comprehensive overview of photocatalytic processes, this work lays the foundation for further advancements in sustainable energy production. The findings open doors to innovative research, offering pathways to overcome challenges and optimize hydrogen production through photocatalysis for a greener and more sustainable future. In conclusion, this research unearths the potential for clean hydrogen production and renewable energy solutions. • Emphasizing the significance of hydrogen as an energy carrier and the diverse methods used to produce it. • Delves into the subject of photocatalytic semiconductor materials and tandem cells, illustrating their roles in hydrogen production. • Encompassing hydrogen production methods, the theoretical and principles of photocatalytic water splitting, and the utilization of TiO 2 photocatalysts in PEC cells. • Explore the integration of Dye Solar Cell (DSC) to act as an additional layer in the photovoltaic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is planning a Space photovoltaics Demonstration eXperiment (SDX) to reveal the tolerance to the space environment of the next-generation solar cells. One of the next-generation solar cells mounted on SDX is a perovskite solar cell (PSC), which is cost-effective and has the potential for high specific power and radiation tolerance. It is necessary to clarify the long-term stability to analyze the characteristics of PSCs in orbit because SDX will be stored for months before and after launch. Therefore, we conducted three storage tests (in air, nitrogen, and low pressure) using encapsulated PSCs. Their performance was evaluated by Light I–V, Dark I–V, and EQE measurements. As a result, almost no degradation was observed at EOL (after 400 days) under all storage conditions. We found that the encapsulated PSCs mounted on SDX are highly stable. We also found that the slight degradation of P max within 4 % was due to an increase in series resistance. • The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency is developing perovskite solar cells for use in space. • Perovskite solar cells have an issue with long-term stability; it is still unknown how stable they are in orbit in the subject mission. • We researched the long-term stability (in air, nitrogen, and low pressure) and degradation trend of perovskite solar cells in space. • We found they have high stability after 400 days of storage even though in air, and can be applied to our mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The integrated prediction system can effectively predict the PV output power. • Multi-stage data feature extraction improves the system prediction efficiency. • The improved optimizer improves the search space and optimization capability. • The filtering of subsystems enhances the applicability of integrated systems. • The designed evaluation system deeply analyzes and discusses each model. Building a reliable forecasting system can quantify future fluctuations in short-term photovoltaic output power, which is essential for optimizing grid configuration and reducing operating costs. However, most of the existing studies only use denoising technology to preprocess data, which results in the elimination of some key information. And the traditional optimizer cannot meet the parameter optimization requirements of the prediction system because of its limited search capacity and search space. Based on the above problems, a combined system based on multi-stage data processing strategy and improved optimizer is proposed, which solves the tradeoff problem between prediction accuracy and stability. Firstly, the multi-stage processing strategy effectively improves the signal-to-noise ratio and preserves more implicit information. Then, the optimal sub-model determination strategy extends the structural framework of model selection and improves the flexibility of the prediction system. Finally, three improved strategies are introduced to improve the optimization ability and convergence speed of the optimizer, which magnifies the advantages of the prediction system. An empirical study using Safi-Morocco data shows that the symmetric mean absolute percentage errors of three photovoltaic modules are 4.777%, 4.755% and 6.033%, respectively, which implies that the system can not only achieve accurate prediction of photovoltaic output power, but also help to balance supply and demand and improve the overall sustainability and stability of the grid-connected power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu 3 V(S, Se) 4 material is considered as a novel potential absorber of thin film solar cells due to its excellent properties. In this work, it is the first time that Cu 3 V(S, Se) 4 thin film solar cells are prepared by solution method, and the preparation process of fine absorbers is explored. The combination of air-baking and selenization processes boosts the excellent Cu 3 V(S, Se) 4 absorber. The optimal air-baking and selenization condition is confirmed as 360 °C for 20 min and 560 °C for 30 min, respectively. And the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of Cu 3 V(S, Se) 4 solar cells is 1.68 %. This is the first report on the solution preparation of Cu 3 V(S, Se) 4 thin film solar cells, and it is believed that performance of Cu 3 V(S, Se) 4 solar cells will be optimized by improving the preparation process in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antireflective surface coatings were one of the most important factors that contributed to the improvement of the functionality of photovoltaic cells. The coatings were performed by different methods such as RF sputtering, spin coating, dip coating, electro spraying etc. The coating materials such as BN, Si 3 N 4 and BN-Si 3 N 4 blends were applied to solar cells using the RF sputtering technique in this study. Several distinct characterization methods were adopted to assess the productivity of Si 3 N 4 coated cells. The BN-Si 3 N 4 blend coated cell has a low light reflection of 8 % and exhibits uniform layer deposition, which shows a significant improvement over conventional solar cell. The BN-Si 3 N 4 solar cell was able to obtain the highest possible power conversion efficiency of 19.70 % when exposed to direct sunlight and 21.28 % when exposed to neodymium light. It possess the narrow scope of visible spectrum and acts as green/yellow filter in visible spectrum. This light is capable of delivering light similar to sunlight with consistent radiation. This was accomplished by increasing the transmission of photons that reached the depletion region. The four-probe experiment was employed to measure the electrical resistivity of BN-Si 3 N 4 solar cell, which was found to be 0.00298 Ω-cm. This value was lower than the electrical resistivity of other solar cell samples. Based on the results, BN-Si 3 N 4 combination outperformed both coated and bare cells. It was found that BN-Si 3 N 4 blendwas a remarkable antireflective coating to maximize the performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The efficiency of rigid perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells has reached 33.9%. However, there has been no report on flexible perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells due to the challenge of overcoming the poor light absorption of ultrathin silicon bottom cells while maintaining their mechanical flexibility. Herein, we report the first demonstration of the perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell based on flexible ultrathin silicon. We show that reducing the wafer thicknesses and feature sizes of the light-trapping textures can significantly improve the flexibility of silicon without sacrificing light utilization. In addition, the capping of the perovskite top cells can further improve the device's mechanical durability by shifting the neutral plane toward the silicon surface that is prone to fracture. Finally, the resulting ultrathin (∼30 µm) flexible perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell achieves a certified stabilized efficiency of 22.8% with an extremely high power-to-weight ratio of 3.12 W g−1. Moreover, the flexible tandems exhibit remarkable bending durability, maintaining 98.2% of their initial performance after 3000 bending cycles at a radius of only 1 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solving technical issues of light pollution, thermal protection, color aesthetics, and weathering resistance for the coating layer used in double-glass photovoltaic modules of a solar panel, new coating materials were produced using ZnO–B 2 O 3 –SiO 2 glass frit and (Fe 0.8 Cr 0.2) 2 O 3 pigment. In this work, the crystal structure, the microstructure, the distribution of Fe and Cr elements, the diffusion of element Fe, the adhesion and the optical properties of the coatings have been characterized. The surface roughness of the coatings has a more significant alteration when the (Fe 0.8 Cr 0.2) 2 O 3 content is greater than 49 wt%. For the coating doped with 46 wt% (Fe 0.8 Cr 0.2) 2 O 3 , the amount of Fe diffused into the glassy phase gradually increases from 0.17 wt% to 0.54 wt% as the heat-treatment temperature increased from 650 °C to 720 °C. The effects of (Fe 0.8 Cr 0.2) 2 O 3 pigment content and heat-treatment temperature on the optical properties of coatings were explained mainly from the coatings surface roughness, Fe-redox induced pore formation, Fe-diffusion, and formation of large defects surfaced for the coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of its advantageous band gap and band edge, BiVO 4 is thought to be a viable photoanode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. However, its photoelectrochemical water splitting capability is primarily restricted by photogenerated carrier recombination. In order to address this issue, a hole storage layer (HSL) VO 2 was deposited onto a W-doped BiVO 4 photoanode through photoelectric deposition in this study. During PEC water oxidation, the ultrathin VO 2 layer's reversible V4+ species can regulate the hole-storage process, improving hole extraction capacity and reducing charge recombination. As expected, under AM 1.5 G illumination, the optimized W–BiVO 4 /VO 2 /Co-Pi photoanode exhibits a photocurrent density of 5.6 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE with an onset potential of 0.28 V. This value exceeds pure BiVO 4 (1.1 mA/cm2) by around 409%. Based on results from experiments, the charge transfer efficiency of the W–BiVO 4 /VO 2 /Co-Pi photoanode reaches 96.3%, showing excellent PEC water splitting performance. • Preparation of VO 2 particles on BiVO 4 photoanodes by photoelectric deposition for the first time. • Cyclic voltammetry demonstrates that V4+ redox in VO 2 significantly enhances hole stroage and transfer. • W–BiVO 4 /VO 2 exhibits a leading 1.54% ABPE value, showing its superiority among HSL-modified photoanodes. • The W–BiVO 4 /VO 2 /Co-Pi photoelectrode's current density was 5.6 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the primary reasons for low efficiency Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 (CZTSSe) solar cells have been attributed to Sn Zn defects and related defect clusters, as well as the balance of absorption layer bandgap for short-circuit current density (J sc) and open-circuit voltage (V oc). Ge gradient has been theoretically proven to be an effective strategy to change traditional flat bandgap structure and suppress Sn Zn defects and related defect clusters for improving the device performance of CZTSSe solar cells. However, the potential of Ge gradient has not been fully verified. In this work, Ge doping effectively reduces the formation of Sn Zn defects and [2Cu Zn + Sn Zn ] defect clusters in the CZTSSe absorption layer. In addition, it can be found that the construction of the V-type bandgap is the best solution for balancing between V oc and J sc. By using the bandgap grading strategy, the disparity between the recombination barrier of the junction and the optical bandgap's minimum value is widened, thereby obtaining a large V oc. The V-type doped device has the highest efficiency when V oc is 0.45 V, which can reach 8.03%. This Ge graded substitution method provides an alternative absorption layer structure for improving V oc and the preparation of future high-efficiency kesterite photovoltaic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bi 2 S 3 , Bi 2 MoO 6 and TiO 2 composite photoanodes were fabricated using three different preparation routes to improve its photoelectrochemical (PEC) stability. The microstructure of three photoanodes are distinct significantly according to the results of XRD, SEM and TEM. The ordered TiO 2 nanorod arrays (NRAs) and thinner Bi 2 MoO 6 sheet crystals in flower-ball structure facilitate carrier transport and suppresses electron-hole recombination efficiently. The results of PEC tests indicate that the photoanode with Bi 2 MoO 6 sheet crystals in flower-ball structure and TiO 2 NRAs shows significant enhancement in PEC performance stability due to its ordered microstructure facilitating carrier transport and transfer and also good adherence of photoanode layer on FTO glass substrate. This photoanode in Bi 2 S 3 quantum dots/Bi 2 MoO 6 @TiO 2 NRAs structure exhibits satisfactory properties, achieving a PEC stability of 86.41% after 48 h. [Display omitted] • Three photoanodes were fabricated in various preparation routes. • PEC performance of three photoanodes were analyzed based on their different Microstructure. • The PEC stability of Bi 2 S 3 QDs/Bi 2 MoO 6 @TiO 2 NRAs photoanode is up to 86.41% after 48 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of Concentration dependent Co 3 O 4 @VO 2 nanocomposites with varying molar ratios of Co 3 O 4 to VO 2 (2:1, 1:1, and 1:2) for efficient hydrogen generation and dye degradation. The structural and morphological characteristics of the prepared nanocomposites were analysed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Crystallographic analysis using XRD confirmed the formation of crystalline Co 3 O 4 with a monoclinic structure, while the presence of VO 2 was identified by characteristic peaks in the XPS. Microscopic analysis using SEM and TEM revealed well-dispersed nanocomposites with nanoscale dimensions. Photocatalytic activities were evaluated for hydrogen evolution and dye degradation, with the nanocomposite featuring a 2:1 ratio of Co 3 O 4 to VO 2 (CV-21) demonstrating significantly enhanced performance. CV-21 exhibited a lower onset potential and higher current density for hydrogen evolution (2270μmol/h/g), indicating improved photocatalytic activity. Additionally, it displayed rapid and superior dye degradation (93% within 10 min) under sunlight compared to Victoria blue B (VBB) dye. The Co 3 O 4 @VO 2 nanocomposites, particularly CV-21, demonstrate enhanced photocatalytic performance for hydrogen generation and dye degradation compared to pristine VO 2 and Co 3 O 4. This improvement possibly due to synergistic effects between Co 3 O 4 and VO 2 , optimized structural characteristics, and improved interfacial properties in the nanocomposite structure. These findings highlight the promising potential of Co 3 O 4 @VO 2 nanocomposites, particularly CV-21, for environmental remediation applications. This research underscores the promising prospects of Co 3 O 4 @VO 2 nanocomposites. These materials exhibit remarkable capabilities in sustainable hydrogen production and efficient dye degradation. Their superior photocatalytic performance, exemplified by CV-21 with a 2:1 Co 3 O 4 to VO 2 ratio, signifies their potential for advanced environmental and energy applications. By harnessing these nanocomposites, we can pave the way for greener and more effective solutions in the fields of renewable energy and pollution control. [Display omitted] • Co 3 O 4 @VO 2 nanocomposites with 2:1 ratio showed superior photocatalytic performance. • Highest hydrogen evolution rate: 2270 μmol/h/g under sunlight. • VBB dye degradation reached 93% within 10 min, with rapid rate constant: 0.2715 min−1. • Efficient charge carrier separation and transportation within nanocomposite. • High stability over 5 cycles with 25% performance degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the preliminary design and thermodynamic analysis of hydropower and solar integrated e-fuel production system for a tea factory. In this regard, an integrated hydro-solar e-fuel production system has been developed, which is mainly able to produce e-methanol and green hydrogen. The system contains five main subsystems: i) Proton exchange membrane electrolyzer system, ii) CO 2 capture and storage system, iii) Methanol production system, iv) Photovoltaic system, and v) Penstock hydroelectric power plant. In terms of the general system operating principle, it is important to emphasize that the energy need of the system is supplied by solar power plant during the sunshine duration (the case 1) and provided by hydropower plant in the period when solar energy is not sufficient (the case 2). Considering the required assumptions, in the first step, preliminary design was performed, and in the second step, the energy and exergy analyzes were achieved, and in the final step, the effects of parameters such as CO 2 capture efficiency, methanol reactor conversion ratio, and environmental temperature on the system performance were parametrically investigated. Accordingly, in the case 1, the maximum energy and exergy efficiencies of the integrated e-fuel production system were respectively obtained to be 7.132% and 6.569% while, in the case 2, those were respectively calculated to be 39.44% and 42.36%. Moreover, approximately 235.9 tons of CO 2 emission in operation period of the tea factory considered in this work can be reduced by the integrated hydro-solar e-fuel production system that has a production capacity of 399.8 kg/h for methanol and 37.73 kg/h for hydrogen. It is expected that the integrated system concept may contribute to the researchers, system designers, policy makers, investors, and different enterprises for practical applications. • Hydropower and solar integrated e-fuel production system for a tea factory is proposed. • The preliminary design and thermodynamic analysis have been performed. • Thanks to the developed systems, 235.9 tons of CO 2 emissions can be reduced. • The maximum exergy efficiency of case-1 and case-2 are obtained to be 6.569% and 42.36%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to assess the economic potentials of power and hydrogen generation via solar and wind energy resources at locations in Northern Germany and California, both of these (geographical) regions being pioneers in terms of a sustainable energy transition. Based on extensive research and electrolyzer manufacturer interviews, green hydrogen generation plants are modeled in a MATLAB® environment. All relevant inputs and outputs of the systems studied (wind power plants, photovoltaic power plants, and polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers, among others) are considered for different locations and framework conditions. In contrast to the existing literature, special attention is paid to the part-load behavior of electrolysis systems, which becomes particularly relevant in their interplay with volatile renewables. Metrics such as the levelized costs of electricity (LCOE) of the wind and photovoltaic power plants and the resulting levelized costs of hydrogen (LCOHy) are determined. With the help of the developed model, dimensioning of a whole system's components can be determined for different locations. A case study is conducted for a Northern German site and another one for a site in the Californian Mojave Desert. Both the optimal dimensioning of the renewable energy plants and the ratio of installed wind and photovoltaic power plant capacity are strongly location-dependent. In Northern Germany, for example, lower LCOHy can be generated at higher wind power plant capacity shares and, in the Mojave Desert, be produced at higher photovoltaic power plant capacity shares. In general, with larger plants and correspondingly larger polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers, LCOHy are lower due to scaling effects. Following this dimensioning recommendation, the LCOHy vary between 4.5 €/kg and 5.2 €/kg in the Northern German case study and between 4.6 US$/kg and 5.3 US$/kg in the Californian one. With costs of 1–2 €/kg, gray hydrogen is still economically superior. • Hydrogen production is modeled based on electrolyzers, wind and PV power plants. • Due to the volatile power supply, a focus is on part-load behavior of electrolyzers. • The optimal sizing of the system components is determined for different locations. • Two case studies are conducted, for Northern Germany and the Mojave Desert, CA. • Levelized costs of hydrogen are found to vary between 4.5 and 5.2 €/kg (4.6–5.3 US$/kg). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photovoltaic systems can reduce carbon emissions by harnessing green energy from the sunlight, however, tremendous end-of-life solar panels may pose a threat to the local environment in the coming decades. What's worse, fewer regulations have been mandated to deal with the disposal of solar waste. To address this issue, this paper investigates a game-based, government-subsidized solar recycling model, and extends the model to a dynamic system. By analyzing the equilibrium outcomes, optimal decisions are revealed for all stakeholders. More importantly, we find regulatory subsidies can benefit all members of the solar recycling chain. Furthermore, when confronted with low-quality solar panels with a high degradation rate, we suggest that the government announces a low R&D subsidy rate. Even so, the level of the manufacturer's R&D efforts is still high, which leads to more R&D subsidies provided by the government. Based on an analysis of the dynamic system, it's better to be extremely careful when the government enacts the subsidy policy. Otherwise, the profits of all the chain members may be hurt due to the bifurcation and chaos phenomena. • A government-subsidized solar recycling model has been studied. • The impacts of subsidy and risk aversion on optimal strategies are revealed. • When facing low-quality panels with a high degradation rate, the governor should provide a low R&D subsidy rate. • A dynamic system is investigated to understand decision making process in long-term operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, surface reflection of incident sunrays over solar cells results in degradation of output performance of the solar cells. This can be sorted out using an antireflection coating. In this investigation, ARC materials such as Titanium dioxide (TiO 2), Aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3) and blended TiO 2 – Al 2 O 3 were utilized over the mono-crystalline Si (m-Si) solar cells. The ARCs for m-Si solar cell was coated using RF sputtering method. The optical, structural, electrical, I–V characteristics and temperature behavior of solar cell samples with coating and bare cells were studied. The elemental analysis was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. The morphological study was conducted using High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The electrical resistivity was measured in dark at room temperature using four-point probe technique. Optical characteristics was determined using UV–visible spectroscopy. It was discovered that the TiO 2 – Al 2 O 3 blend coated cell (I3) shows great performance than the other coatings. I3 solar cell demonstrated high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.42 % and 20.16 %, when exposed to direct sunlight and neodymium radiation in both open and controlled environments. The findings indicate that TiO 2 – Al 2 O 3 blends are a suitable material for ARC applications, since they effectively reduce the incident photons scattering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPV/T) systems offer a highly effective means of generating clean energy for both electricity and heating purposes in residential buildings. Hence, this article introduces a new BIPV/T system to optimally minimize the energy consumption of a household residential building. The meticulous design of the proposed BIPV/T system is accomplished through MATLAB/Simulink® dynamic modeling. Performance analysis for the BIPV/T system is performed under different seasonal conditions with in-depth techno-economic analyses to estimate the expected enhancement in the thermal, electrical, and economic performance of the system. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to explore the impact of various factors on the energetic and economic performances of the proposed BIPV/T system. More so, the two-layer feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural network modeling is developed to accurately predict the hourly solar radiation and ambient temperature for the BIPV/T. Additionally, a multi-objective optimization using the NSGA-II method is also conducted for the minimization of the total BIPV/T plant area and maximization of the total efficiency and net thermal power of the system as well as to estimate the optimized operating conditions for input variables across different seasons within the provided ranges. The sensitivity analysis revealed that higher solar flux levels lead to increased electric output power of the BIPV/T plant, but total efficiency decreases due to higher thermal losses. Moreover, the proposed NSGA-II shows a feasible method to attain a maximum net thermal power and optimal total efficiency of 5320 W and 63% with a minimal total plant area of 32.89 m2 that attained a very low deviation index from the ideal solution. The levelised cost of electricity is obtained as 0.10 $/kWh under the optimal conditions. Thus, these findings offer valuable insights into the potential of BIPV/T systems as a sustainable and efficient energy solution for residential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the enhancement of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) efficiency through the implementation of a half-tandem structure featuring two absorbent layers of MAPbI 3 and MoTe 2 with a V-shaped nanostructured grating was investigated. MoTe 2 was utilized as the second lower absorbent with a smaller bandgap than the first and upper absorbent, MAPbI 3 , to cover the incident light absorption in the infrared wavelength range. Additionally, the structure was also optimized by introducing a nanostructured V-shaped grating to increase the light propagation path and improve the absorption in the active layers. Also, the critical role of the electron transfer layer (ETL) and hole transfer layer (HTL) in carrier transfer and prevention of charge leakage was examined for materials including TiO 2 , TiO 2 -Gr (5%) nanocomposite, and Al-doped ZnO (AZO) as ETLs, and Cu 2 FeSnS 4 (CFTS) and reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) as HTLs in four distinct cell configurations. In this study, the optical and electrical models were solved to determine the optimal solar cell structure and materials through a comparative analysis of structures. Our findings revealed substantial improvements in short-circuit current density (J sc), open-circuit voltage (V oc), and power conversion efficiency (PCE), where they increased from 15.27 to 31.55 mA/cm2, 0.91 to 1.30 V, and 11.78 to 27.63%, respectively. This resulted in a 2.35 times efficiency enhancement for the nanostructured V-shaped half-tandem solar cell with MAPbI 3 (250 nm) and MoTe 2 (150 nm) as absorbent layers, AZO (40 nm) as ETL and rGo (40 nm) as HTL compared to the planar non-tandem solar cell with MAPbI 3 (250 nm) as absorbent layer, TiO 2 (40 nm) as ETL and CFTS (40 nm) as HTL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The recovery of c-Si PV module's backsheet was studied for the first time. • Green and non-toxic ethanol was used as a solvent. • TPA product with economic value can be obtained. • The reaction solution can be reused. The treatment and recycling of discarded crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules (c-Si PV modules) has become a research focus, but few research have paid attention to the standardized treatment of c-Si PV module's fluorinated backsheet. Improper management of fluorinated backsheet can pose ecological and human health risks. Therefore, this study presents a novel method for processing the backsheet. The proposed approach entailed the utilization of ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH) to separate the backsheet from the PV module. Subsequently, the separated backsheet underwent decomposition using an alkaline ethanol (NaOH-CH 3 CH 2 OH) solution. Finally, the backsheet was recovered in the form of terephthalic acid (TPA) with a purity of 97.47 %. This recovered TPA can then serve as a valuable raw material for producing new backsheets, fostering a closed-loop material circulation. Experimental results demonstrate that immersing the PV module in a 75 % CH 3 CH 2 OH-H 2 O solution at a temperature of 343 K for 30 min achieved 100 % separation of the backsheet. Furthermore, subjecting the separated backsheet to a 60 min reaction in an NaOH-CH 3 CH 2 OH solution with a temperature of 343 K and a NaOH concentration of 1.0 mol/L achieved complete decomposition. The reaction mechanism was analyzed through characterization methods such as SEM/EDS, NMR, FTIR and XRD. This method is efficient, non-toxic organic reagent-free and environmentally friendly, so it holds significant potential for further development in the field of c-Si PV module recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defects formed at the surface, buried interface and grain boundaries (GB) of CsPbI 3 perovskite films considerably limit photovoltaic performance. Such defects could be passivated effectively by the most prevalent post modification strategy without compromising the photoelectric properties of perovskite films, but it is still a great challenge to make this strategy comprehensive to different defects spatially distributed throughout the films. Herein, a spatially selective defect management (SSDM) strategy is developed to roundly passivate various defects at different locations within the perovskite film by a facile one-step treatment procedure using a piperazine-1,4-diium tetrafluoroborate (PZD(BF 4) 2) solution. The small-size PZD2+ cations could penetrate into the film interior and even make it all the way to the buried interface of CsPbI 3 perovskite films, while the BF 4 − anions, with largely different properties from I− anions, mainly anchor on the film surface. Consequently, virtually all the defects at the surface, buried interface and grain boundaries of CsPbI 3 perovskite films are effectively healed, leading to significantly improved film quality, enhanced phase stability, optimized energy level alignment and promoted carrier transport. With these films, the fabricated CsPbI 3 PSCs based on carbon electrode (C-PSCs) achieve an efficiency of 18.27%, which is among the highest-reported values for inorganic C-PSCs, and stability of 500 h at 85 °C with 65% efficiency maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rate maps quantify the variability of surface rates during the dissolution of crystalline matter. Recently, highly spatially resolved rate maps revealed the existence of rhythmic pulses of the material flux from the crystal surface. The mechanism underpinning this behavior is not yet understood but the two potential influencing factors are surface-controlled or transport-controlled conditions that may govern the resulting pulsating reaction kinetics in the system. In this study, we apply two numerical methods to identify the dominating mechanism of pulsating dissolution. First, the influence of solute transport is simulated using a reactive transport model, which yields dissolution rates and concentration distribution due to the flow field, i.e., extrinsic reactivity. Second, the influence of intrinsic surface reactivity inherent to the material is simulated using kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations, where the distribution of reactive sites over time is observed on an atomic scale. Local dissolution rates can be reproduced with the reactive transport model, but no kinetically effective periodic changes of the concentration gradients can be observed and no new dissolution pulses are generated. Control via periodic changes in extrinsic reactivity is thus ruled out as a governing mechanism. In contrast, pulsating dissolution is clearly observed in the KMC simulation, leading to the conclusion that the self-assembly of varying reactive surface building blocks causes the pulsating dissolution. The simulation results suggest that etch pits generate regions with a high number of steps of single crystal layers and, consequently, with sites of increased reactivity at periodic intervals. These steps move over the crystal surface outward from the pit center and are followed by a region with a low number of surface steps. Only when the steps reach a certain spacing to the center new steps are generated at the transition between the hollow core and the etch pit. This self-assembly is observed as a fundamental behavior of crystalline dissolution in KMC models, without any additional parametrization. It thus represents a fundamental mechanism in crystal dissolution and should be considered for an accurate atomic understanding of crystal dissolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is widely employed in a solar cell structure as a buffer layer due to its excellent physical and chemical properties. ZnS elements discovered in the earth's crust are safe. This study examined the performance characteristics of ZnS thin films deposited on soda lime glass substrate via chemical bath deposition. The ZnS thin films were annealed at temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 °C in a vacuum environment. XRD showed the ZnS thin films with high annealing temperatures are composed of a wurtzite structure. Increased annealing temperature improved crystallization, average crystallite sizes, film thickness, and low dislocation density as well as lattice strain. The FESEM analysis reveals that the morphology of annealed thin film at high temperatures has larger grains compared to the deposited films. EDS spectra confirm that zinc and sulfur are present in the ZnS thin film. Annealed films have an average transmission of 20–50 % in the visible spectrum of 300–1100 nm. Films exhibit 103 Ωcm resistivity, and the bulk carrier density ranges between 1012 and 1014 cm−3. The annealed film at 500 °C has a direct band gap of 3.47 eV, a resistivity of 1.79 × 103 Ωcm, and a bulk concentration of 1.19 × 1014 cm−3. All ZnS thin films have n-type conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green hydrogen (H 2) has garnered significant attention in recent years as a key component of a zero-emission future owing to its diverse range of applications. The energy management (EM) strategy of the green H 2 production system (HPS) plays a crucial role in facilitating efficient and cost-effective green H 2 production. This can be achieved by regulating the operating point of the electrolyzer (EL) to obtain economic and operational benefits. This study proposes an optimal EM scheme for a photovoltaic-based battery (BT) grid-connected green HPS. The HPS is intended to meet H 2 and electricity demands of an industrial HPS. The objective of the EM scheme is to minimize the cost of green H 2 production by minimizing the total system costs of the HPS, while ensuring that the system operates reliably. The objective is realized by incorporating the EM strategy model with Z-score statistical values of past grid electricity costs, which reflect seasonal electricity price trends. This enables green H 2 production when the utility grid electricity prices are relatively low. The EM variables considered for the optimization include: EL status (on/off operation of the EL), electricity purchased from the grid, input power to the EL and output power from EL (H 2 production rate), energy stored in the H 2 storage tank and BT, discharging and charging power of the BT and H 2 tank. Four test case systems (Case #1 - #4) were used to demonstrate the techno-economic benefits of the proposed EM scheme model for green HPS. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is performed on the green HPS to investigate the impact PV power and EL capacity on the cost of H 2 and EL efficiency. • A new energy management scheme for an industrial green hydrogen production system is proposed. • The energy management scheme model uses the Z-score statistical value of past electricity prices. • Using onsite PV power and battery storage to minimize cost of hydrogen production. • Utilizing green hydrogen in industrial processes can significantly reduce CO 2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Glass of waste PV was disengaged effectively using a novel hydrothermal method. • Only water under high-pressure and low temperatures was employed in the method. • The process positively impacts peeling off of other layers of the PV panel. • Water used can be filtered and reused, minimizing wastewater generation. • No deterioration in quality of recovered glass, encapsulants, and metals happened. The delamination of layers of waste solar panels remains a major challenge due to the lack of effective solutions for removing the adhesive between layers. In this study, a novel efficient method for disengagement of glass from the rest of the module is introduced, in which only water is used under high pressure (<3 MPa) and relatively low temperatures (230–250 °C) in a hydrothermal reactor, allowing for facile separation of the glass from the interlayer. The other layers of the module can also easily be peeled apart in subsequent processes. The separated glass is free of metals and polymers that can be utilized directly for further applications. The benefits of this method include no use of chemicals, preservation of the recovered materials' quality (i.e. , interlayers, Si sheet, and glass), relatively low-temperature operation, no hazardous gas generation, and reduced energy consumption. A pilot scale design of the method has been proposed for processing a full panel, demonstrating its industrial viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystallization growth occupies a crucially important role in terms of impacting the film microstructure and device characteristics of the kesterite Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 (CZTSSe) solar cell. Previous studies frequently observed that the selenized CZTSSe film consists of a multiple-layer structure with a large-grained top layer and a fine-grained bottom layer. Herein, a novel strategy is proposed for adjusting spin-coated layers and conducting two-step selenization to promote the fine-grain layers growth of Bi-doped CZTSSe (CZTBiSSe) films for high-performance solar cells. This study systematically investigates the effects of spin-coated layers and the selenization process on growth kinetics of the CZTBiSSe films. By comparison, the optimal spin-coated layer can be identified as "7 + 3", the CZTBiSSe film has a bilayer large grain structure from up to down, which reduces the grain boundaries, thus reducing the charge recombination loss, and is more conducive to charge carrier transfer. Finally, a CZTBiSSe solar cell with the highest efficiency of 7.27 % was obtained, which increased by 36 % more than one prepared using traditional methods (5.34 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algeria, richly-endowed with renewable resources, is well-positioned to become a vital green hydrogen provider to Europe. Aiming to aid policymakers, stakeholders, and energy sector participants, this study embodies the first effort in literature to investigate the viability and cost-effectiveness of implementing green hydrogen production projects destined for exports to Europe via existing pipelines. A land suitability analysis utilizing multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) coupled with geographical information system (GIS) identified that over 43.55% of Algeria is highly-suitable for hydrogen production. Five optimal locations were investigated utilizing Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Electric Renewables (HOMER), with solar-hydrogen proving the most cost-effective option. Wind-based production, offering higher output volumes reaching 968 kg/h, requires turbine cost reductions of 17.50% (Ain Salah) to 54.50% (Djanet) to achieve a competitive levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) of $3.85/kg with PV systems. A techno-economic sensitivity analysis was conducted, identifying Djanet as the most promising location for a 100 MW solar-hydrogen plant, with a competitive LCOH ranging from $1.96/kg to $4.85/kg. • Assessing the cost-effectiveness of exporting Algerian green hydrogen to Europe via pipelines. • AHP-GIS method identified 43% of Algerian territory suitable for realizing green hydrogen projects. • HOMER Pro analyses identified solar-hydrogen as the most cost-effective option. • Wind turbine costs require 17.50%–54.50% reduction to compete with the $3.85/kg PV-LCOH. • Djanet suits a 100 MW solar-hydrogen plant with a LCOH range of $1.96/kg to $4.85/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the large-scale integration of renewable energy systems, the power inertia and voltage support of the grid are low. Using the inverter with temporary storage capabilities cope with shortages and power fluctuations. This paper presents a new sensorless control of a single-phase grid-connected PV system based on a multilevel flying capacitor inverter MFCI) able to smooth out the power produced. The designed controller involves two cascade loops, an outer loop control extracts the maximum power despite climate change, and an inner loop consists of a model predictive control based on the Lyapunov theory for power factor correction and flying capacitor voltage balancing. Furthermore, an interconnected Kalman-like high-gain observer is combined with the predictive control algorithm to estimate the flying capacitor voltages accurately based on the actual grid current. The stability study of the suggested observer in the closed loop has been described. An algorithm that generates reference signals to manage power flows is also developed. The performance of the proposed controller has been verified on the MATLAB/Simulink platform, and the simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed controller over different grid operating modes. • the proposed PV system is based on MFC inverter able to smooth out the grid-injected power. • The designed controller combines a Lyapunov-based model predictive control with a Kalman-like high-gain observer. • The PV conversion system optimizes energy extraction, injecting it smoothly into the grid. • The inverter, with temporary storage, copes with power fluctuations without external energy storage during grid faults. • The closed-loop stability of the controller is rigorously proved during the normal mode and grid fault conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an investigation of the performance of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser directly connected with large-scale PV systems under faulty, degradation and partial shading conditions. With the direct coupled system, the power loss and external price on auxiliary devices are avoided. However, the adaptability of the direct coupled system to fluctuate solar irradiance and ambient temperature is reduced significantly compared to systems with DC-DC converters. To maximise the system efficiency, the optimal electrolyser (ELY) cell configuration is identified using an optimal sizing approach or operating strategy. This paper applied the Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) algorithm to find the optimal configuration for the two approaches, namely the Sizing technique and Operating strategy under different PV systems: faults, degradation and partial shading conditions. Additionally, a large-scale system is simulated to describe the characteristics of a large-scale direct coupled PV-electrolyser system with actual operating faults and phenomena. Simulations of the large-scale direct coupling system were conducted using measured irradiance and temperature data for a typical day period. Based on the collected output, it is found that compared to the optimal sizing approach, the optimal operating strategy allows the direct coupled system to increase its coupling efficiency from 0.17% to 4.47%. In contrast, the amount of hydrogen production when applying the two methods witnessed different trends, depending on the type of faults. The differences are even more significantly presented during multiple short-circuit fault scenarios. • Modelling of a large-scale direct coupling PV-electrolyser system up to 1 MW. • An analysis of typical PV system faults, partial shading, and degradation phenomenon. • A comparison of the optimal sizing approach and operating strategy. • Proposed optimal operating strategy allows 99.99% coupling factor in normal operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production from captured carbon dioxide and green hydrogen, is referred to as the key to decarbonize the hard-to-abate aviation sector. Fischer-Tropsch is a mature and reliable pathway for hydrocarbon synthesis, with a wide spectrum of technological options and high plant efficiency extending to more than 80 % of e-kerosene selectivity. In this work, an Aspen Hysys model, coupled with different Matlab simulations for Fischer-Tropsch, Hydrocracker and SOEC, was set up to estimate efficiency and selectivity. The results show that global efficiency is mainly linked to the efficiency of the production of H 2. Energetic efficiency reaches 48.06 % using the already existing commercial electrolyte supported cell in a SOEC electrolyser, but it could increase to 65.74 % if cathode supported cell was considered. • An energy analysis of the Power-to-Liquid process has been performed. • The system reaches a global efficiency of 48.06 % and up to 38.71 % of Power-to-Kerosene efficiency. • It is possible to increase global efficiency up to 65.74 % and Power to kerosene efficiency to 53.60 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiconductor manufacturing employs an intricate framework of processes that require accurate design specifications at the nanoscale level. Thermal atomic layer etching fulfills these stringent criteria in an exemplary manner by conducting top-down removal of transistor films to further downsize thicknesses and facilitate transistor densification on wafers. However, it has low productivity. Thus, a spatial sheet-to-sheet reactor is appropriate for achieving high throughput while maintaining substrate quality. In order to continuously regulate the process, a run-to-run (R2R) controller coupled with a continuous feedback proportional–integral (PI) controller is proposed to mitigate a kinetic shift disturbance and a continuous pressure ramp disturbance through a multivariate input correction procedure. A tuning methodology is employed to determine the optimal tuning parameters to enhance the performance of the R2R and PI controller response to their respective disturbances. Results indicate that the combined R2R and PI controller outperforms the sole R2R controller by minimizing the amount of input correction needed to minimize the etching per cycle offset from the setpoint. • Multiscale modeling of atomic layer etching reactor. • Control problem formulation for disturbance rejection. • Run-to-run controller design and tuning. • Implementation of integrated R2R and feedback control on multiscale process model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • LIBS analysis enabled the identification of fluorine-containing polymers in waste. • LIBS analysis enabled determination of elemental composition of recovered materials. • Contact angle and color analysis were used to monitor surface of recovered materials. • Distribution of heat within the panels during heating can be facilitated by busbars. The study presents an innovative approach to the analysis of waste silicon photovoltaic panels prior and after thermal treatment. Using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), the elemental composition of multilayered panel backsheets was determined, identifying a TiO 2 -containing coating laminate, a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) layer, and an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulant, while also estimating their thickness. Identifying the fluorine-containing layers allowed their selective removal and safe processing of the used panels. Thermal processing parameters such as temperature (400–550 °C), time (5 – 60 min) and orientation of the busbar relative to the heat source were optimized based on contact angle measurements and CIELAB color space analysis, techniques used to detect organic residues in recovered glass and silicone. The decomposition process was examined by thermal analysis coupled with mass spectroscopy, which revealed that there were no volatile fluorine compounds in the gases released, although fluorine was detected on the recovered glass surface by SEM – EDS examination. After the PVDF layer was removed, fluorine compounds were not found in volatile gases or on the surface of recovered inorganic materials. The study indicated that the orientation of the busbars facilitates the decomposition of organic matter. Methods for reusing recovered secondary materials were also provided, suggesting the potential applications and benefits of recycling components from silicon photovoltaic panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]