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Approximately 70%–75% of people worldwide have no formally registered land rights. Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration was introduced to address this problem and focuses on delineating visible cadastral boundaries from earth observation imagery. Recent studies have shown the potential of deep learning models to extract these visible cadastral boundaries automatically. However, studies are limited by the small size and geographical coverage of available datasets and by the lack of information about which cadastral boundaries are visible, i.e., associated with a physical object boundary. To overcome these problems, we present CadastreVision , a benchmark dataset containing cadastral reference data and corresponding multi-resolution earth observation imagery from The Netherlands, with a spatial resolution ranging from 0.1 m to 10 m. The ratio between visible and non-visible cadastral boundaries is essential to evaluate the potential automation level in cadastral boundary extraction from earth observation images and interpret results obtained by deep learning models. We investigate this ratio using a novel analysis pipeline that overlays cadastral reference data with visible topographic object boundaries. Our results show that approximately 72% of the total length of cadastral boundaries in The Netherlands are visible. CadastreVision will enable new developments in cadastral boundary delineation and future endeavours to investigate knowledge transfer to data-scarce areas. Our data and code is available at https://github.com/jeroengrift/cadastrevision. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motives behind transfers from adult children to parents hold significance in the well-being of the elderly. In the context of China's land titling program, we utilize a dominant child model to study the trade-off between altruism and exchange motives. Based on data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, this paper employs the endogenous switching model to investigate the effects of land titling on children's pecuniary and time transfers. The results of the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) indicate that for children whose parents receive land titling, land titling has significantly increased their pecuniary transfers while decreasing their time transfers. Mechanism analysis reveals that the land titling program results in higher parental income by incentivizing parents to rent out their land and engage in off-farm employment. These findings reveal the exchange motive, suggesting that children provide transfers out of concern about their parents' wealth. Heterogeneous analysis demonstrates that both sons and daughters lean towards exchange motives. Land titling effects are pronounced among children without siblings, those from parental households with lower land per capita, and those with higher income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducts an empirical analysis of the effect of economic policy uncertainty on executive compensation stickiness and the underlying mechanism using data on A-share main board listed companies from 2007 to 2021. This study finds that economic policy uncertainty positively relates to executive compensation stickiness. Tolerance, information, and supervision effects are important mechanisms of this impact. Further studies show that the effect of economic policy uncertainty on executive compensation stickiness is also significantly affected by political uncertainty, industry competition, nature of property rights, executive career concerns, and management power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the complex and changing international situation and the uncertain global political and economic situation, cross-border trade faces many new challenges. In the form of "barter", cross-border barter avoids the credit creation needs of financial intermediaries, but puts forward higher requirements for the information coordination and resource integration of each subject in the transaction chain. The construction of a new type of cross-border barter biological system emphasizes the cooperation and interaction among the participants, and effectively integrates the barter link by means of financial technology, which is of great significance to promote the development of new cross-border barter trade. In this context, this paper proposes an ecosystem framework combining fintech and cross-border barter, and deeply studies the settlement model based on cross-border barter. The results show that the new cross-border barter ecosystem consists of platform leaders, barter trading entities, logistics warehousing supporters and environmental parasitism groups. The application of fintech can promote the collaboration of all parties in the ecosystem and realize the complementary advantages of system members. Through evolutionary game analysis, this paper finds that promoting cooperation among various groups, optimizing incentive policies of leaders and establishing fair profit distribution mechanism are conducive to the stable development of cross-border barter ecosystem. This paper designs a blockchain-based cross-border barter settlement model by referring to the Trade Swap Support Instrument (INSTEX) and the Bank of Kunlun's settlement model for Iran. Blockchain technology is used to achieve property rights allocation and value transfer of barter assets, and the barter settlement model of cross-border circulation of goods and domestic settlement of funds is realized through the "closed loop" of debt repayment, further exploring the deep-level settlement problems of cross-border barter, and providing theoretical support and practical guidance for the development of new cross-border barter trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Deviation from Nash behavior manifests as behavioral responses to property rights regimes. • A non-parametric test can detect and quantify behavioral responses. • An individual fishing vessel quota policy shifts behavior away from the tragedy of the commons. Commons problems present behavioral dilemmas, with tensions between individual and collective rationality. When users of a common-pool resource are not effectively excluded, the collective behavior of individuals pursuing their self-interests dissipates economic surplus. We derive a non-parametric test of whether individuals' collective behavior in resource extraction is consistent with the canonical commons model, namely Nash tragedy-of-the-commons behavior. Our approach allows for an arbitrarily concave, differentiable production function of total inputs and for heterogeneous agents with arbitrarily convex, differentiable costs of supplying inputs. We extend the test to allow for unobserved total output. We also define distance from the data to the model and develop statistical tests using the distance metric. Applying our approach to panel data of Norwegian commercial fishing vessels, we find the results of our test are consistent with the economic intuition that, in the absence of property rights, tragedy-of-the-commons behavior dissipates surplus. Significantly, we find property rights reforms move firms away from Nash tragedy-of-the-commons behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the gender-differentiated effects of improved land property rights on labor reallocation in China, using quasi-exogenous variation in the timing of the implementation of the Rural Land Contracting Law, which allows farmers to lease out their land. We find that while men and women tend to shift labor from the agricultural into non-agricultural sector following the land reform, women lag behind men. Our findings reveal a noticeable gender gap in the growth of off-farm labor participation (+16.69 % among men; + 1.95 % among women) and hours worked in off-farm sectors. The gender-differentiated effects on off-farm employment are likely caused by disadvantaged labor market conditions for women. These findings underscore the importance of improved land property rights in fostering rural structural transformation. Moreover, our results suggest that implementing land reforms without accompanying changes to address the root causes of gendered differences in off-farm employment could limit their full potential. This study has significant policy implications for the rural transformation of developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the effect of land titling on investment in human capital. We first develop a theoretical model of the investment in the presence of property rights to agricultural land and then test the predictions of the model regarding the schooling decisions of households using data from Mexico's PROCEDE land titling program. Using the staggered introduction of land titling, we find that ownership tilted the balance in favor of investment in human capital in the form of schooling. Titling decreased the hazard rate of dropping out of school by 14% for children between the ages of 6 and 18. Additionally, including the effects of the contemporaneous conditional cash transfer program further reduced the hazard rate of dropping out by 34%. We find that these results hold even when the head of the household changes or migrates. Titling has a significant effect on female children but not on extremely poor families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the impact of a 2021 reform in Ukraine that—after earlier digitization efforts did not produce desired results—mandated use of transparent online auctions by local governments rather than a central agency to lease rights to public agricultural land. The shift to a collusion-proof electronic auction system increased lease revenue by 175% for our preferred specification. Had all public land that Ukraine transferred since 2015 been auctioned using post-reform mechanisms, local governments would receive incremental lease revenue of US$500 million per year for the duration of the lease. Where public land is important, reforms to ensure rights to such land are allocated transparently, competitively and in a decentralized way could improve social, economic, and environmental outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• analyze the energy efficiency of Beijing's industrial sectors from 2002 to 2018. • model industry heterogeneity of Beijing's industrial sectors accurately. • low energy efficiency of Beijing's industrial sectors due to management inefficiency. • the energy efficiency of heavy industry is higher than that of light industry. • explore the influencing factors of energy efficiency of Beijing's industrial sectors. Improving energy efficiency is one of the effective means to achieve China's carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. As the capital of China, Beijing should improve energy efficiency and has a primary responsibility in achieving the goals. Considering the heterogeneity of industrial sectors, this paper proposes a data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach to analyze the total factor energy efficiency and its influencing factors of 31 industrial sectors in Beijing from 2002 to 2018. We show that the low energy efficiency of Beijing's industrial sectors, mainly due to management inefficiency, is not conducive to the realization of the goals. Besides, the energy efficiency of heavy industry is higher than that of light industry. The expansion of enterprise scale has a positive impact on energy efficiency, while the property right structure, foreign trade and energy consumption structure have a negative impact on energy efficiency. Finally, we put forward some policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We delve into performance and riskiness of socially conscious (SC) investment funds while considering the salient role of home country institutions as proxied by freedom indicators – namely, economic freedom with its five underlying component areas – in addition to the personal and overall human freedom of countries/regions as related to the home base currency of those funds. From a global perspective and including nonlinear considerations, evidence shows that advances in economic freedom and its constituent areas, as well as differences in personal freedom, have a consistent sizeable positive impact on the performance of SC funds but also a slight positive effect on their riskiness, attested to by various robustness tests. We articulate the added financial benefits to be gained when both socially responsible features and freedom infrastructure are present, confirming that freedom indicators matter. There is subtle evidence that changes in legal structure and security of property rights, as well as sound money, show a statistically and economically significant positive effect on performance across various specifications. In accord with widespread support for the importance of private property and the rule of law, this study shows that without sound money, a functioning legal system, and entrenched property rights, the performance of SC funds is stalled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When and why are illicit markets regarded as morally legitimate? We address this question in the context of Soviet and post-Soviet Russia, where the moral legitimacy of commerce has waned since the collapse of the Soviet Union. We do so by analyzing the continued resiliency and robustness of illicit markets and their moral perception in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia, where de facto private property rights have remained insecure in spite of de jure political and economic reform. Given the continuity of illicit markets across both periods, we argue twofold. First, what has remained constant in the moral nature of illicit markets across both periods has been the entrepreneurial drive to realize gains from trade by circumventing and evading a predatory state. Secondly, given this constancy in the form of illicit market exchange, we contend that changing moral attitudes toward commerce have resulted from the changing manifestation of illicit market exchange, in response to the predatory nature of the state. In both the Soviet and post-Soviet period, the state has remained a means to create monopoly privileges. However, whereas in the Soviet period, illicit markets served as a means to "grease the wheels" of commerce, economic transition in post-Soviet Russia corrupted the moral legitimacy of a market economy by transforming illicit markets into a means to "grease the palms" of government officials in the name of "privatization." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) ratings has been widely discussed in academia and is linked to corporate financial performance. However, the underlying mechanism between ESG rating events and firm innovation in developing countries has not been effectively explored. Taking Chinese A-share non-financial listed companies from 2009 to 2020 as research samples, this paper empirically studies the mechanism of ESG rating events affecting corporate innovation of listed companies. The findings are as follows :(1) ESG performance and ESG rating events with high financial investment behavior can promote corporate innovation; (2) The industrial structure, the level of property rights protection and the level of regional financial development are the main external environmental factors affecting the previous conclusion; (3) Firm scale effect and capital reservoir effect are the main internal firm factors affecting the first conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological advances associated with computing power and the prospect of artificial intelligence have renewed interest on the economic feasibility of socialism. The question of such feasibility turns on whether the problem of economic calculation has fundamentally changed. In spite of the prospect of what King and Petty (2021) refer to as "technosocialism," we argue that technological advances in computation cannot replace the competitive discovery process that takes place within the context of the market. We do so by situating the case for technosocialism in the context of the socialist calculation debate. Understood in these terms, technosocialism represents a restatement of the case for market socialism, which incorrectly framed the "solution" to economic calculation under socialism as one of computing data, rather than the discovery of context-specific knowledge that only emerges through the exchange of property rights. Therefore, the arguments put forth by Ludwig von Mises and F.A. Hayek, and later Israel Kirzner and Don Lavoie, regarding the impossibility of economic calculation under socialism remains just as relevant today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral raw materials consumption is expected to increase in the near future. Their extraction is frequently associated with adverse effects on renewable resources, such as water and biodiversity, and rivalries with other interests. In this article, we investigate how existing institutional regimes safeguard the sustainability of resources affected by mineral extraction. We apply an Institutional Resource Regime analytical framework to two case studies, in Sweden and Spain, to identify regulatory incoherences and gaps that lead to unsustainable use of resources employed in extractive activities, and the changes required to shift towards integrated institutional regimes. We find that in both cases extractive activity operates within complex institutional regimes which do not guarantee sustainability as a result of 1) ongoing pollution from historic mining, 2) weak policy enforcement, 3) a mismatch between property rights and public policy, 4) lack of mandatory instruments that promote a deeper understanding of the cumulative effect of land use changes. We reflect on the role of land use planning and strategic environmental assessment in moving towards more integrated institutional regimes. We conclude that a clearer definition is needed of the limits within which extraction can take place sustainably, setting priorities in terms of raw materials consumption and the importance of a wider discourse on responsible mineral consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between upholding forestland property rights and achieving environmental conservation is not always straightforward. Occasionally, property rights can be undermined in the pursuit of environmental conservation. This article adopts the concept of "rule of mandates" to explain how a Chinese reform of property rights over forestland, namely the Collective Forest Tenure Reform (CFTR) initiated in 2003, was subsequently undermined under the discourse of Ecological Civilization. In doing so, the article updates the framework for analysing policy implementation under the rule of mandates. Unlike the rule of law, the rule of mandates enables a government to assign a set of mandates that are ambiguous, contradictory, and with hierarchical priorities. Under the top-down authoritarian hierarchy, lower-level governments are obliged to implement the high-priority mandates of higher-level government. Tracing the forest governance dynamics of two counties in Fujian province from 2010 to 2019, the case study reveals that, in the early 2010s, the central government prioritized environmental conservation over forestland property rights under the discourse of Ecological Civilization. At local levels, this manifested in undermining property rights through restricted timber harvest levels for the sake of environmental conservation. Unlike policy implementation under the rule of law, restrictions on timber harvest were implemented by direct government mandates. This analysis points to the vulnerability of property rights under the rule of mandates. In a developing country context characterized by pressing environmental concerns and a dysfunctional rule of law, this study demonstrates the challenges of prioritizing environmental conservation over legal tenure. • Rule of mandates is a ruling model alternative to rule of law. • Upward accountability among multiple-level governments supports rule of mandates. • Tensions between property rights and conservation existed in Chinese discourses. • Forestland property rights were undermined after selectively enforcing mandates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulatory frameworks and management systems are key determining the resilience of small-scale fishing communities to climate change, as they can either enhance or hinder the ability of fishers to sustain their livelihoods and well-being. In Chile, the fishing sector holds significant economic and social importance. The management of specific resources has evolved with the introduction of territorial user rights, which have overlapped with existing traditional and customary fishing communities. Caleta San Pedro (CSP) is one of those traditional communities with a rich legacy dating back to the mid-1800s that since 1997, has operated under a spatial property rights system (AMERB) granted to a neighboring community who hold the official property rights. In this study, we focused on understanding the extent to which property rights, operating alongside customary rules at CSP, can confer social climate resilience. Through the application of face-to face semi-structured questionnaires to 48 fishers, we investigated a range of social factors that are theoretically linked to foster climate resilience in fishing communities (i.e., fisher mobility, resource stewardship). Fishers' responses were categorized in 23 indicators that relate to the different resilience factors, both at the individual (fisher) and the collective (CSP guild) levels. Our study reveals some mismatches in resilience indicators between the individual and collective scales partly due to differing capacities within the embedded regulatory system (e.g. long-term stewardship is high for the individual fishers however lower at the collective scale). However, our findings also illustrate the potential of the system to promote resilience by involving fishers more extensively in decision-making processes, addressing existing inequalities, and implementing adaptive management strategies. Results can shed some light on how resilience may be fostered in similar customary fishing communities embedded in property rights systems elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper engages two theories about the form and function of institutions, the "credibility thesis" offered by Peter Ho (2014, 2017, 2018) and the paradigmatic Coase Theorem, in two versions formulated by George J. Stigler and Steven N.S. Cheung and recognised by Ronald H. Coase (1988). The joint consideration of these two influential theories was predicated on the fact that the former, with its hallmark being "function trumps form" (Vatn 2023), is said to embrace institutional arrangements as endogenous, while the latter treats them as policy variables. This paper, interpreting the internal logic of the credibility thesis in its best possible light, explains that as a policy tool it is compatible with the contingent, comparative and case-by-case thinking of the Coase Theorem, as pointed out by Harold Demsetz (1969), although users of the former have launched an unfortunate and unsubstantiated attack on neo-institutional economics (NIE) likely based on a misinterpretation of primary sources. • Compatibility of the Credibility Thesis & Coase Theorem. • Exogenous empirical dimension of the Credibility Thesis. • Form and fuction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's new round of nationwide land certification program (LCP) provides a good natural experiment to investigate whether land certification can promote rural labor off-farm employment. However, existing research overlooks that the new round of LCP is a re-certification program based on the previous round. This paper proposes that incorporating the ex-ante property rights of households is crucial. Using micro survey data from China, this paper empirically examined the impact of the new round of LCP on off-farm employment for households with different ex-ante property rights through a multi-period DID model. The results indicate that the new round of LCP significantly increased the off-farm employment size for households without old land certificates. However, there was no significant impact on households with old land certificates. The ambitious new round of land tenure reform can only enhance the tenure stability for those households that previously lacked land certificates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social inequality resulting from war, exploitation, and land property is very evident in Ethiopia, which has a significant influence on the economic, social, and political situation of various groups of people. As a result, the primary objective of this study was to assess the significance of the Credibility Thesis in resolving land conflicts via the Formal, Actual, and Targeted (FAT) Institutional Framework. Moreover, this study was conducted to identify the key features and the role of credibility analysis in mitigating land conflicts by employing the Credibility Scales and Intervention (CSI) Checklist. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive literature review including land tenure studies from 1979 to 2020 was conducted. This review used original databases to ensure a comprehensive and extensive exploration of relevant scientific works. The results showed that the land problem in Ethiopia is not only related to the dynamics of social change and inequality at different global, regional, national, and transnational levels, but also provides access to land resources, the foundations of authority, livelihood, property, and citizenship. Furthermore, the lack of land security for non-indigenous minorities contributes to substantial ambiguity for land rights. Therefore, measures to increase land security and transfer land tenure can have an important influence on productivity and should be prioritized by policymakers. These measures may include elements from active land certification initiatives, but they should also specify the legal credit of certifications issued in the system and how to execute them. • This study aimed to identify the key features in mitigating land conflicts. • Measures to increase land security and transfer land tenure have an important influence on productivity. • In order to recognize land title, it is required to resolve the obstacle of structural arrangements. • For preferential levels of institutional validity, proper political action should share choice and satisfaction. • By changing institutional credibility to moderate, acceptance of action without intervention may no longer be sufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small-scale fisheries (SSF) are a vital component of the global fisheries sector, significantly contributing to food security, livelihoods, and cultural heritage. In China, the SSF sub-sector is substantial, yet it is often overshadowed by large-scale fisheries (LSF), resulting in limited understanding and targeted management measures for SSF. This study uses the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) to compare the livelihoods of SSF and LSF in China's Bohai Region, aiming to identify the sustainability challenges faced by SSF and explore potential improvement pathways. The results indicate that the overall livelihood assets of SSF are significantly lower than those of LSF. The failure to differentiate between these two sub-sectors in fisheries management may exacerbate this disparity, further marginalizing SSF. We recommend that China undertake immediate fisheries reforms and outreach efforts aimed at promoting the sustainability of SSF communities. Key strategies include strengthening property rights governance, establishing inclusive decision-making processes for SSF fishers, providing preferential policies and financial support for the most vulnerable SSF actors, and incorporating considerations of SSF's role within the broader socio-ecological system and its interactions with other components into management. Additionally, we suggest the development of a separate management plan for SSF to address their unique needs. This study enhances the understanding of China's SSFs, supports the implementation of SSF Guidelines in China, and offers insights into global SSF management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "green prison" refers to the prisoner's dilemma that entrepreneurs face in regard to sustainability, and entrepreneurs tend to escape from the green prison through a series of proactive legitimizing behaviors such as "changing or establishing institutions that create incentives to play the competitive game—norms, property rights, and legislation". However, how sustainable entrepreneurial enterprises (SEEs) escape from the "green prison" under environmental dynamism and the dynamic changes in the legitimacy acquisition process has not yet received adequate attention. This paper introduces ecological niche theory into legitimacy research, interprets the growth of SEE as the process of individual ecological niches realizing ecostate‒ecorole enhancement within population ecological niches, constructs a set of legitimacy scales and an ecostate‒ecorole index system for SEE, and empirically analyzes a sample of 307 SEEs in China. The results show that (1) cognitive legitimacy, normative legitimacy, and regulatory legitimacy play the ecostate‒ecorole enhancement roles for SEEs at low, medium, and high ecological niche levels, respectively; (2) the dynamic change patterns of legitimacy are consistent across the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of the ecological niche of a SEE; (3)environmental dynamism positively moderates the relationship between cognitive legitimacy and the ecological niche situation at a low ecological niche level, as well as between normative legitimacy and the enhancement of the ecological niche situation at a medium ecological niche level, however, it does not moderate the relationship between regulatory legitimacy and the enhancement of the ecological niche situation at a high ecological niche level. This study identifies the paths through which legitimacy changes dynamically along different dimensions and levels of the ecological niche of a SEE, which provides new guidelines on how SEEs can acquire legitimacy under environmental dynamism and expands and enriches the research field of ecological niche theory. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a conflict model but rather than output being subject to appropriation, one of the inputs to production is partially insecure. We find that how a player responds to an increase in the secure portion of its resource depends on the returns to scale in production. With increasing (decreasing) returns to scale, an increase in the secure portion of the resource will increase (decrease) that player's effort to contest the resource. We also show that with increasing (decreasing) returns to scale the player controlling more of the secure resource exerts higher (lower) equilibrium effort in the contest for the unsecure resource. For constant returns to scale, players' efforts remain unaffected by the amount of secured resources controlled. Our findings imply that territorial expansions by large actors will be more likely observed within the context of production technologies subject to increasing returns to scale (e.g. oil extraction). With decreasing returns to scale (e.g. alluvial diamonds, agricultural land), we predict more intense conflict by small actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent oil palm expansion has resulted in significant land losses for rural communities globally, raising concerns about food security, poverty, and the loss of common resources. This study investigates whether community-based tenure regimes in Mexico, particularly ejidos, prevent land grabbing and land concentration in oil palm producing regions. By mapping oil palm plantation types (smallholdings, mid-sized and large-scale plantations) across major land tenure regimes (ejido, communal and private property) using high spatial resolution imagery from Google Earth and ESRI/Maxar, we explore the relationship between tenure forms and land concentration. Our findings suggest that ejido lands largely prevents land grabbing by oil palm, although neoliberal reforms have favored land concentration, especially under private tenured land (southern Campeche) but also in some ejidos facing illegal land-based investments (Lacandon rainforest). This research contributes to broader debates on oil palm, tenure regimes and land grabbing, highlighting the need for land tenure policies that protect rural communities from industrial plantation encroachments. • Mexico offers a unique opportunity to understand land grabbing by oil palm as community-based tenure is very common. • Our findings indicate oil palm smallholdings are prevalent but also production under private tenured land. • Ejidos, a form of community-based tenure in Mexico, were found to prevent land grabbing by oil palm. • Latest oil palm expansion in Mexico, occurring in Campeche, is taking the form of large industrial plantations. • This case shows that both land rights along and policy support are key to foster small-scale oil palm production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the evolving rural-urban landscape in China's rapid urbanization, contextualized within post-1978 social transitions. Using a socio-spatial analytics approach and mechanism theory, we compare rural-urban land use dynamics (RULD) in Kunshan and Nanhai, located in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta regions respectively. The study analyzes factors driving RULD changes through actors' practices, attributing differences to globalization timing, land rights consciousness, and resulting path dependencies. These elements have shaped political-commercial alliances and land development norms, leading to inconsistent RULD over time. Two key arguments emerge: First, contemporary RULD divergence stems from socioeconomic transitions, distinct from environmental constraints in agrarian societies. Second, this divergence reflects cross-scale state-market-society interactions at the macro level, while resulting from multi-scale actor negotiations at the micro level. This research contributes to understanding complex urbanization processes in transitional economies, offering insights into socio-spatial dynamics of rural-urban transformations. • Links the rural-urban land use dynamics with broader social transitions. • Examines rural-urban land use dynamics in county urbanization through comparative practice research. • Demonstrates the impact of political and business alliances on rural-urban land-use pattern reconfiguration. • Examines multi-scale actor negotiations in rural-urban land use dynamics, revealing state-market-society interplays. • Path dependency has led to inconsistent rural-urban land use dynamics over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Income shocks due to environmental variability, climatic events or overexploitation can result in severe hardships for natural resource users which are unable to smooth consumption. Artisanal fishers in Chile vary in their ability to smooth consumption due to regulatory differences. Utilizing these regulatory differences, we find that survey participants that harvest species which are governed by restrictive quotas have preferences for more precautionary savings compared to survey participants whose harvest is not restricted. The inability to adjust harvest increases the importance of self-insurance through saving. Especially in developing countries, where formal saving opportunities are limited, policies that aim at stabilizing resource productivity through restrictive quotas need to account for available consumption smoothing strategies to avoid unintended welfare losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of the marine economy, the transfer, lease and other transactions of marine use right in China's coastal areas have emerged continuously. At the same time, to promote the effective protection of marine environment and resources, the establishment and reform of marine property rights system has become a very important part. To play the basic role of the market and environmental protection in the utilization of marine resources, it is very important to establish the corresponding property right registration system. In response, the central government has proposed the establishment of a unified registration system for real estate and natural resources nationwide, including in marine areas. Therefore, this study takes China's marine administration as the research object and constructs a conceptual model based on LADM, which serves as an important basis for the subsequent registration system development. Specifically, this study first summarizes the evolution process of China's marine administration system since the founding of China. Secondly, it puts forward the existing marine rights system. Then, based on the LADM standard and the instance-level diagram for marine administration activities, the corresponding LADM-based profile is developed. The core improvement of this model lies in the improved structuring of marine-related rights, restrictions and responsibilities (as well as related source documents), which is an important preparation for the expansion of land information infrastructure to the sea. • The evolution process of marine geo-regulation system since the foundation of new China is summarized. • China's existing marine rights system has been systematically sorted out and refined. • The stratified utilization and adjudication system of China's marine spaces has been conceptually modeled. • An LADM-based marine geo-regulation system is developed, along with a series of supporting instance level diagrams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insecure rights tend to lead to land-use conflicts. The literature mainly focuses on the impact of insecure land rights on investment. Regarding the causes, studies mainly focus on the effect of state regulations. Little attention is given to the impact of the extractive economy on land rights security. This article scrutinizes how palm oil expansion manipulates insecure land rights, leading to land-use conflict. We pay attention to a particular land right in Indonesia that is based on the´ land status letter´ (Surat Keterangan Tanah, SKT), an initial proof of land ownership that is widely held by villagers in Indonesia. Studies have neglected this land right, as most attention has been on customary rights (Adat). Our main questions are: How do palm oil companies treat the SKT in their efforts to obtain more land for their plantations, and how do farmers try to fight for their SKT rights? Using a qualitative case study in Indonesia´s Riau Province, we show that because of a shared perception that SKTs offer security, villagers did not attempt to get a full legal land certificate from the Land Agency, and palm oil companies often manipulated SKT land rights to acquire land for new plantations. Limited access to conflict resolution mechanisms hampers landholders' efforts to enforce their land rights, and our study suggests that the security of SKT land rights depends upon landholders' ability to fight for their rights. NGOs did not help empower them in this matter in most cases. • Insecure land tenure is a well-known issue in development. • Agrarian transformation threatens the land-right security of small farmers. • Political economy is needed to explain insecure land rights. • Palm oil expansion manipulates SKT land rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In considering complex human-land systems, the land use and planning for places of worship is perhaps not an issue that may first come to mind. Simultaneously, however, it has become an increasingly critical and researched topic due to rising ethnic and cultural tensions in the West. Contrarily, the topic is virtually terra incognita for the Chinese context. This article aims to make up for that shortfall, and examines the way how the space for religious sites in China is acquired, planned and governed. It focuses on one of the more prominent places of worships often contested in the West: the mosque, and particularly those belonging to the Hui minority. The study relies on surveys, in-depth interviews, participant observation and rare documents hitherto unavailable in English, such as (informal) contracts, ownership titles, and historical court rulings. A dual finding is reported: 1) over time, the Chinese state's envisioned ownership for religious property in general, and Islamic property in particular, has evolved into common property slightly comparable to condominium; 2) despite stated intentions to formalize religious planning, mosques' land use has remained largely informal. Markedly, local planning authorities continue upholding a grey zone in which Hui Muslim sites of worship are tacitly condoned. Although there are caveats, this "tolerance of informality" offers leeway for religious praxis while providing space to a revolutionary past of complex, contested and convoluted property rights. • One of earliest studies on religious land use and planning in China. • Study focuses on places of worship oft contested in West: mosques. • Envisioned ownership for religious property evolved into common property. • Despite plans to formalize planning mosques' land use stays largely informal. • Informality offers room for religious praxis and facilitates past, complex rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on land use policy has been vexed by the pivotal question of which institutions achieve credibility. Scholars have been split as it has been difficult to assess credibility. To provide a solution, an alternative theory pushed forward a renewed understanding of the question why some property rights succeed while others fail. At its heart is the axiom that Form – be it private/public, secure/insecure or formal/informal – follows from Function. This position – aka the Credibility Thesis – has propelled a fundamental change on the study of land, housing, settlements and resources evidenced through a steady stream of publications. Building on this literature, this collection reports several findings: 1) theoretical – credibility revolves around maintaining congruence between the function of institutions; 2) methodological – credibility can be measured via conflict, perceptual divergences and shifts over time; 3) empirical – institutions tend to change when functional congruence is disregarded while enduring when it is safeguarded. The findings cover different geographies (ranging from India and Ethiopia to China and Colombia) demonstrating the theory's applicability. The collection ends with a double treatise; one pointing out like-minded bodies of thought with reference to Elinor Ostrom and another identifying quandaries that research must consider. To appreciate the collection's main thrust, this introduction leads it off by reviewing 10 years' research on the Credibility Thesis in terms of the field, findings and future. • This collection examines question why some property rights succeed and others fail. • Articles validate axiom that Form follows from Function aka Credibility Thesis. • Institutional credibility studied ranging from informal tenure to land conflicts. • Methods used include Conflict Analysis Model, FAT Framework and CSI Checklist. • This intro reviews the field, empirical findings and future research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• New empirical evidence on strengthening customary institutions. • Examines perceived tenure security and land governance outcomes in rural Liberia. • Survey experiment on gendered land rights in the context of a land intervention. • Low-cost intervention on changing norms on gendered roles and property rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the political economy underlying the design and implementation of land acquisition and restructuring, a territorial policy aimed at reducing affluence disparity. It focuses on the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, where major land invasions occurred between September 2015 and March 2022 in response to prolonged and acute inequality. Local authorities solicited and even coordinated the arriving land speculators. Moreover, land invasion has been empirically fueled not only by land concentration but also by increasing land prices. To better understand this relationship, a regression analysis was conducted on 154 incidents of land attained throughout the silk-lafto sub-cities of Addis Ababa. The study examined various indicators including the concentration of land ownership, market competition, land invaded per capita, literacy rate, land expropriated and reassigned per capita, and unemployment rate. The results show that Ethiopia's land leasing policy, driven by high speculative prices, intensified land inequality and influenced land invasions throughout the city. This has led to a surge in land prices and worsened the problem of land inequality. The findings provide evidence of political struggles regarding the issue of land ownership inequality and show that socio-political pressures exist in both the planning and implementation phases of land-based policies. • Major land invasions in Addis Ababa were fueled by inequality and local authorities' involvement with land speculators. • Land leasing policies can worsen land inequality by driving up prices and encouraging speculative land grabs. • Land invasions often respond to high land prices and inequality, prompting aggressive reform and legislative action. • Regression analysis of 154 incidents shows land concentration and rising prices fueled land invasions. • Political struggles over land ownership inequality affect both planning and implementing land-based policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Property rights and market transactions have constantly been a core topic in development economics, but existing studies rarely, especially using fine-grain data, examine the impact of property rights system reform on land market evolution. Based on the natural experiment of China's land titling and 3053 transferred plots in Yangshan County, we employ a fixed effect model to identify this impact. We find that land titling promotes the marketization of land transfer, enabling it to evolve from relational trust to formal contracts. Specifically, land titling increases the probability of households signing land transfer contracts, especially written contracts with legal force. It also stimulates households to transfer their land to non-acquaintances, to charge rents, and to determine a specific duration. Land titling's impact is primarily achieved by its improvement in the exclusivity, stability, and clarity of land rights. This impact is constrained by the characteristics of plots and households. Households are conservative about the marketization of larger plot transfers. Better irrigation conditions and higher off-farm migration are associated with deeper marketization of land transfer. This evidence emphasizes that land titling, as a combination of technology and institutions, can effectively reduce transaction costs and improve the efficiency of land use. • Property rights are closely related to the evolution of land markets. • 3053 transferred plots are used to identify this connection. • Land titling promotes the marketization of land transfer. • This effect is explained by the reduction of transaction costs. • This effect is constrained by the characteristics of plots and households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has become a worldwide mental health concern; however, the neural mechanism underlying this disorder remains unclear. Multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA), a newly developed data-driven approach, can be used to investigate the neural features of IGD based on massive neural data.Methods: Resting-state fMRI data from four hundred and two participants with varying levels of IGD severity were recruited. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) and the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) were calculated and subsequently decoded by applying MVPA. The highly weighted regions in both predictive models were selected as regions of interest for further graph theory and Granger causality analysis (GCA) to explore how they affect IGD severity.Results: The results revealed that the neural patterns of ReHo and ALFF can independently and significantly predict IGD severity. The highly weighted regions that contributed to both predictive models were the right precentral gyrus and left postcentral gyrus. Moreover, topological properties of the right precentral gyrus were significantly correlated with IGD severity; further GCA revealed effective connectivity from the right precentral gyrus to left precentral gyrus and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, both of which were significantly associated with IGD severity.Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that IGD has distinctive neural patterns, and this pattern could be found by machine learning. In addition, the neural features in the right precentral gyrus play a key role in predicting IGD severity. The current study revealed the neural features of IGD and provided a potential target for IGD interventions using brain modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similar to the construction of ordinal sums of overlap functions, Baczyński et al. introduced two new kinds of ordinal sums of fuzzy implications without additional restrictions on summands in 2017. In this paper, based on the ordinal sum of fuzzy implications with the first method, we discuss its basic properties, such as iterative Boolean law, right ordering property and strong boundary condition. Meanwhile, we give characterizations of such ordinal sum of fuzzy implications that is a QL -implication constructed from tuples (O , G , N ⊤) or a D -implication derived from grouping function G , and show some conclusions about its relations with (G , N) - and R O -implications. Moreover, we study the distributivity of such ordinal sum of fuzzy implications over a class of overlap and grouping functions. More specifically, we give necessary and sufficient conditions under which this ordinal sum of fuzzy implications is distributive over overlap and grouping functions satisfying some conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Our paper attempts to rationalize the classified reforming nature of China's state sectors, based on the criteria of factor endowment structure of SOE sectors adopted between 1980 and 2018. • We argue that ceteris paribus, the problem of low efficiency and rent-seeking commonly suffered by China's state-owned sector, has been cured by applying a reform strategy that undertakes property right reforms based on the factor endowment allocation of SOEs across different industries. • In terms of the theoretical contribution, we construct a Nash bargaining model between the principal (state officials) and the agent (SOE manager), and identify two ownership reform irrelevance points (ORIPs) in the model. • Our Nash bargaining model indicates the need for some SOEs to be undertaken by the 'mixed-ownership reform' whilst others should undergo 'full privatization reform'; both are judged by the distinct factor endowment allocation amongst different industries, which are in line with the stylized facts of China's state sector reforms over the past four decades. • In the final section, we discuss the possible policy implications of this paper with particular reference to our proposed Nash bargaining model. Based on the criteria of the factor endowment structure of state-owned enterprise (SOE) sectors in China between 1980 and 2018, this paper rationalizes the classified reforming of China's state sectors by constructing a Nash bargaining model to capture the dynamics of ownership restructuring, and the reduction process of policy burden on SOEs. We reveal that the interplay between policy burden bared by SOEs and the ownership restructuring process largely depends upon their factor intensities since the reform period in the 1980s. Our model identifies two Ownership Reform Irrelevance Points (ORIP), which serve as the benchmark for the dynamics of the ownership restructuring process of China's large SOEs, which saw them move from 'mixed-ownership' to 'privatization'. ORIPs demonstrate the need for a reduction in social policy burdens with regards to the state sector's comparative advantage of factor endowment structure through SOE ownership restructuring. This study theoretically analyzes existing literatures on the classified reforms of China's state sectors from 1978 to 2018. This study is the first to base such an analysis on the criteria of factor endowment structure focusing on the connection between the policy burdens bared by SOEs and their ownership restructuring process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The spatial extent of non-state conservancies in Kenya is rapidly increasing. • This rapid expansion has sparked heightened tensions and conflicts. • Landowners employ grazing arrangements to spatially fix pastoralist communities. • These arrangements (re)shape established 'conservation subjectivities'. • Night grazing practices highlight limitations of conservation subject formation. Across much of eastern Africa, the land area coverage of private or otherwise non-state conservation areas is rapidly increasing. In Kenya, these trends have sparked renewed contestation and debate concerning the property rights and broader terms of access to non-state conservation spaces. Pursuant to these disputes, emergent conservation territories are increasingly governed through practices of landscape stratification, demarcation, and surveillance, as well as via the formalization of community-based grazing arrangements in hybridized 'buffer zone' spaces. Examining the empirical implications of these practices in Kenya's Laikipia County, we highlight the somewhat counterintuitive ways in which private conservationists increasingly employ grazing arrangements 'from above' not only to regulate access to natural resources, but also to influence subject formation processes and to fix or otherwise reshape the spatial contours of pastoralist systems. Emphasizing the limitations of such initiatives, however, we foreground the significance of ongoing patterns of agro-pastoral transformation and their implications for the persistence of night grazing or other illicit nocturnal responses 'from below' amongst certain strata of Laikipia's internally diverse communities. Whilst such forms of nocturnal agency are inherently significant insofar as they frustrate conservationists' efforts to uniformly enforce resource access restrictions throughout the nychthemeron or complete 24-hour 'day-night' cycle, we suggest that these practices also grant important insight into the nature of shifting 'conservation subjectivities' in East African drylands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the land property rights system is an effective way to enhance the rural economy and resist the effects of rural decay caused by rapid urbanization. However, in many developing countries, farmers' perception of the security and integrity of their allocated land rights, which is the core of farmers' decision making, deviates from the forms stipulated by formal land property rights systems. China is no exception in this regard. Based on two household surveys conducted in Jiangsu, Jiangxi, and Liaoning Provinces in China, which cover 2014 and 2018 information, this paper uses an ologit model to explore the impact of the democratization level on farmers' perception of land rights security and integrity and identifies the moderating effect of social network abundance. The results show that a higher democratization level of village governance enhances farmers' perception of the effectiveness of land certificates and the integrity of the bundle of rights but exerts an insignificant impact on farmers' perception of land reallocation. We also find that social network abundance has a moderating effect. Social network abundance weakens the effect of democratization level on the perception of certificate effectiveness but enhance its effect on the perception of rights integrity. Furthermore, our findings provide a reference for reforming rural land property rights systems and rural governance systems during the process of developing rural revitalization strategies. • We examine the impact of democratization level on farmers' perception of land rights security and integrity. • The higher democratization level enhances the perception of land certificate effectiveness and the right-bundle integrity. • Social network has a moderating effect on the relationship between democratization level and land right perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Rights- to -nature and rights -of -nature could challenge extractivist forest politics. • Rights- to -nature is about fair access to nature and a matter of social justice. • Rights -of -nature advocates for ecological justice and indigenous land rights. • In Northern Finland, these rights framings entangle with local common senses. • The rights conceptualisations do not address the gradual degradation of most forests. Forests, and the politics around them, are posited both as a cause of and solution to the contemporary ecological crisis. This paper explores how rights to forest and rights of forest conceptualisations can re-articulate, and potentially challenge, the problematic dominance of capitalist forest politics in Northern Finland and beyond. Conceptually, the paper combines the debates on rights- to -nature and rights- of -nature. Rights- to -nature is concerned with how people can access and use nature to support their lives. Rights- of -nature, meanwhile, highlights the nature's intrinsic value and the rights of indigenous peoples. Combining the two perspectives might allow imagining politics of nature that is both ecologically and socially just. Empirically, the paper studies forest politics in Tornio River valley in Northern Finland through an ethnographic case study. The rights- to -nature conceptualisation associates locally with the existing use rights and ownership rights. Rights -to -nature may guarantee access to a forest, but it does not guarantee its existence. Rights- of -nature, meanwhile, associates with strong conservation, nature's power, and indigenous land rights. However, also the rights- of- nature conceptualisation is unlikely to challenge the gradual degradation of most Northern forests, as these "boring" forests lack both recognised human stewardship and intrinsic value. Thus, in the study area the rights conceptualisations do not decisively challenge the existing forest politics, even if the framings can acquire a more radical content. Overall, this paper shows that transnational rights discourses and conceptualisations entangle with local common senses. Factoring in the local understandings is essential for re-articulating politics of nature that could receive broad local support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviewed the history of the coupling relationship between land consolidation and urban-rural development in China since 1949. It found that, although land consolidation projects in non-integrated urban-rural development phases improved the quality and quantity of cultivated land, it did not improve the rural decline effectively before 2013 because it focused more on land issues and did not complement and stimulate urban and rural development. Comprehensive land consolidations in China are expected to operate as both a tool and a platform for the operation of a developmental policy that aims to promote rural vitalisation through the integration of urban-rural development. The case of Huai Town was analysed using a framework of Rural In Situ Urbanisation (RISU) through a semi socio-economic restructuring. This was done to present an innovative style of RISU in which villagers live in towns and their livelihoods, living spaces, and public services are urbanised while they still retain both their rural land rights and rural household registrations, which allowed for the integration of urban and rural resources, the protection of villagers' interests, and a smooth social transition. The key factors for these comprehensive land consolidations to help combat rural decline include a bottom-up, community-supported structure; a coordinated approach incorporating livelihood transformation, population urbanisation, and land urbanisation, with livelihood transformation serving as the foundation; and the protection of villagers' rights and interests. • Land consolidation projects before 2013 in China did not improve the rural decline effectively. • Comprehensive land consolidations in China are expected to operate as both a tool and a platform for the operation of a developmental policy that aims to promote rural vitalization. • The key factors for comprehensive land consolidations to help combat rural decline include a community-supported structure; a coordinated approach and the protection of villagers' rights. • The type of RISU in the case township achieved the integration of urban and rural elements to combat rural decline in which villagers who lived in small towns were still with rights to village land collective ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With 76% of the total main workforce in agriculture and more than 50% small and medium landowning households, the village provides an important case study for understanding agrarian resilience. The conceptualisation of resilience has been majorly confined to a system or a territorial boundary. Agrarian resilience too is commonly assumed to be driven by forces within the agriculture and the rural. i.e. land ownership remains constant, the labour of the peasantry is spatially limited to agriculture, the capital is generated within agriculture and the networks and skills of the peasantry is also confined to agriculture. This has underscored the role of factors and processes working outside the agriculture in conceptualising agrarian resilience. While the primacy of the agrarian processes cannot be denied, there are often processes working outside an agrarian system that can also enable resilience. i.e. the rural workforce can diversify its labour outside agriculture in the urban non-farm sector, capital can also be generated from sources outside the agriculture. In this context, using the case study of a village dominated by small and medium landowning households in the Patiala district of Punjab in India, the paper shows that resilience is driven by processes both within and outside agriculture. • Agrarian Resilience is a critical concept for understanding responses to rural transformation. • Resilience as a concept cannot not spatially, sectorally or region bounded. • Agrarian Resilience can be understood by the nature of rural urban relationship. • Agrarian groups use options and means outside agriculture and rural to stay resilient to changes within and outside agriculture. • Urban provides rural agrarian workforce new sources of capital and options to diversify labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preserving farmland on the urban fringe is challenging. We hypothesise that the inefficiency of some farmland protection policies may partly arise from a lack of consideration of their social impacts. This paper hence provides a 7-criterion analytical framework to examine the social justice issues raised by the implementation of planning policies. Applying it to three French policies reveals multi-dimensional inequalities arising from farmland preservation on the urban fringe. Regarding distributive justice, all three policies generate unequal access to resources (farmland, building rights) for different types of farmers. They also show spatial variations in regulations and disregard for the special needs of new farmers. Regarding procedural justice, on two of the criteria, 'recognition of difference' and 'perception of injustices', we find evidence of exclusion, domination and lack of recognition that some minority farmers or residents are inconvenienced by agricultural activities. All three farmland preservation policies allow established farmers to capture resources such as land and rights to build farm structures, hindering the renewal and diversification needed for multifunctional agriculture and local food systems. Our 7 justice criteria could help researchers in other contexts uncover similar forms of power, exclusion, injustice and inequality embedded in the elaboration and implementation of farmland preservation or other planning policies. The insights from three French farmland protection policies may help local authorities anticipate potential justice issues, develop capacities, and provide more inclusive and transparent procedures for expressing or preventing feelings of injustice. • Implementation of farmland preservation policies (FPP) raises justice issues. • We identify 7 justice criteria for assessing farmland preservation policies. • All three cases show inequalities and instances of lobbying, exclusion, and domination. • Lack of justice is a barrier to social acceptability and efficiency of FPPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese central government began the new round Land Certificated Program (LCP) in 2011, which separates operational land rights from previous contract rights to further improve the efficiency of farmland use. This paper aims to assess its impact therein. We use a dataset collected by the authors themselves of more than 2000 households in 2016, which was a random, nationally representative sample of 100 rural villages among five provinces in China. We first analyze the status of the LCP, and then use the sample villages wherein LCP has either finished or not yet begun in order to conduct empirical analysis with Probit/Tobit regression and Propensity Score Matching methods. Our results indicate that the LCP significantly increase the likelihood that household would rent in land, improve the amount of land rented in and enhance the intensity of land rented in. However, the LCP has no effect on land rented out. The paper concludes with policy implications for the development of the land rental market to facilitate land transfer and consolidation, and identifies potential research paths for further study. • Minority villages have finished the Land Certificated Program due to late 2015. • The LCP significantly increase the likelihood that household rent in land, improve the amount of land rented in and enhance the intensity of land rented in. • However, the LCP has no effect on land rented out. • The characteristics of household head, family, and village are also significant factors for farmland renting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study investigates the consequences of a law mandating land restitution to victims of forced displacement in Colombia. • The main outcome is the access to microcredit. • The law increases the likelihood to access a credit and the size of the loan. • The effects are most pronounced two years after the restitution, when individuals gain full property rights. • Findings indicate the presence of both a demand effect and a reduction in credit rationing due to complementary policies. Victims of forced displacement and land dispossession are eligible for land restitution under a law approved in Colombia in 2011. These households are materially deprived and have limited access to the formal labor market, often resorting to informal entrepreneurship to improve their living conditions. For this, they need access to credit. We estimate the causal effect of the law on credit access, using the timing of the restitution as the source of identification in an event study approach. We analyze administrative data from the program and data from the census of credit transactions. Our findings reveal, on the extensive margin, a substantial increase in beneficiaries' likelihood of obtaining a loan and, on the intensive margin, an increase in loan size. These effects are most pronounced two years after land restitution when individuals obtain the full property right. Although complementary policies partly drive this effect, the data suggest that demand for credit also increases, signaling restored trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Demand for Residential Licence is higher in homogenous neighbourhoods with higher shares of older, male and cooperative landholders. • This statutory property right is of higher priority to marginalised individuals, such as newcomers, women, and uncooperative landholders. • Landholders expect substantial returns from land titles, including gains of tenure security and public goods provision via state mechanisms. • Expectations of social sanctions for formalisation are low and neighbours do not provide significant (dis)incentives to land titling choices. • Land titling is seen primarily as an act of state contribution and a private decision: local leaders and households are more relevant networks. In much of urban Africa, demand for statutory property rights remains low even when governments coordinate land titling programmes and reduce the costs of registration. This paper studies the Residential Licence programme of Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), which has had moderate and decreasing uptake since the early 2000 s. It tests hypotheses that social cohesion – measured via neighbourhood homogeneity and individual connectedness (or marginalisation) – affects choices of formalisation and explores two potential channels through social cohesion producing returns from informal systems and social sanctions for exit. Statistical analysis of city-wide administrative data shows that more homogenous neighbourhoods with higher shares of older, male and cooperative landholders have lower individual titling, and marginalised individuals, such as newcomers, female and uncooperative landholders, make more recourse to statutory property rights. However, primary survey data and vignettes suggest that landholders expect substantial returns from formalisation, including gains of tenure security and public goods provision over and above the informal tenure system. Expectations of social sanctions by neighbours are negligeable overall, and neighbours do not provide significant disincentives (nor incentives) for land titling decisions in this context. By showing that dimensions of social cohesion make land title acquisition of higher priority for specific groups and individuals, these results add to a growing literature on the links between social cohesion, tenure security and land titling decisions. They underscore a need for further research on how informal tenure systems produce and distribute public goods (including tenure security) generating heterogenous (dis)incentives for transitioning to alternative land institutions. This knowledge will provide better understandings of demand for land titles in rapidly urbanising developing cities and inform more effective land policies addressing specific shortcomings of informal tenure systems for diverse contexts, communities and individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of gender as an embodied site of political control and resistance within Mapuche-Capuchin relations in the early period of Bavarian Capuchin mission-building in Chile (1897–1922). The study frames agricultural science education as a civilizing method employed in the Capuchin mission schools, targeting Mapuche children. The aim was to educate Mapuche children in Christian and Western gender roles, moral behavior, and rural economic occupations. Amid the overarching conflict over land rights and privatization between Mapuche communities and the Chilean government, the state's support for the Capuchin order's evangelizing mission was perceived as a long-term strategy to appropriate Indigenous lands and assimilate the Mapuche into the rural and urban workforce. The article illustrates how the conflict over embodied gender roles disrupted Mapuche socioeconomic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is transforming landscapes and land use practices. As the state territorializes climate risk via land use planning instruments, it transforms the operation of legal rights. In the Global North, this is generally understood as imposing constraints on private property rights. In the Global South, the literature focuses on the way planning instruments create or transform property rights. Using case studies from the Philippines, this paper demonstrates that, in property orders marked by high levels of informality, the land use planning process does not constrain state-given property rights, nor only create or attenuate rights. Instead, it can transform entire property orders, displacing long-term systems of informal land tenure derived from possessory interests and reifying state-sanctioned forms of title. This reordering of systems has significant consequences for the emergent, nominally climate-resilient landscape and the operation of state power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governance plays an important role in coastal wetland protection and restoration. Through a review of the literature on the governance of coastal wetlands, we assessed the drivers influencing the governance of coastal wetlands. We found 66 cases addressing seven governance themes: politics, institutions, land tenure, economy, policies, resources, and behavior. The literature was dominated by studies focused on the protection of mangrove areas in lower-middle-income countries and at the local scale. We found 61 drivers that influence the governance of coastal wetlands. The literature highlighted the participation of local communities as a critical driver of protection and restoration practices and identified a range of challenges. Local communities' participation in governance depends on the implementation of multilevel, decentralized, and integrated practices that promote equitable distribution of power between actors. Solutions to enhance local community rights and land tenure, compensation for alternative livelihoods, and unequal power dynamics are significant knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in future research. • The governance literature focuses on mangrove protection. • Most studies are from lower-middle-income countries, at local scales. • Participation of local communities forms the central narrative. • Decentralized, integrated, multilevel practices could improve governance of wetlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is already a rich literature on collective action surrounding irrigation systems, which constitutes a significant mainstream knowledge system in the field of collective action. However, within this mainstream knowledge system, little attention has been paid to the impact of land reallocation with demographic changes on collective action. This form of land reallocation is a unique phenomenon under the common property rights in China, which is rare in the world. Based on the theoretical framework of social-ecological systems and survey data obtained from 4809 households in 16 provinces of rural China, the empirical results indicate a significant adverse influence of volatile land reallocation on collective action related to irrigation, which is mediated by land transfer, average parcel size, and village disputes. These results underline the need for secure land tenure to foster collective action in rural areas. This research contributes new variables and empirical evidence from China to the field of collective action research. Additionally, this study broadens the scope of the traditional economic focus of agriculture on land reallocation by encompassing the realm of commons governance. • Land reallocation is confirmed to have a direct and negative effect on collective action in the commons. • A unique dataset comprising 4809 households from 16 provinces across China is used to test the hypothesis. • The effects of land reallocation on collective action are mediated by land transfer, average parcel size, village disputes. • We present the complex interactions among key variables in specific Social-Ecological System. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) is globally recognized for the restoration of diverse forest ecosystem services across extensive landscapes. Many studies have emphasized the importance of cross-sectoral policy alignment. However, current initiatives aimed at restoration face obstacles due to fragmented management structures across different sectors. This study argues that bridging this gap necessitates a deeper understanding of policy mix elements and their characteristics. This involves scrutinizing policy instruments in various domains to gain insight into complex policy design problems. Using Ethiopia as a case, we identified four sectoral policies due to their relevance to FLR. Within these policy domains, a total of 11 major goals and 46 instruments were identified. We employed a methodological approach known as the Cross-Impact Matrix (CIM) to analyze the interaction between goals and instruments as a specific characterization of the policy mix in FLR-related policies. The results reveal varying levels of coherence based on 121 interactions among eleven goals in the CIM. Additionally, the consistency of instruments was analyzed through 2116 interactions among 46 instruments. As a result of these interactions, specific regulatory instruments, like the acquisition and use of agricultural land, negatively impact FLR efforts by introducing the risk of overlapping and insecure land use rights, including those related to the 2018 Forest Development, Conservation, and Utilization Proclamation and others. This overlap potentially creates challenges when implementing other policy instruments that support FLR. On the other hand, the REDD+ policy creates a positive and conducive environment for implementing other instruments. In conclusion, this paper underscores the importance of considering the complex nature and dynamics of real-world challenges in shaping the policy mix for FLR. • The factors that shape policy mix for Forest landscape restoration (FLR) are complex and dynamic, hence requiring attention. • The interaction among regulatory, procedural, economic, and informational policy tools influence the outcomes of FLR. • Key policy instruments trigger ripple effects in the policy mix, needing attention to address trade-offs and align synergies. • A methodological approach like cross-impact matrix is important for assessing the coherence and consistency of policy mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Clarify the three-dimensional spatial development rights attributes of urban land renewal. • Distinguish sustainable land development mechanisms from different functional spaces. • Addresses the interference of endogenous issues. • Value objective has shifted from the common minimum unit of land to local space. Urban renewal, as an important means of promoting sustainable urbanization in the stock era, is essentially a process of redistributing land appreciation benefits caused by spatial development rights. However, current literature mostly analyzes the traditional two-dimensional renewal model from the perspective of market mechanisms, which leads to the inability of urban land renewal mechanisms to adapt to sustainable urban development. Therefore, taking Shenzhen as an example, our study aims to understand the spatial mechanism of urban land renewal from a three-dimensional perspective of spatial development rights. Using geographically weighted regression and two-stage least squares regression, we found that the objective of value analysis has shifted from the common minimum unit of land to local space. Moreover, affected by the surrounding environment and various supporting public service facilities, the existence of spatial heterogeneity leads to significant differences in the value of the different functional space within same geographical ranges. The influence intensity of economy, society, and environment shows a decreasing pattern in space from the center of the region to the outer circle of the region. We not only construct a sustainable urban land renewal framework based on three-dimensional spatial property rights, but also distinguish the mechanisms and endogenous issues for different functional spaces. Our study could make a great difference in adjustment of urban land development rights and value acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]