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Interest in perovskite solar cell (PSC) research is increasing because PSC has a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE), which has notably risen to 28.3 %. However, commercialization of PSCs faces a significant obstacle due to their stability issues. This review article primarily focuses on several key aspects of PSCs, including different types of solar cells, their construction and operational mechanisms, efficiency, and overall stability. It explains the structure and functioning of PSCs, covering materials and components used for absorber layer, electron-transport layer, hole-transport layer, and electrodes. This review emphasized stability challenges associated with PSCs and discussed various factors and issues contributing to the degradation of these solar cells over time. It then provided a concise overview of different strategies and ongoing efforts taken to enhance the stability of PSCs. It also summarized various approaches used to improve their durability. In summary, this article offers a comprehensive exploration of PSCs, encompassing their construction, operation, improvement in efficiency, and obstacles related to their long-term stability. Furthermore, it addresses factors influencing PSC stability and outlines future challenges, focusing on prolonging their lifespan and enhancing stability for broader applications. Finally, this article has tackled various possible solutions to address the challenges encountered by the PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper describes the synthesis of 2,8-dichloroquinolin-4-amine 4 and 4,5,7-trichloro-3-(2-chloroethyl)-2-methylbenzo[h][1,6]naphthyridine 8 as novel class of building blocks. Also describes the regioselective SNAr reactions of 2,4,8-trichloroquinoline 2 on C2 and C4 positions with azide, similarly SNAr reactions of benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridine 8 at C4, C5 positions, and SN2 reactions on C3-(2-chloroethyl) side chain with nucleophiles such as primary aromatic amines, methoxide/ethoxide, and azide at different temperatures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this study was to report electrocatalytic activity of tin selenide (SnSe) for oxygen evolution process (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Simple and inexpensive SnSe thin films were deposited onto a steel substrate using an electrodeposition method. Orthorhombic SnSe required a low overpotential value of 325, 317, 314 mV for OER and a low overpotential value of 273, 219, 194 mV for HER for SnSe-1, SnSe-2, and SnSe-3 electrodes, respectively, to reach a current density of 10 mA/cm2. The thickness of thin film increased over time 50, 60, and 70 min for each successive SnSe-1 to SnSe-3 samples. SEM image indicated crystalline in nature with compact grain-like morphology on the entire surface of the substrate. The SnSe-3 sample displayed low Tafel slopes of 90 and 68 mV/dec for OER and HER, respectively. EDX showed that atomic percentage ratio of Sn: Se was 54:46 for SnSe-3 thin film. Overall results suggest that electrochemically synthesized SnSe is a promising candidate as an efficient electrocatalyst for overall water splitting. [Display omitted] • Electrodeposited SnSe thin films were successfully synthesized. • The influence of deposition time on catalytic performance was examined. • Electrocatalytic analysis of SnSe was performed to capabilities of OER and HER. • The catalytic activity exhibited stability over a period of 12 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]