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Heat extraction from the single-well geothermal heating system (SWGHS) is significantly restricted by the high thermal resistance of the surrounding host rocks. To improve heat production efficiency of this geothermal system, the high-pressure jet grouting (HPJG) technology is proposed to enhance thermal output in deep buried U-shaped well (DBUSW) system. By means of this technology, an artificial jet grouting column (JGC) with high thermal conductivity is built near the horizontal well segment. The emphasize of this work is to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed heat production method. Numerical simulations were conducted via a field validated model from in-situ experiments in Xian. Results demonstrated that average annual heat production rate is improved by about 22% in the 30-year heating period, with building an artificial JGC with 1.0 m radius near the wellbore. These results indicate that the proposed method is a promising strategy for enhancing thermal output in the DBUSW. Sensitivity analyses suggest heat production rate and outlet temperature are mainly controlled by the radius of the JGC, while very high JGC thermal conductivity has less effect. Given the field conditions, the suggested thermal conductivity and radius of artificial JGC is 30 W/m °C and 2.0 m, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) related mass mortality events in land-based recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are associated with the sudden release of substantial amounts of H 2 S, resulting in acutely toxic exposure. However, the production and release of H 2 S can also occur at slower constant rates, leading to continuous exposure to sublethal H 2 S concentrations, the effects of which are unknown. Here, we examined growth rates, feed conversion ratios, and apparent nutrient digestibility in post-smolt Atlantic salmon, following a 10-day exposure to one of two sublethal concentrations of H 2 S, compared against a control group. The H 2 S concentrations of the low exposure (LE) and moderate exposure (ME) groups throughout the trial were 1.8 ± 0.8 μg/L and 4.1 ± 1.9 μg/L, respectively. Neither exposure regime affected growth, feed utilization, or the apparent nutrient digestibility. The results suggest that Atlantic salmon tolerate exposure to sublethal H 2 S concentrations for 10 days, without a discernible effect on the production performance. For aquaculture systems, specifically RAS, this means that while higher concentrations of H 2 S should be strictly avoided, the presence of low H 2 S concentrations for a limited period might not be detrimental to fish welfare or production. The RAS environment is complex, and the potential combined effects of H 2 S and factors pertinent to RAS may influence fish performance differently in a production setting. • Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were exposed to two sublethal H 2 S concentrations for 10 days. • Exposure to low (1.8 ± 0.8 μg/L) and moderate (4.1 ± 1.9 μg/L) H 2 S regimes did not affect the growth. • FCR and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) were similar between the treatments. • Exposure to either H 2 S regime did not have a significant effect on the production performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The connectivity of different fracture networks is quantified. • The thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling mechanism in fractured porous media is analyzed. • The impact of fracture connectivity on the productivity of enhanced geothermal systems is studied. Connectivity is an inherent feature of heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity fields and determines the paths of least resistance along which fluid fluxes converge in multi-fracture enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). In this work, numerical algorithms are used to construct fractured porous media models to analyze fractures and the rock matrix in EGS systems. Connectivity coefficients are defined to quantify the connectivity of the fractured system. Based on this, the impacts of fracture connectivity, non-connected fractures, and injection-production pressure differences on EGS production performance are investigated. The research results confirm that the connected area ratio (R s) is an effective indicator of the connectivity level of the fracture network. Fluid flow and heat exchange predominantly take place within the interconnected area of fractures. When R s = 0, geothermal energy cannot be efficiently extracted, resulting in significant waste of geothermal resources; when 0 < R s < 0.1, thermal short-circuit easily occurs in the reservoir; then, as R s continues to increase, the thermal extraction performance improves. The thermal output power increases with the square of R s. Dead-end and discontinuous fractures improve the reservoir's fluid mobility, but their contribution to fluid flow is limited. In addition, very high fluid mobility in the matrix of the connected zone weakens the ability of fractures to act as flow channels and triggers a premature thermal breakthrough, shortening the EGS's lifespan. Therefore, striking a balance between the reservoir's lifespan and heat extraction capacity requires precise control of the injection-production pressure difference. Developing a 500 × 500 m2 (on a horizontal plane) multi-fracture EGS in deep granite formations, R s of the fractured zones should be greater than 0.5 to reduce fluid resistance and ensure effective heat extraction. In such a case, it is advisable to maintain a pressure differential of no more than 10 MPa between the injection and production wells to achieve at least 30 years of continuous heat extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crassostrea nippona has recently been recognized as a preferred alternative to C. gigas in summer due to its firm flesh and high glycogen content. To promote industrial development, the mass selective breeding program was initiated to improve growth performance of C. nippona in 2014. Although a steady genetic gain of approximately 10% for growth traits was achieved in each of the first three generations of the selected strains, little is known about the cumulative genetic progress in desired traits contributed by the selective breeding in the genetic improvement program. In this study, the aquaculture performance of the selected population was comprehensively evaluated by comparing the production performance and reproductive traits of the progeny (WF1 and SF4) from the wild population and the third-generation selected line in commercial farming environments. The results showed that the diameters of eggs from both populations were at similar levels, but the fertilization and hatching rates of the progeny from the selected lines were significantly higher than those of the wild population (P < 0.05). At larval stages, the shell height and cumulative survival rate (CSR) of individuals from SF4 were consistently superior to that of WF1, especially on day 6 post-fertilization, in which CSR of the improved C. nippona was increased by 25.08% compared to that of wild oysters. Meanwhile, a significant 12.10% enhancement in the metamorphosis rate was observed in SF4 when compared with WF1. During the grow-out stage, SF4 displayed distinct advantages in growth performance and survival compared to the wild strain, with 23.19, 33.48, 34.18 and 79.11% improvement in shell height, body weight, CSR and final yield at harvest on day 800, respectively. Meanwhile, relative brood amount (RBA) associated with initial development of offspring was found to be significantly higher in SF4 compared with WF1 (P < 0.05). Remarkably, the gonadal development, sex ratios and biochemical composition of oysters from both populations were at similar levels at final harvest, implying that high-intensity artificial selection had no significant effect on reproductive characteristics and nutritional quality of C. nippona. The encouraging results in the present study suggest that the overall genetic progress contributed by genetic breeding is considerable in the fast-growing strain of C. nippona , and such gains are expected to continue to increase with further selective breeding. • Genetic progress obtained in C. nippona after three-generation mass selection is considerable. • Production performance of improved C. nippona was superior to that of wild individuals. • Survival of improved C. nippona was significantly enhanced, especially at the early larval stage. • Selection for growth had no clear effect on gonad development and nutritional quality of C. nippona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feed efficiency (FE) is a crucial economic indicator of meat duck production. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of residual feed intake (RFI), defined as the difference between the actual and expected feed intake based on animal's production and maintenance requirements, on the growth performance (GP), slaughter and internal organ characteristics of fast-growing meat ducks. In total, 1,300 healthy 14-day-old male fast-growing meat ducks were housed in individual cages until slaughter at the age of 35 d. The characteristics of the carcass and internal organs of 30 ducks with the highest RFI (HRFI) and the lowest RFI (LRFI) were respectively determined. RFI, the feed conversion ratio (FCR), and average day feed intake (ADFI) were significantly lower in the LRFI group than the HRFI group (P < 0.001), while there were no significant differences in marketing BW or BW gain (BWG) (P > 0.05). The thigh muscle and lean meat yields were higher, and the abdominal fat content was lower (P < 0.001) in the LRFI group, while there were no significant differences in other carcass traits between the groups (P > 0.05). The liver and gizzard yields were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the LRFI group, while there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in intestinal length between the groups. RFI was highly positively correlate with FCR and ADFI (P < 0.01), but negatively correlated the yields of thigh muscle, lean meat, liver, and gizzard, and positively correlated with abdominal fat content. These results indicate that selection for low RFI could improve the FE of fast-growing meat ducks without affecting the marketing BW and BWG, while increasing yields of thigh muscle and lean meat and reducing abdominal fat content. These findings offer useful insights into the biological processes that influence FE of fast-growing meat ducks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the ameliorating effects of high-energy and high-amino acid (HEHA) diets on heat stress (HS) in yellow-feathered broilers. Broilers aged 35 d were randomly assigned to 3 groups: control and HS groups fed the basic normal diet, and the HEHA group fed the HEHA diet (basal diet + 100 kcal/kg AME + 15 % DAAs). The HS and HEHA groups were exposed to cyclic HS (30 ± 1 to 34 ± 1 ℃) for 2 wk, while the control group was maintained at 26 ± 1 ℃. The results indicated that the HEHA diet significantly alleviated HS-induced feed intake and body weight loss. HEHA feeding mitigated the increase in body temperature during HS. Compared with observations in the HS group, the HEHA diet reduced the levels of ALT, Alb, and corticosterone in the serum and downregulated the gene expression of HSP27 and HSP60 in the liver. Moreover, the HEHA group showed higher GSH-px activity in the serum and SOD and GSH-Px activity in the jejunal mucosa than that of the HS group. HEHA supplementation also reduced MDA levels in the liver. In conclusion, the HEHA diet improved the production performance of broilers under HS by increasing their antioxidant capacities. These findings suggest an effective strategy to combat HS in poultry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current challenges faced by typical industrial production processes, such as distillation unit (DU), include achieving optimum operation with varying production performance. This paper proposes a mechanism-embedded neural network (MENN) modeling and operation optimization strategy (OOS) to solve this problem. According to the physical process mechanisms, we customize the neural network structure and design key correlation constraints. This ensures that the developed MENN model can accurately reflect the process characteristics. On this basis, the operation optimization problem is formulated to adjust the top temperature of the distillation column (TTDC) to produce qualified products. The strategy, with the process physical mechanisms as the basis for the operation guidance decision, alleviates the operation blindness, especially during transition process. Industrial experiments have illustrated the proposed strategy could adapt to the different production performance. During the experiment, the proposed OOS outperformed the OOS developed by a commercial company and improved the product qualification rate. [Display omitted] • Mechanism-embedded model customization by integrating data with prior knowledge. • Operation optimization strategy development to improve the product qualification rate. • Process production capacity consideration to avoid flooding circumstances. • Industrial experiments in the actual production system to verify performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpiniae oxyphylla fructus was extensively utilized both as dietary supplements and traditional herbal medicines for healthcare functions and has exhibited a positive impact on animal health. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Alpiniae oxyphyllae fructus powder (AOP) on production performance, egg quality, egg yolk fatty acid composition, reproductive hormones, antioxidant capacity, immunity, anti-apoptosis ability, and intestinal health in hens. A total of 252 Hainan Wenchang laying hens (30-wk-old) were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates, a basic diet with 0 (CON), 1 g/kg AOP (AOP1), and 3 g/kg (AOP3) mixed AOP. The AOP supplementation was found to decrease the feed conversion ratio and embryo mortality but to increase the laying rate, average egg weight, and oviduct index linearly (p < 0.05). Furthermore, AOP treatment reduced the total saturated fatty acids and palmitic acid (C16:0) in the egg yolk while increasing eggshell strength, albumen height, and Haugh unit (p < 0.05). The serum levels of albumin and phosphorus were increased, whereas total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose levels decreased as a result of AOP treatment (p < 0.05). The inclusion of 3 g/kg AOP had higher 17 β-estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in serum, while it up-regulated follicle-stimulating hormone receptor and gonadotropin-releasing hormone expression in ovary (p < 0.05). Dietary AOP strengthened the expression of nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 in ovary and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity, but had a lower malondialdehyde content in serum (p < 0.05). AOP at 3 g/kg up-regulated superoxide dismutase 1 and heme oxygenase 1 expression in jejunum and ovary (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, AOP supplementation down-regulated p53 expression in ovary and bcl-2-associated x expression in liver and jejunum, especially 3 g/kg of AOP had lower caspase-8 concentrations and down-regulated bcl-2-associated x and caspase-3 expression in ovary (p < 0.05). AOP treatment increased serum levels of immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M and upregulated interleukin-4 expression in the liver, while decreasing interleukin-1β expression in liver and ovary and nod-like receptor protein 3 expression in jejunum (p < 0.05). Dietary AOP increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth but decreased crypt depth in jejunum, especially when 1 g/kg AOP increased expression levels of occludin, mucin-2, peptide-transporter 1, and sodium glucose cotransporter 1 in jejunum (p < 0.05). AOP treatment altered the composition of the cecal microbial community, as evidenced by increased abundance of Oscillospira and Phascolarctobacterium and reduced richness of Clostridiaceae_Clostridium. Dietary AOP supplementation enriched lipid, amino acid, and propanoate metabolism. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that the genera Oscillospira, Blautia , and Megasphaera were related to laying performance and intestinal integrity. In brief, supplementation of AOP, especially at 3 g/kg, could improve production performance and egg quality of hens via modulating reproductive hormones, antioxidant capacity, immunity, intestinal barrier, and cecal microbiota. Overall, the present work recommends the dietary inclusion of AOP as a beneficial additive for improving the performance of hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A meta-analysis of heritability estimates for milk urea and milk urea nitrogen in dairy cows was conducted. • The average heritability estimates for milk urea and milk urea nitrogen were low. • Milk urea and milk urea nitrogen had low genetic correlations with production and reproduction traits. • The results indicated the existence of additive genetic variation for milk urea nitrogen. • Genetic progress for decreased milk urea can be reached through direct genetic selection. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis using the random-effects model to integrate published estimates of genetic parameters for milk urea (MU) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN). The study used a total of 49 heritability and 147 genetic correlation estimates from 30 papers published between 2003 and 2023. The heritability estimates for MU and MUN were low and equal to 0.202 and 0.181, respectively. The genetic correlation estimates between MU and production traits were low and ranged from -0.039 (between MU and milk lactose percentage) to 0.102 (between MU and milk protein yield), but the genetic correlation estimates between MUN and production traits were low and varied from -0.070 (between MUN and somatic cell score) to 0.357 (between MUN and milk protein yield). The genetic correlation estimates between MUN and calving to first service, days open, and first service conception rate were low and equal to 0.093, 0.329, and 0.069, respectively. The results of present study showed that available additive genetic variation in MU and MUN could potentially be exploited in dairy cow genetic selection schemes. Although the correlations of MU and MUN with production and reproduction traits were low, there were some cases where they were unfavorable, and they should not be neglected when planning selection programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osthole (Ost) and icariin (Ica) are extracted from traditional Chinese medicine Cnidium monnieri and Epimedii Folium , respectively, and both exhibit estrogen-like biological activity. This study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of combining Ost with Ica on the production performance of laying hens and to explore their possible mechanisms. The production performance, egg quality, residues of Ost and Ica in eggs, serum reproductive hormone levels, expression of ovarian reproductive hormone receptor, proliferation of granulosa cells in small yellow follicles (SYF), and progesterone secretion in large yellow follicles (LYF) related genes and proteins expression were detected. The results showed that adding 2 mg/kg Ost + 2 mg/kg Ica to the feed increased the laying rate, average egg weight, Haugh unit, and protein height of laying hens. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and progesterone (P4) levels increased, and the expression of ovarian estrogen receptor ( ER ), follicle-stimulating hormone receptor ( FSHR ), and progesterone receptor ( PGR ) mRNA was up-regulated. Additionally, the mRNA and protein levels of steroidogenesis acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc), and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) increased in LYF. Furthermore, mRNA and protein levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin E1, and cyclin A2 were up-regulated in SYF. The residues of Ost and Ica in egg samples were not detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Ost and Ica increased granulosa cells proliferation in SYF and increased P4 secretion in granulosa cells of LYF, ultimately improving the production performance of laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to systematically determined the effect of 28 h ahemeral light cycle on production performance, egg quality, blood parameters, uterine morphological characteristics, and gene expression of hens during the late laying period. At 74 wk, 260 Hy-Line Brown layers were randomly divided into 2 groups of 130 birds each and in duplicates. Both a regular (16L:8D) and an ahemeral light cycle (16L:12D) were provided to the hens. The oviposition pattern in an ahemeral cycle shifted into darkness, with oviposition mostly occurring 3 to 5 h after light out. Production performance was unaffected by light cycle (P > 0.05). Nonetheless, compared to the normal group, the ahemeral group exhibited increased egg weight, eggshell weight, eggshell percentage, yolk percentage, eggshell thickness, and eggshell strength (P < 0.05). There were rhythmic changes in the uterine morphological structure in both cycles, however, the ahemeral group maintained a longer duration and had more uterine folds than the normal group. In the ahemeral cycle, the phases of the CLOCK and PER2 genes were phase-advanced for 3.96 h and 4.54 h compared to the normal cycle. The PHLPP1 gene, which controls clock resetting, exhibited a substantial oscillated rhythm in the ahemeral group (P < 0.05), while the expression of genes presenting biological rhythm, such as CRY2 and FBXL3 , was rhythmically oscillated in normal cycle (P < 0.05). The ITPR2 gene, which regulates intracellular Ca2+ transport, displayed a significant oscillated rhythm in ahemeral alone (P < 0.05), while the CA2 gene, which presents biomineralization, rhythmically oscillated in both cycles (P < 0.05). The ahemeral cycle caused 2.5 h phase delays in the CA2 gene compared to the normal cycle. In conclusion, the 28 h ahemeral light cycle preserved the high condition of the uterine folds and changed the uterine rhythms of CLOCK, PER2, ITPR2 , and CA2 gene expression to improve ion transport and uterine biomineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As wave energy converters (WECs) are typically designed and optimized for ocean wave conditions, they struggle to perform in low-energy seas or bays, where wave conditions are very different. This work investigates the hypothesis that downscaled versions of WECs may well be more suited for such conditions. More specifically, fifteen downscaled WECs are considered for deployment in the Black Sea. The resizing (downscaling) of the WECs is based on Froude scaling law. Ten values are considered for the scaling factor (λ L = 1.0, 0.9, 0.8 ... 0.1), and the value that yields the highest capacity factor is selected for downscaling the WEC. The downscaled WEC is then compared with the original (full-scale) WEC in terms of performance (capacity factor, full-load hours, and rated capacity). This analysis is carried out for fifteen WECs and 62 locations at different water depths (5, 25, 50, 75, and 100 m), distributed on 13 lines perpendicular to the shoreline along the south-western coast of the Black Sea. The highest capacity factor was obtained by Oyster, whereas the highest energy output was achieved by SSG and WaveDragon for the locations with 4–16 m depths. For deeper waters (25, 50, 75, and 100 m), the highest capacity factor was obtained by Oceantec. In terms of energy output, the best performers were WaveDragon (at 25 m water depth) and Pontoon (at 50, 75, and 100 m water depths). The interest of this approach, however, lies not only in that it enables a scaling factor to be determined for downscaling a WEC for a given site, but also – and more generally – in that it proves the initial hypothesis that downscaled WECs may provide a better alternative for low-energy seas than their full-scale counterparts. • The hypothesis that downscaled versions of WECs may well be more suited for semi-enclosed seas. • The downscaled WEC is compared with the original (full-scale) WEC in terms of performance. • The highest capacity factor was obtained by Oyster for the locations with 4–16 m depths. • For deeper waters (25, 50, 75, and 100 m) the highest capacity factor was obtained by Oceantec. • Downscaled WECs may provide a better alternative for semi-enclosed seas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the influence of steam state on seepage, production, migration and deposition are refined, and the superiority of superheated steam is confirmed. Firstly, the relative permeability of oil-water and oil-steam in offshore cores was measured to analyze flowing characteristics. Then the cyclic steam stimulation of long core was conducted with supersaturated, saturated and superheated steam, and the recovery capacity was quantified, the difference in composition of produced oil was analyzed. Finally, the CT scanning and digital core 3D reconstruction were performed to visualize the influence of steam state on migration of heavy oil components. The results show that the temperature has a significantly higher effect on seepage capacity than permeability, which can effectively broaden the co-seepage range and reduce residual oil saturation. The total recovery of superheated steam is 12 % and 7 % higher than the other two steam respectively, and the main recovery cycle is the former four rounds, which accounts for over 85 % of total recovery. The retention of heavy components can reduce porosity by 4 %∼7 %, superheated steam can alleviate blockage and increase the porosity by over 2 %. This work is expected to provide valuable insights into the application of superheated steam in offshore heavy oilfields. • Clarified the impact of temperature and permeability on high temperature relative permeability of offshore heavy oil fields. • Superheated steam can shorten the recovery cycle and increase the recovery by about 12 % and 7 % compared to other steam. • Superheated steam can increase the light components of produced oil by about 5 % in the initial stage of recovery. • CT images indicated that superheated steam can alleviate the deposition of heavy components, increasing porosity by over 2 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-well technology is an alternative method to achieve commercialization development of the gas hydrate, which further requires proper production strategies. However, its stimulation mechanisms remain unclear, especially the synergistic effects of adjacent wells, restricting the production strategy formulation. Thus, we established a 3D model to characterize multi-physics fields, flow characteristics, as well as productivity of hydrate reservoirs on a large scale. It can display the fluid flow in complex geometries, realizing the accurate characterization of the flow field during hydrate production with multi-well systems. Total productivity of optimal multi-well systems can be 1.44 times higher than all single wells independently, Meanwhile, physical fields and flow characteristics alter with the well position as well as well number. After that, an index Ise is proposed to realize the quantitative evaluation of the impact of synergistic effect on productivity. The impact of synergistic effect strengthens continuously versus duration time and well spacing. In addition, the occurring synergistic effect can increase productivity by promoting hydrate dissociation in expanded pressure drop areas. In contrast, the fluid resistance effect decreases the per-well produced gas and water due to inflow reduction induced by inter-well interference. Moreover, an estimation model is established to identify the proper well spacing for lower drilling costs and larger productivity. This work will enable the extended application of multi-well systems with the synergistic effect and further promote the efficient development of the gas hydrate. • A 3D coupled thermal-hydraulic-chemical model is established for multi-well systems with various well patterns. • Synergistic effect and its positive effects are systematically discussed for the first time. • Impact of synergistic effect on productivity is quantitatively evaluated based on index Ise. • Proper well spacing is determined for larger productivity with application of synergistic mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the proteolytic enzyme (serratiopeptidase) was used to enhance the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) probiotic as a growth promotor in broiler chicken. The effects of serratiopeptidase on the efficacy of different levels of B. subtilis as a growth promotor in broiler chicks were evaluated regarding growth performance traits, villus histomorphometric characterization, and intestinal microbiota count. Day-old broiler chicks (n = 120) were allocated into 4 groups having 3 replicates/group. In the control group (C), the basal diet was kept without supplementation. In treatment groups (P100, P150, and P200), the basal diet was supplemented with 100, 150, and 200 mg probiotics, respectively besides 30 mg proteolytic enzyme in the 3 treated groups for 4 wk. The performance parameters were significantly affected by the supplementation of serratiopeptidase to the B. subtilis treatment groups. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and dressing percent were significantly improved in the treatment groups as compared to the control group. Significantly, the lowest feed intake was recorded for the P200 group. The highest body weight gain and dressing percentage were recorded for the P200 group. An improved FCR was recorded in the P200 group (1.7) as compared to the control group. The different levels of B. subtilis supplemented with serratiopeptidase revealed significant improvements (P <0.05) in the morphology of the intestine by showing increases in villus height and width and crypt depth of the small intestine. The microbial count revealed that E. coli and salmonella colonies were significantly reduced in the P200 group as compared to the control and other treatment groups. In conclusion, the supplementation of B. subtilis with serratiopeptidase as a growth promoter in broiler chicks significantly improved the overall performance, and intestinal health and reduced microbial load contributing to optimizing the performance of broiler chickens. The greatest improvement was observed in the P200 group fed with B. subtilis as a probiotic and serratiopeptidase enzyme (200 mg:30 mg). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated various metrics involved in the substitution of fishmeal with a novel protein source derived from lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) larva meal (LMW) in the diets of aquaculture-emerging fish - European perch (Perca fluviatilis). Four isoprotein (50%), isolipid (14%), and isoenergy (21 MJ/kg) diets were formulated, in which fishmeal at 21% inclusion level from the control diet (CON) was replaced by LMW at 25% (LMW25), 50% (LMW50), and 75% (LMW75) and fed to European perch juveniles (body weight 36.51 ± 6.82 g) for 84 days. Graded levels of LMW significantly influenced the physical characteristics of the pellets concerning diameter, length, weight, and density (P < 0.05) but did not affect sinking velocity (P = 0.591) and expansion (P > 0.05). Analysis of post-trial serum biochemistry revealed that none of the 11 parameters investigated were affected by dietary LMW. Nevertheless, a significant difference emerged at the 24 h post-trial for phosphate (P = 0.016), total protein (P = 0.010), albumin (P = 0.026), globulin (P = 0.040), and alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.023). Dietary LMW had a positive impact on the growth performance of European perch, as evidenced by a positive linear model with specific growth rate (P = 0.002, adjusted R -squared = 0.582) and survival rate (P = 0.003, adjusted R -squared = 0.556). Examination of liver lesion severity demonstrated that fish fed the LMW75 diet exhibited less severe liver lesions than those on the CON diet (P < 0.05). Conversely, no significant observations were found regarding the intestine across the various experimental groups (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in sensory of fish fillet fed LMW-containing diet compared to the control diet (x2-index >0.167, P > 0.05). Similarly, there were no significant differences in fillet yield and nutritional composition (P > 0.05). However, dietary LMW did have a notable impact on health-beneficial fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, as well as total saturated fatty acids (P < 0.05). Dietary LMW significantly reduced eFIFO (P < 0.001). Including LMW at as high as 10.50% or 50% fishmeal replacement sustained environmental impacts associated with solid wastes compared to LMW-free diets (P > 0.05). Overall, this study underscores the suitability of LMW as a protein source in the diet for European perch, positively affecting growth performance, health status, sensory attributes of fillets, and environmental impact indicators. Nonetheless, careful attention should be given to the nutritional profile, particularly essential fatty acids in fish fillets. • Dietary lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) larval meal (LMW) significantly altered the physical pellet characteristics • Serum biochemical parameters of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) were not affected by dietary LMW. • Dietary LMW significantly increased the growth performance of European perch. • LMW-containing diets did not alter the sensory of Europen perch fillet relative to LMW-free diet. • Dietary LMW significantly reduced eFIFO and sustained environmental impacts at 10.5% inclusion level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (i.e., Se) is a trace element that is vital in poultry nutrition, and optimal forms and levels of Se are critical for poultry productivity and health. This study aimed to compare the effects of sodium selenite (SS), yeast selenium (SY), and methionine selenium (SM) at selenium levels of 0.15 mg/kg and 0.30 mg/kg on production performance, egg quality, egg selenium content, antioxidant capacity, immunity and selenoprotein expression in laying hens. The trial was conducted in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, and a total of 576 forty-three-wk-old Hyland Brown laying hens were randomly assigned into 6 treatment groups, with diets supplemented with 0.15 mg Se/kg and 0.3 mg Se/kg of SS, SY and SM for 8 wk, respectively. Results revealed that SM increased the laying rate compared to SS and SY (P < 0.05), whereas different selenium levels had no effect. Organic selenium improved egg quality, preservation performance, and selenium deposition compared to SS (P < 0.05), while SY and SM had different preferences for Se deposition in the yolk and albumen. Also, organic selenium enhanced the antioxidant capacity and immune functions of laying hens at 0.15 mg Se/kg, whereas no obvious improvement was observed at 0.30 mg Se/kg. Moreover, SY and SM increased the mRNA expression of most selenoproteins compared to SS (P < 0.05), with SM exhibiting a more pronounced effect. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive association between glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPx2), thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs), selenoprotein K (SelK), selenoprotein S (SelS), and antioxidant and immune properties. In conclusion, the use of low-dose organic selenium is recommended as a more effective alternative to inorganic selenium, and a dosage of 0.15 mg Se/kg from SM is recommended based on the trail conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) (DHI) and poultry by-product meal (PBM) were used in tandem to substitute fishmeal in diets for European perch (Perca fluviatilis) in the current study. Four isoproteic (52%), isolipidic (14%), and isoenergetic (22 Mj/kg) diets (abbreviated diets: COM0, COM50, COM75, and COM100) were formulated, in which DHI replaced 0, 50, 75 and 100% fishmeal with the complementarity of PBM, and fed to triplicate groups of European perch (54.43 ± 0.35 g) for 90 days. Dietary treatments had no effect on growth performance indices of final body weight (P = 0.209) and survival (P = 0.155), feed utilization as illustrated by daily feed intake (P = 0.595), feed conversion ratio (P = 0.073), and condition factor (P = 0.209). On the other hand, specific growth rate and weight gain were significantly affected by treatments (P = 0.011 and 0.012, respectively) and were DHI level-dependent (P = 0.006 and 0.010, respectively). Protein digestibility was statistically greater in COM75 and COM50 than in COM100 (P < 0.001). Ash digestibility was DHI-inclusion dependent (P = 0.001). Dietary complementarity significantly impacted the colour (P < 0.05), dripping loss (P = 0.008), moisture (P = 0.022), and docosahexaenoic acid (P < 0.001) of perch fillets. DHI-PBM substitution of 75% fishmeal did not significantly increase nitrogen waste (P > 0.05), but did at 100% replacement (P = 0.03). In contrast, the diet treatments sustained total solid and phosphorus waste relative to the control group (P = 0.18 and 0.107, respectively). Dietary complementary, on the other hand, resulted in a greater impact on global warming potential (P = 0.019) and water use (P < 0.001), but did not affect land use (P = 0.55). The use of DHI and PBM in diets for European perch offered great benefit concerning less reliance of aquaculture on forage fish from marine sources as illustrated by the economic Fish-in Fish-out ratio, which significantly decreased with increasing level of complementarity (P < 0.0001), and reduced food-feed competition. The results from the present study revealed that the combination of DHI and PBM can replace fishmeal at as high as 50% while favoring all metrics relative to the control group. • Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) (DHI) and poultry by-product meal (PBM) in diets for European perch (Perca fluviatilis) was investigated. • Dietary complementarity sustained the production performance of perch. • Dietary complementarity did not alter histological indices in liver and intestine of perch. • Dietary complementarity sustained total solid and phosphorus waste relative to the control groupat 75% fishmeal replacement. • Dietary DHI and PBM significantly reduced economic Fish-in Fish-out and food-feed competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Overall growth of Duroc x Iberian pigs was not affected by dietary protein level. • Reducing protein in growing diets had minor effects on meat quality. • Low-protein diets may increase intramuscular fat depending on production system and level of protein reduction. • Production system should be consider when using low protein diets in crossbred pigs. This study investigated the effects of feeding protein-restricted diets during the growing period on performance and carcass quality traits of Duroc (boars) x Iberian (sows) crossbred pigs slaughtered at commercial weight for local pig production. Two trials were conducted in different management conditions, with 28 and 33 barrows, respectively. In each trial, pigs were divided into two dietary groups, one group received a control diet (CD, 16.5 % crude protein, CP) and the other one was fed a protein restricted diet (PRD_1 for Trial 1: 12.4 % CP; and PRD_2 for Trial 2: 10.0 % CP). At 100 kg of body weight (BW), five pigs per group and trial were slaughtered, while the remaining pigs were fattened on a standard finishing diet until reaching 160 kg BW before slaughter. No significant changes in growth, carcass and ham composition or backfat thickness due to decreased protein supply during the growing period were observed. However, the intramuscular fat content increased in Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) and ham muscles of PDR_2 pigs. Furthermore, the backfat fatty acid (FA) profile presented higher proportion of oleic and monounsaturated FAs in pigs fed PRD diets, while polyunsaturated FA decreased in PDR_2 pigs. The PRD_1 group exhibited higher redness and thawing water loss in LTL, while PDR_2 group showed greater redness, yellowness and thawing water loss values compared to the CD group. Overall, the results indicate that feeding protein-restricted diets during growing period did not have a substantial impact on growth or meat quality. The success of implementing such diets may be influenced by factors such as the protein restriction level and the animal management conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot dry rocks (HDRs), as an essential renewable energy source, its development has received widespread attention, especially for heat extraction. The fracture is the main seepage and heat transfer channel of circulating fluid in dense HDR reservoirs, and its conductivity evolution significantly affects the production performance. Most existing studies have focused on the change of fracture conductivity under elastic deformation without considering the additional conductivity induced by rock damage. However, the additional conductivity may have significant implications for rational design and timely adjustment of the production scheme. Therefore, a three-dimensional model at the field-scale is established, and it is used to analyze the effect of additional conductivity on production performance and economic efficiency. To simplify the calculation, the actual forms of damage are equivalent to the macroscopic physical evolution of the matrix. Results show that the rock is mainly tensile failure affected by thermal stress during production. The occurrence of damage will increase the reservoir permeability and porosity, reduce Young's modulus, and then reduce the differential pressure and production temperature, with a maximum reduction of 2.21 MPa and 14.21 °C in the control case, respectively. The effects of injection temperature, Young's modulus, and injection mass flow on the production performance are significant, followed by Poisson's ratio. In contrast, production pressure and fracture initial permeability had less influence. The maximum differential economic benefit of the control case is up to 2.289 million RMB. This research proves the necessity of damage study during the long-term production of HDRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the differential regulation mechanism of heat stress on the egg production performance and egg quality of Jinding ducks, 200 Jinding ducks (360-day-old) in good health and with similar body weights and a normal appetite were selected and randomly divided into a control (normal temperature [ NT ]) group (20°C–25°C) and a heat stress (HS) group (32°C–36°C), with 4 replicates in each group and 25 ducks in each replicate. The pretrial period was 1 wk, and the formal trial period was 4 wk. At the end of the 4th wk, 12 duck eggs were collected from each replicate to determine egg quality. Pituitary and ovarian tissues of Jinding ducks were collected, transcriptome sequencing was performed to screen differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs related to high temperature and heat stress, and a competitive endogenous RNA regulatory network was constructed. The sequencing data were verified by qRT‒PCR method. The following results were obtained: (1) Compared with the NT group, the HS group had a significantly lower laying rate, total egg weight, average egg weight, total feed intake, and feed intake per duck (P < 0.01), an extremely significantly higher feed-to-egg ratio (P < 0.01), and a higher mortality rate. (2) Compared with the NT group, the HS group had an extremely significantly lower egg weight, egg yolk weight, eggshell weight, and eggshell strength (P < 0.01) and an extremely significantly lower yolk ratio and eggshell thickness (P < 0.01, P < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference in the egg shape index, Haugh unit or protein height (P > 0.05). (3) A total of 1,974 and 1,202 genes were identified in the pituitary and ovary, respectively, and there were 5 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs. The differentially expressed genes were involved in the arginine and proline metabolism pathways, ether lipid metabolism pathway, and drug metabolism–cytochrome P450 pathway, which are speculated to be related to the egg production performance of Jingding ducks under high-temperature heat stress. (4) Novel_221 may target the PRPS1 gene to participate in egg production performance; novel_168 and novel_289 may target PIGW; novel_289 may target Q3MUY2; and novel_289 and novel_208 may target PIGN or genes that may be related to high-temperature heat stress. (5) In pituitary tissue, upregulated novel_141 (center of the network) formed a regulatory network with HSPB1 and HSP30A, and downregulated novel_366 (center of the network) formed a regulatory network with the JIP1 gene. In ovarian tissue, downregulated novel_289 (center of the network) formed a regulatory network with the ZSWM7, ABI3, and K1C23 genes, novel_221 formed a regulatory network with the IGF1, BCL7B, SMC6, APOA4, and FARP2 genes, and upregulated novel_40 formed a regulatory network with the HA1FF10 gene. In summary, heat stress affects the production performance and egg quality of Jinding ducks by regulating the secretion of endocrine-related hormones and the release of neurotransmitters as well as the expression of miRNAs and mRNAs in pituitary and ovarian tissues. The miRNA‒mRNA regulatory network provides a theoretical basis for the molecular mechanism that regulates the stress response in pituitary and ovarian tissues, egg quality, and production performance under heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese herbs have been used as feed additives and are commonly utilized in domestic intensive livestock farming. However, their impact on the production performance and intestinal health of broiler breeders has yet to be thoroughly explored. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a Chinese herbal mixture (CHM) on the production performance of broiler breeders in terms of reproductive hormones, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and intestinal health of broiler breeders. A total of 336 thirty-wk-old hens were randomly allotted to 4 groups with 6 replicates of fourteen hens each, which fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (CON), 500 (CHM500), 1,000 (CHM1000), and 1,500 (CHM1500) mg/kg CHM for 56 days, respectively. Our results showed that dietary supplementation with CHM1000 increased the laying rate and number of SYF and decreased the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). All CHM groups increased oviduct and ovarian indexes, serum E2 and T-AOC levels, and decreased serum TG and MDA levels compared with CON (P < 0.05). In comparison to the CON group, the CHM1000 and CHM1500 groups increased serum ALB, IgM, and IL-10 levels, whereas the CHM1000 group also increased serum TP and SOD levels, and the CHM1500 group increased serum P and decreased serum TNF-α (P < 0.05). The addition of CHM increased FSHR expressions in the ovary, Claudin-1 expressions in the jejunum, and SOD1 expressions in the liver and ovary, but decreased the mRNA expressions of INH in the ovary as well as IL-2 and IL-6 expressions in the jejunum (P < 0.05). Moreover, CHM500 and CHM1000 groups increased CAT, GPx, and HO-1 expression in the ovary, and SOD1 and GPx expression in the jejunum, while decreasing IL-17A expression in the jejunum (P < 0.05). In addition, CHM1000 and CHM1500 groups increased villus height, VCR, and the mRNA expressions of Nrf2, HO-1, Occludin, and MUC2 in the jejunum, and IL-10 expression in the ovary, while decreasing IL-2 and IL-17A expression in the ovary, in addition to increasing GPx, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, and IL-10 expression in the liver (P < 0.05). Supplementation with CHM1000 increased ESR-α, ESR-β, GnRH, Nrf2, and NQO1 expression in the ovary, but decreased IFN-γ expression in the ovary as well as crypt depth in the jejunum (P < 0.05). Supplementing CHM1500 increased NQO1 and ZO-1 expression in the jejunum and decreased IL-2 in the liver (P < 0.05). The high-throughput sequencing results showed that dietary CHM1000 supplementation altered the composition of the intestinal microbiota, as evidenced by the regulation of the genera Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium , and Phascolarctobacterium. PICRUSt analysis revealed that metabolic pathways of bacterial chemotaxis, butanoate metabolism, and synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies were enriched in the CHM1000 group. Spearman's correlation analysis indicated that the differentiated genera were significantly associated with the production performance, serum hormone, and gut barrier-related genes. Taken together, supplementation of CHM, especially at 1,000 mg/kg, could improve production performance by regulating reproductive hormones, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and intestinal health of broiler breeders, and maybe provide insights into its application as a potential feed additive to promote the performance of broiler breeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) on performance, egg quality, tibia quality, and serum hormones concentration in laying hens reared under high stocking density. A total of 800 45-week-old Lohmann laying hens were randomly allotted into a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 levels of dietary 25-OH-D3 levels (0 and 69 μg/kg) and 2 rates of stocking densities [506 (low density) and 338 (high density) cm²/hen]. Laying hens were monitored for 16 wk. High stocking density decreased laying rate, egg weight, and feed intake compared with low stocking density (P < 0.01) during 1 to 8 wk and 1 to 16 wk. Overall, high stocking density increased eggshell lightness value and decreased shell redness and yellowness value, strength, thickness, and relative weight compared with low stocking density (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with 25-OH-D3 reduced the value of the eggshell lightness and increased its yellowness and eggshells weight (P ≤ 0.05). The increase in eggshell thickness was more pronounced when 25-OH-D3 was supplemented to layers under high stocking density (interaction, P < 0.05). Layers under high stocking density had lower ash content and calcium content in the tibia than layers under low stocking density (P = 0.04); dietary 25-OH-D3 increased tibia strength compared with no addition (P = 0.05). Layers under high stocking density had higher serum concentrations of 25-OH-D3, corticosterone (CORT), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and osteocalcin (OC; P < 0.05), lower content of parathyroid hormone (PTH) compared with layers under low stocking density (P < 0.01). Dietary 25-OH-D3 increased serum concentration of 25-OH-D3, carbonic anhydrase (CA), and calcitonin (CT) (P < 0.01) and reduced corticosterone, lipopolysaccharide and osteocalcin concentration (P ≤ 0.05). The increase effect in PTH was more pronounced when 25-OH-D3 was supplemented to layers under high stocking density (interaction, P = 0.05). Overall, the results gathered in this study indicate that high stocking density result in reducing production performance, shell color and quality, and tibia health, whereas dietary 25-OH-D3 was able to maintain tibia health and to mitigate the negative impact of high stocking density on productive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing inorganic trace minerals (ITM) with organic trace minerals (OTM; complexed glycinates) on reproductive performance, blood profiles, and antioxidant status in broiler breeders. A total of 648, 23-week-old healthy broiler breeders (ZhenNing), with similar body weight (1.40 ± 0.002 kg), were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates in each group (27 hens/replicate) and fed the respective experimental diets for 14 wk (including 2 wk for adaptation). The experimental treatments consisted of T1: Cont., commercially recommended levels of ITM (Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn sulfates); T2: Mix, half trace minerals (TM) were provided from ITM and half from OTM (glycinates); T3: M-OTM, TM were provided from glycinates and reduced to 70% of T1; T4: L-OTM, TM were provided from glycinates and reduced to 50% of T1. The results showed that commercial level of inorganic trace minerals replaced by low-dose complexed glycinates (T3 and T4) exhibited no significant effects on laying performance, 50% ITM replaced by complexed glycinates (T2) numerically improved laying rate by 1.23% than cont. treatment (T1). Broiler breeders fed complexed glycinates tended to produce more qualified eggs (P = 0.05) in T3, with better yolk color (P < 0.01) and eggshell thickness (P = 0.05) in T2 treatment. Replacement of low-dose complexed glycinates reduced fertilization rate (P < 0.01), while it did not affect hatchability. There were no significant differences in serum reproductive hormones such as estrogen and progesterone among the treatments. Serum total protein, albumin, and phosphorus were increased respectively with the replacement of ITM by low-dose OTM from complexed glycinates (P < 0.05). Total liver antioxidant capacity in M-OTM and L-OTM treatment was higher than that of Cont. and Mix treatments (P < 0.01). In conclusion, replacement of high levels of ITM by lower levels of OTM in the form of complexed glycinates is beneficial for egg quality and liver antioxidant status in broiler breeders during the peak laying period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 2-factor test design was used to investigate the effect of an emulsifier (Aldo®, Lonza, America) (200 g/t) in the diet of Cherry Valley meat ducks to replace some of 2 different oils (animal fat and vegetable oil) on meat production performance, slaughter traits, and fat metabolism. The 900 healthy 18-day-old ducks were grouped into 6 treatments, each with 5 replicates and 30 meat ducks per replicate. The 2 fat sources were established as a positive control group, a negative control group (positive control group—some oil (equivalent to metabolic energy of 50 kcal/ton)), and an emulsifier group (negative control group + 200 g/ton Aldo). The results showed that addition of different fat sources in feed had no significant effect on growth performance, carcass properties, and fat metabolism of 18- to 42-day-old meat ducks (P > 0.05). Reducing the amount of oil used in the feed lowered the growth performance, carcass properties, and affected fat metabolism of meat ducks. However, in feeds with 2 fat sources, some oils were replaced by adding Aldo without affecting growth performance and carcass properties of meat ducks, and improved their fat metabolism, reduced triglycerides (TG) in serum, and increased activity of lipoprotein and hepatic lipases in liver and of pancreatic lipase. Thus, addition of Aldo to a low fat diet could improve growth performance, carcass quality, and lipid metabolism, and promote digestion and absorption of fat for meat ducks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the sensitivity to different reservoir parameters can help optimize the use of a designated reservoir. Four key parameters, namely, fracture permeability, well spacing, injection temperature, and injection rate, are considered in this study. The effects of various factors on the thermal performance of the 4300–4700 m granodiorite reservoir in the Zhacang geothermal field in Guide Basin, Qinghai Province, China is analyzed via numerical simulation and artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN models are designed to develop an effective system in less time. The training and test data of the ANN models are the results of numerical simulation. The prediction accuracy is measured by the coefficient of determination and the root mean squared error. Results demonstrate that the use of ANN for predicting the production temperature has high prediction accuracy. Finally, the effects of various factors on the total heat extraction are further analyzed. The results show that the injection rate exerts the largest influence on total heat extraction, followed by the injection temperature and well spacing, and fracture permeability is the least relevant. Increasing the injection flow rate, lowering the injection temperature, increasing the distance between the injection and the production well, and reducing the fracture permeability can improve heat production within certain ranges. In this study, the combination of an injection temperature of 30°C, injection flow rate of 60 kg/s, fracture permeability of 1 × 10−12 and well spacing of 600 m was chosen as the best scheme for the heat production.The accumulative total energy produced in 30 years period is 4.08 × 1016 J based on the simulation results, which can save 1.7 × 109 kg of the coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the association of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor ( IGF-1R ) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with growth traits and carcass traits of quail by PCR amplification and direct sequencing technology. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from 49 female French Giant (FG) quails and 36 female Savimalt (SV) quails as part of this study. Growth traits and carcass traits were measured and assessed for IGF-1R gene analysis in the 2 meat-type quail strains. The results showed that 2 SNPs (A57G and A72T) of the IGF-1R gene were detected in the 2 quail strains. The A57G (P = 0.002) and A72T (P = 0.026) were significantly associated with breastbone length (BBL) in FG. Whereas A57G was significantly associated with chest weight (CW , P = 0.004), BBL (P = 0.009), and body length (BL , P = 0.009) in SV, while A72T was significantly associated with BBL (P = 0.014) and BL (P = 0.028) in SV. Haplotypes based on these 2 SNPs showed significant effects on BBL in FG strain (P = 0.000), and they also had significant effects on CW (P = 0.007), BBL (P = 0.004), and BL (P = 0.001) in SV strain. Additionally, A57G was significantly associated with liver rate (LR) in FG strain (P = 0.017). A72T showed significant associations with dressed carcass weight (DCW , P = 0.048) and breast muscle weight (BMW , P = 0.018) in FG strain. A57G was significantly associated with DCW (P = 0.048), whole net carcass weight (WNCW , P = 0.048), BMW (P = 0.036), and liver muscle rate (LMR , P = 0.003) in SV strain. Haplotypes also displayed significant effects on BMW (P = 0.029) and LMR (P = 0.010) in FG strain. These findings indicated that the IGF-1R gene could serve as a valuable molecular genetic marker for enhancing growth traits and carcass traits in meat-type quails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effects of different cage stocking densities on the production performance, serum biochemical indices, intestinal morphology and immune levels of Hy-Line Brown and Jinghong laying hens. A total of 432 Hy-Line Brown (n = 216) and Jinghong (n = 216) commercial laying hens were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups according to stocking density: high density (H , 4 birds/cage), medium density (M , 3 birds/cage) and low density (L , 2 birds/cage). In both breeds, the laying rates and Haugh units in the L group were significantly higher than those in the H group (P < 0.05), and the feed-to-egg ratio (feed conversion ratio [ FCR]) in the L group was significantly lower than that in the H group (P < 0.05). Additionally, in both breeds, serum triglyceride (TG) activities and corticosterone (CORT) concentrations in the L group were significantly lower than those in the H group. The duodenal villus-to-crypt ratio (VCR) in the L group was significantly higher than that in the H group in both breeds. There were significant interaction effects of breed and stocking density on the laying rate, FCR, Haugh unit, serum TG level, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) level, CORT level, duodenal Villus height (VH), duodenal VCR and cecal VCR (P < 0.05). Overall, the results of this study indicate that a low stocking density increases the production performance and increases the intestinal mucosal barrier function of laying hens compared to a high stocking density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current study was to ascertain the effect of using ginger powder or frankincense oil at different levels on the production rate, biochemical properties of blood, and immune response of laying Japanese quail housed from 12 to 21 wk of age. Three hundred sexually mature quail (200 females and 100 males) were distributed among 5 groups at 12 wk of age in a completely randomized design. Group 1: received basal diet not including additives and acted as a control group. Groups 2 and 3: received a basal diet with 250 and 500 mg ginger/kg feed, respectively. Groups 4 and 5: received a basal diet with 200 and 400 mg frankincense oil/kg feed, respectively. Results revealed that egg production parameters of laying Japanese quail were not influenced by ginger or frankincense oil added in all groups tested during experimental periods except at the time (15–18 wks.). Moreover, egg weight was significantly increased only during the period (15–18 wks.) and total period (12–21 wk of age), and group 5 recorded the highest weight during the 2 periods studied. Feed additives did not impact feed consumption or feed conversion ratio (FCR). Except for WBCs, Hb, and monocytes, treatments impacted blood hematological parameters. Also, blood serum parameters were influenced by feed additives, except total protein, albumin, globulin, and creatinine were not influenced. Moreover, histological examination of the spleen was influenced by feed additives. It is concluded that utilizing frankincense oil or ginger powder in diets of laying Japanese quails enhanced blood serum properties and improved reproductive and productive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate into the effects of Se-chitosan and Na selenite supplementation on laying hen production performance, egg quality, egg Se concentration, microbial population, immunological response, antioxidant enzymes activity, and yolk fatty acid profile. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, 168 27-wk-old laying hens were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups and 7 replications. Se source (Na selenite and Se-chitosan) and Se level (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg) were used as treatments. Se-chitosan enhanced egg production percentage and egg mass (P < 0.05) when compared with Na selenite. There was an interaction, with 0.6 mg Se-chitosan/kg causing an increase in albumen height, Haugh unit, albumen index, and shell thickness of fresh eggs (P < 0.05). Se-chitosan increased yolk share, yolk color, and shape index of fresh eggs and shape index, albumen index, albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk color, shell thickness, and specific gravity of stored eggs (P < 0.05). The interaction showed that, 0.6 mg Se-chitosan/kg increased albumen Se concentration and decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in fresh egg yolk compared with 0.3 and 0.6 mg Na selenite/kg (P < 0.05). When compared with Na selenite, Se-chitosan increased the Se concentration in the yolk and decreased level of MDA in stored egg yolk (P < 0.01). When compared with Na selenite, Se-chitosan reduced coliforms (P < 0.01), increased lactic acid bacteria, and the lactic acid bacteria/coliform ratio (P < 0.05). Se-chitosan supplementation increased antibody response to sheep red blood cells and IgM titers and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in plasma (P < 0.05). Furthermore, compared with Na selenite, supplementing diets with Se-chitosan decreased ∑ n-6 PUFA/∑ n-3 PUFA ratio (P < 0.01). In conclusion, Se-chitosan supplementation of laying hen feed improved production performance, egg quality, egg Se concentration, yolk lipid oxidation, microbial population, immune response, antioxidant enzymes activity, and yolk fatty acid profile, with 0.6 mg Se-chitosan/kg supplementation being optimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging evidence suggests an association between estrogen levels and reduced egg-laying performance as the layer became old. Since soy isoflavones (SF) have estrogen-mimic effects, whether it can enhance production performance and ovarian function of older layers is still not known. A total of 160 Lohmann pink layers (66-wk-old) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design, which included 2 egg-laying levels [low (76.89 ± 1.65%; LOW) and normal (84.96 ± 1.01%; NOR)] and 2 different dietary groups [0 mg/kg SF, 20 mg/kg SF] were used. The results showed the NOR group had higher egg-laying rate, egg mass, and feed efficiency during the all phases (P (laying) < 0.05). The unqualified egg rate was lower in NOR group (9–12 wk, 1–12 wk) (P (laying) < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with SF increased the egg-laying rate and feed efficiency (5–8 wk, 9–12 wk, 1–12 wk), increased egg mass (9–12 wk, 1–12 wk) (P (SF) < 0.05). The NOR layers presented higher eggshell quality (redness, yellowness, brightness, eggshell ratio) at 12 wk (P (laying) < 0.05). Eggshell quality was found to be improved by SF (eggshell strength and eggshell thickness), egg albumen quality (higher albumen height and Haugh unit) at 12 wk (P (SF) < 0.05). Supplementing with SF led to an increase in eggshell strength in LOW group (P (laying*SF) < 0.05). The higher serum lever of glucose (GLU) and lower serum lever of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were in NOR group (P (laying) < 0.05). Supplementing SF in diets increased serum of estradiol (E2) and insulin-like growth factors-1 (IGF-1), decreased serum of FSH (P (SF) < 0.05). The NOR layers presented lower estrogen receptor α (ERα), estrogen receptor β (ERβ), B lymphoma 2 associated X protein (Bax), cytochrome c (Cytc), interleukin 6 (IL-6), caspase3, caspase9, IKKα, P50 , and P65 expression in the ovary (P (laying) < 0.05). Dietary SF supplementation decreased the anti-Müllerian hormone receptor (AMHR), Bax, caspase3, caspase9, Cytc, IL-6, IKKα, P50, P65 expression in the ovary (P (SF) < 0.05). These findings indicated that layers with NOR group had higher production performance, egg quality, and ovarian function, while dietary supplementation with SF improved production performance and ovarian function by reducing inflammation and apoptosis-related genes expression in ovary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of rapid decline in egg production performance and poor egg quality is a key obstacle to improving the economic benefits of laying hens. Garcinol is an antioxidant polyphenol plant extract that has multiple physiological functions. Diets with the appropriate amount of garcinol might be able to improve the performance traits and health of late laying hens. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the utilization of garcinol in late laying hens. A total of 400 healthy 59-wk-old Tingfen No. 6 hens were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatment groups and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg garcinol for 12 wk, denoted the Con, LG, MG, and HG groups, respectively. The results showed that the addition of garcinol in the diet tended to increase the egg production rate compared with that of the control group (P = 0.080), while the average egg weight was significantly lower (P < 0.05) during the whole period of the experiment. The results showed that MG group hens had higher egg quality and strengthened antioxidant capacity in their serum (P < 0.05). Moreover, the laying hens in the MG group had significantly decreased crypt depth (CD) and increased villus height (VH) in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05), as well as an increased ratio of VH to CD (P < 0.05) and increased expression levels of Occludin (P < 0.05) and Claudin-2 (P < 0.05) in the jejunum to improve intestinal barrier function. In addition, dietary supplementation with garcinol influenced the cecal microbiota of laying hens, which was characterized by changes in the microbial community composition, including increased abundances of Firmicutes, Romboutsia , and Ruminococcus torques. In conclusion, dietary 300 mg/kg garcinol supplementation could increase the egg production and egg quality of late laying hens, which may be attributed to the antioxidant effects of garcinol and the improvement of intestinal morphology and epithelial barrier function as well as the regulation of mucosal immune status by altering microbial composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of a net energy (NE) system in poultry has been a topic of research for many decades, following its successful implementation in pigs. However, up to now, no such system for poultry is in use, as the added value of a NE system in poultry over the current AME system(s) has not yet been demonstrated. In this paper, the merits and limits of a NE system in poultry are discussed for fast-growing broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing inorganic trace minerals (ITMs) with organic trace minerals (OTMs) on the production performance, blood profile, and antioxidative status of broiler breeders. A total of 600 healthy broiler breeder hens, aged 40 wk, were randomly divided into 5 treatments with 4 replicates in each treatment, and fed for 10 wk. Experimental treatments were: (1) commercial levels of inorganic minerals (COM); (2) L-ITM (50% of the COM, except for Se); (3) VL-OTM (37.5% of the COM, except for Se); (4) L-OTM (equivalent to L-ITM); and (5) OTM (62.5% of the COM, except for Se). The laying rate was 9.56% higher, feed-to-egg ratio was 7.83% lower, and rate of qualified eggs was 18.33% higher (P  < 0.05) for L-OTM compared to L-ITM despite equal mineral levels. The fertility with COM was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than L-ITM, VL-OTM, or L-OTM treatments. OTM and COM treatments both had increased serum LH and P4. The relatively higher mineral levels fed in COM and OTM treatments increased blood total protein (P < 0.05). In addition, activities of serum GSH-Px, Mn-SOD, and T-SOD were higher (P < 0.01), while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was lower (P < 0.05), for COM and OTM birds as compared to L-ITM and VL-OTM. The serum T-SOD of L-OTM birds was significantly higher (9.81%; P < 0.01) than that of L-ITM birds. Higher (P < 0.05) activities of liver GSH-Px and T-SOD, and lower MDA concentrations (P < 0.01) were measured in the COM, L-OTM, and OTM treatments than the L-ITM treatment. Collectively, total replacement of high levels of ITMs by lower levels of OTMs in broiler breeder diets was beneficial for productive performance under the conditions of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Proper characterization of multi-phase flow in porous media is of significant importance in selecting and optimizing the performance of a given oil reservoir. The main factors influencing the characterization of multi-phase flow in porous media include: microscopic pore structure, movable fluid saturation, nonlinear seepage characteristics and clay minerals composition, and etc. However, it is very difficult to quantitatively study the multi-phase flow process in porous media, because there is no clear relationship between the oil production rate and the physical parameters of oil reservoir, particularly in low permeability reservoirs. Furthermore, on-going research activities has led to the discovery that it has been a challenge to tell why two oil reservoirs with the same degree of permeability (i.e. low permeability) have far different production performances. In an attempt to comprehend this challenge, a concept of global mobility by Li and Horne (2005, 2006) derived from the Li-Horne model was proved to be a new approach for evaluating the seepage capacity in imbibition system, because it can unify oil and water phase mobility into one model and take many static and dynamic physical parameters into accounts. In this paper, the global mobility concept is applied and verified to characterize the mobility of a multi-phase flow and evaluate the production performance from core to field scale. Comparisons between the global mobility concept and other characterization methods were conducted based on various flooding experiments and field data tests from rock/oil/water systems and rock/oil/polymer systems with different porosities and permeabilities. The results showed that there is a linear relationship between the global mobility and the production performance which is better than the other methods, and the application range of the global mobility was extended. In addition, a convenient and empirical approach was proposed to obtain the global mobility with relative permeability data. Its feasibility has been preliminarily proved through five case studies, and the demonstration is that the global mobility could be an effective parameter to characterize a two-phase flow in porous media and evaluate the production performance for field application. Highlights • The global mobility concept is applied and verified to characterize the mobility of a multi-phase flow and evaluate the production performance from core to field scale. • Comparisons between global mobility and other characterization methods were conducted based on laboratory experiments and field tests data from rock/oil/water systems and rock/oil/polymer systems with different porosities and permeabilities. • a convenient and empirical approach was proposed to obtain the global mobility with relative permeability data. Its feasibility has been preliminarily proved through five case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study was done to evaluate the effects of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) and ginger powder on layers-production performance, serum metabolites and antioxidant status under heat stress condition. Two hundred and fifty Lohmann layers were randomly divided into 5 different, including two controls and three experimental groups (H1, H2, and H3). Control groups were fed the basic diet without supplementation, while, the feed of three experimental groups was supplemented with 3.32 g CHM, 10 g ginger powder, and 10 g ginger powder+ 3.32 g CHM per kg of diet, respectively. Results showed that feed consumption and production rate were decreased in the HC group, while, feed intake and production significantly improved when birds were given supplemented diet. The production rate and feed intake of the H3 group were even significantly higher than the NC group. The birds that received supplemented diet had higher glucose level compared to HC. Triglycerides and serum cholesterol had significantly decreased level in supplemented groups compared to HC. Fungal catalase (CAT) level was significantly improved in H2 and H3 groups. Nitric oxide (NO), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and Total Protein (T-AOC) level were significantly improved in supplemented groups. Findings showed that ginger powder and CHM could be a viable alternative to the synthetic antibiotic in poultry feed. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • Heat stress is considered as one of the most vital stressors in poultry sector. • Heat stress decreases the feed intake, egg production rate, egg mass, and antioxidant activity of layer hens. • Ginger powder and Chinese herbal medicine supplementation improved the production performance, serum metabolites and antioxidant activity of layer hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was to determine the effects of rapeseed oil on production performance, egg quality, and serum parameters in laying hens. A total of 1,080 hens (33-wk-old) were randomly divided into a 1 plus 4 × 2 factorial design including four different rapeseed oil sources [high erucic acid of Mianyang city (MH); high erucic acid of Deyang city (DH); low erucic acid of Mianyang (ML); low erucic acid of Deyang (DL)] at two levels (2% and 4%) for 12 wk. The egg production and egg weight were decreased (P < 0.05) during 9 to 12 wk and 1 to 12 wk, while the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio were decreased (P < 0.01) in all phases compared to the control group. Adding ML as oil source had higher (P < 0.05) egg weight compared to DH in all periods in spite of levels. Meanwhile, layers fed 4% rapeseed oil decreased (P < 0.01) egg production compared with 2% in all phases except 1 to 4 wk. Regardless of rapeseed oil sources, hens fed 4% oil decreased (P < 0.05) egg weight in contrast to 2% during the whole experiment except 5 to 8 wk. The ADFI was lower (P < 0.01) in 4% oil inclusion groups compared with 2% during overall phase. Rapeseed oil decreased the yolk color (P < 0.01) and yolk ratio (P = 0.02) and increased (P < 0.01) the albumen height and Haugh unit at 12 wk. Dietary rapeseed oil supplementation resulted in a decreased total triglyceride (TG; P < 0.01) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.02). Regardless of rapeseed oil levels, layers fed MH had higher TG (P < 0.01), TC (P < 0.05), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05), alanine transaminase (P < 0.01) than those fed other sources. Taken together, the addition of rapeseed oil decreased laying performance, reduced TC and TG in the serum, and increased Haugh unit, with low erucic acid or 2% group showed more pronounced results among all treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population growth and urbanization lead to an increasing demand for milk in sub-Saharan Africa, but the production potential of the 65.9 million dairy cows in the region is far from being fully exploited to meet this demand. With the aim to support decision-making for breeding and management of dairy cattle in commercial farms, we performed a comparative study of daily milk offtake, chemical composition of milk, prevalence of metabolic disorders, and body weight development of local and crossbred cattle genotypes in peri-urban commercial farms in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. We used data that were collected during regular visits of 7 farms in peri-urban areas of the city over a 16-mo period. Animals belonged to 3 breed groups (123 local zebu, 49 Sahelian crossbred, and 42 European crossbred cows). We applied a mixed model approach to evaluate the genetic and seasonal effects on daily milk offtake, milk composition, and body weight. Nonlinear growth models were fitted to model the body weight development according to genotype, season, and reproductive status of cows. The milk fat-to-milk protein ratio was used to determine the prevalence of ketosis and acidosis. Daily milk offtake from crossbred cows was 3.1- to 4.3-fold higher than from local zebu cows; furthermore, crossbred cows had a higher body weight and maturity rate than local zebu cows. In contrast, no genotype differences were found in milk fat and milk protein percentage and prevalence of ketosis and acidosis. Additionally, seasonal effects suggested that higher production performances could be realized through improved management of dairy cows, particularly in the late dry and rainy season. Improved feeding management could also reduce the risk of metabolic disorders. In summary, production performances of crossbred dairy cows in peri-urban production systems in Burkina Faso are higher as compared with local zebu cows. However, environmental effects suggest that further studies are needed to systematically assess genotype by environment interactions to guide the development of sustainable breeding and management programs for dairy cattle in Burkina Faso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Steam flooding (SF) is an effective technology to exploit thin heavy-oil reservoirs. Long-term indoor experiments and field tests, however, show that SF has the problems of great heat loss and a limited steam-chamber affected area, which severely limits steam utility and the ultimate economic benefit of thin heavy-oil reservoirs. In this paper, based on a specific oil field in China, we designed a two-dimensional experimental model to investigate the effect of solvents on steam-chamber distribution and production dynamics, and the effect of heat-solvent coupling (molar ratio of steam and solvent) on steam-chamber front expansion. Then, based on the parameters of indoor experiments, we built a numerical model by CMG STARS to further study the influence of solvent migration in steam chambers under different injection molar ratios of steam and solvent. The results show that: i) According to experimental results, for SF, steam-chamber affected area is limited and oil recovery is low which is only 21.3%. After the solvent is added, steam-chamber affected area can be largely enlarged and displacement efficiency can be enhanced. Compared with SF, oil recovery of Solvent-Enhanced Steam Flooding (SESF) can be enhanced to 34.3%–58.3%; ii) According to the results of the numerical simulation, oil viscosity can be greatly reduced after the solvent is added. As a result, steam-chamber expansion can be improved, steam-chamber affected area can be enlarged, and displacement efficiency can be enhanced; iii) the optimal injection molar ratio of steam and solvent was around 8:1 for SESF. Highlights • A set of two-dimensional sandpack is established for studying the characteristics of steam chamber expansion. • A numerical model is established and it is based on the basic parameters of an indoor experiment and verified accuracy. • Factors that influence steam chamber evolution are discussed. • The optimal ratio turned out to be 8:1 by our numerical simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A long-term impact of prepartum feeding of essential fatty acids on subsequent lactation is proposed. • Prepartum feeding of polyunsaturated fatty acids increased milk production and reproductive efficiency. • Both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids were effective in improving 300-d lactation performance. Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with calcium salts of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (FA) during the last 3 weeks of gestation on colostrum composition and productive and reproductive performance of nulliparous and parous Holstein cows during the entire subsequent lactation. During the last 3 weeks of pregnancy, cattle (n = 120), within parity, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments, no fat supplement (CON), a Ca-salt supplement enriched in C18:2n-6 (CSO), or a Ca-salt supplement enriched in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid FA (CFO). After calving, all cows received a common lactation diet. As expected, cows fed CSO or CFO produced colostrum with higher (P < 0.01) contents of n-6 or n-3 FA, respectively. Colostrum yield and composition were not affected by treatments, but cows fed fat produced colostrum with higher (P < 0.01) IgG concentration. The major impact of treatments on productive and reproductive performance was observed for the contrast comparison of supplemental fat (CSO and CFO) compared with CON. Body weight was not affected by treatments, but at 14 weeks after parturition, cows fed fat tended (P = 0.07) to have a greater body condition score compared with CON cows. Milk yield and 4% fat corrected milk were higher (P < 0.001) for cows fed fat compared with CON (37.8, 34.9 versus 35.2, 33.0 kg/d, respectively) during the experimental period. Milk fat content was higher (P < 0.001) in CON cows compared with cows fed fat (36.1 vs. 34.9 g/kg, P < 0.001). Plasma cholesterol concentrations were higher (P ≤ 0.02) for both fat supplement groups during the pre- and postpartum period, but plasma concentration of non-esterified FA was lower (P < 0.01) for fat-supplemented compared with CON-supplemented cows during postpartum. Fat-supplemented cows had shorter days to first estrus and first insemination (P < 0.04). Total reproductive disorders tended (P = 0.06) to be lower in cows fed supplemental fat than in those fed CON. Cows fed supplemental fat had lower (P = 0.01) incidences of total health disorders compared with those fed CON diet. In summary, prepartum fat supplementation increased milk yield during the entire lactation and improved reproductive performance. Our findings suggest that the benefits of supplemental polyunsaturated FA during the prepartum period only is independent of the n-type of FA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Gas condensate reservoir is a special kind of oil and gas system that involves two-phase flow during production, because oil condensation occurs when reservoir pressure drops below the dew point pressure. It is of great importance to develop some well testing models for the gas condensate reservoir, yet there exists no analytical well-testing model for horizontal well in such formations. This paper proposes an analytical model for the production performance analysis of horizontal well in gas condensate reservoir. The three-region model is employed to characterize the flow and production of gas condensate, and the three regions are: region-1 in which oil and gas are both mobile, region-2 in which only gas is mobile whereas the oil cannot flow, and region-3 in which only the gas phase exists. To solve the proposed model, Laplace transformation and Cosine transformation are applied to change the partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations. Then, Stehfest numerical inversion technique is used to convert the solution of the proposed model into real space. Afterwards, the pressure response type curve is obtained and nine flow regimes are identified. Subsequently, sensitivity analysis is carried out to investigate the influence of several factors on production performance. Finally, field application is carried out to validate the accuracy of our model, and it is shown that the model prediction result is in accordance with the real production data. The proposed model provides some insights toward the production behavior of horizontal well in gas condensate reservoir, and can be used to evaluate the horizontal well productivity of the such reservoirs. Highlights • An analytical model proposed for horizontal wells producing gas condensate. • Three regions are incorporated to model the production of gas condensate. • Nine flow regimes are identified from the pressure response type curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Laboratory experiments have been done to show steam-distribution characteristics. • A new analytical model is developed for 3D steam chamber expansion for SAGD. • The comparison of steam chamber has been made to verify the accuracy of the model. • Steam quality is considered to be an essential one to influence the steam chamber. Abstract SAGD is an effective technology that was devised for the development of oil sand. However, nowadays, most research is focused on the two-dimensional (2D) vertical profile, which ignores the non-uniformity of steam along the horizontal well occurring in an oilfield. In this paper, based on the properties in MacKay River oil sands, an experimental device for SAGD is well-designed to investigate steam-chamber expansion along the horizontal well. Then, based on experimental results, a new 3D mathematical model considering steam non-uniformity was established to predict production performance and steam-chamber expansion. Next, the calculated production performance and steam-chamber evolution were compared with numerical data to verify the accuracy of the model. Finally, the model was compared with previous models to assess its quality. Results show the following. (a) The steam distribution along the horizontal direction is non-uniform; even the preheating of SAGD is uniform using the modified pre-heating method, which, when switched to formal SAGD production, also presents the same non-uniform steam distribution. (b) The comparisons reveal that the proposed 3D model is reasonably more accurate than previous models in predicting cumulative oil prediction and steam-chamber expansion. (c) Factors influencing steam distribution along the horizontal well are also discussed, and it is believed that steam quality is the deciding factor that determines the degree of steam non-uniformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthworms have been studied as a feed additive and animal protein source for poultry for many years. The interest in earthworm use for manure management has greatly increased over the past few decades. However, it is unknown whether earthworm powder in the diet poses a potential heavy metal risk for broiler pullets. This study was conducted to investigate the safety of adding earthworm powder in the diets of broiler pullets. A total of 240 Ningdu Yellow broiler pullets were randomly assigned to 4 groups receiving diets supplemented with 0%, 1%, 3%, or 5% earthworm powder for 30 d. Feed conversion ratios were improved by 12.64% and 22.45%, when 3% and 5% earthworm powder, respectively, were added (P = 0.02). Supplementing the diet with 5% earthworm powder had no negative effects on the growth of pullets, and increased antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) activities in the liver (P < 0.05). The liver contained higher levels of heavy metals than did the thigh and chest muscles. All heavy metal residues in the thigh and chest muscles, as well as the liver, were below China's permissible limits. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with 1%–5% earthworm powder is safe for broiler pullets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) and yeast culture (YC) on average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed/egg ratio (F/E), laying rate, average egg weight (AEW), and cholesterol content of egg yolk in laying hens. A total of 640 "Hy-Line Brown" laying hens aged 25 wk were assigned to 4 dietary treatment groups in a completely randomized design. Each group consisted of 5 replicates with 32 layers. The preliminary test lasted for 6 d and the experiment lasted for 48 d. Laying hens in group 1 were fed with basal diet as a control group, and laying hens in groups 2–4 were fed with basal diet supplemented with GSE, YC, and GSE+YC, respectively. The results showed that cholesterol content of egg yolk was significantly reduced by diets supplemented with GSE and GSE+YC (P < 0.05). The laying rate was significantly increased by diets supplemented with GSE+YC compared with other 3 groups (P < 0.05). The AEW in all treatments were significantly decreased compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, the results showed that there were no significant differences in all groups on ADFI and F/E (P > 0.05). This study demonstrated that GSE and YC had no obvious effect on ADFI and F/E of laying hens, but significantly influenced the laying rate, AEW, and cholesterol content of egg yolk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Model developments for transient analysis of fractured horizontal wells have gained tremendous attention in shale reservoirs, especially, during the flowback period. However, the existing models so far have rarely considered two-phase flow and complex fracture networks. To improve this situation, in this work, we present a comprehensively semianalytical two-phase flow model. Two fluids simultaneously flow in the matrix and fracture networks. By iteratively correcting the relative permeability to the phases, we incorporate the two-phase flow into fracture model. Complex fracture networks with arbitrary geometries are described and the fluid flow interplays at fracture intersections are eliminated by mass balance equation. The model solution is obtained by using Laplace transform inversion, and it is verified by performing a case study with numerical simulators. Our results show that there exist two distinct flow regimes: fluid feed and pseudo-boundary dominated flow (PBDF), which is generated by the permeability contrast between fracture networks and matrix. We also investigate the impacts of some key reservoir and fracture properties on the characteristics of the two-phase productivity index. Results indicate that the two-phase productivity index increases with an increase in initial water saturation. Furthermore, it is found that during the PBDF, different fracture-network parameters have various constant productivity indexes, providing an efficient tool to characterize the fracture networks. Based on that, we apply the model to estimate the fracture networks of a well in CJ formation from China with flowback data and micro seismic data, which provides an efficient technique to estimate the fracture parameters during the flowback period. Highlights • Model development for transient analysis have gained tremendous attention in shales. • Existing models so far have rarely considered two-phase flow and fracture networks. • This work presented a semianalytical two-phase flow model with fracture networks. • The model was applied to estimate the fracture networks of an actual well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin K3 (VK3) supplementation on production performance, egg quality, vitamin K-dependent proteins, and antioxidant properties in breeding geese during the laying period. A total of one hundred twenty 82-wk-old Wulong geese with similar body weights were randomly divided into 6 groups with 4 replicates and 5 geese each (1 male and 4 female). The geese in the control group were fed a basal diet, and the geese in the treatment groups were fed diets supplemented with different levels of VK3 (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5 mg/kg) for 11 wk. Dietary VK3 supplementation linearly and quadratically increased feed intake, egg mass, egg weight, and egg production (P < 0.05). Increasing VK3 levels linearly and quadratically increased albumen height, shell thickness and Haugh unit of eggs (P < 0.05). VK3 reduced osteocalcin (OC) and uncarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) levels in the serum. Dietary VK3 addition linearly decreased serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P < 0.01). There was linear and quadratic effect in the activity of serum total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) (P < 0.01), and linear effect in serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (P < 0.01). In conclusion, dietary VK3 supplementation enhanced the production performance, egg quality, vitamin K-dependent proteins, and antioxidant properties in breeding geese during the laying period. The optimal dose of dietary VK3 supplementation was 10.0 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of low and high NDF levels in complete pelleted diets (CPD) on early diet transition in fattening male goats. Forty male goats were blocked by their initial body weights (BW), and within each block, animals were randomly assigned to one of the four diets using a randomized complete block design. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial comprising of two levels of NDF (20.2% and 32%) and two diet transition strategies (day 7 and 15). All the diets were iso-nitrogenous, having a 15:85 forage-to-concentrate ratio. In the high NDF diet, a higher level of 32% was achieved by replacing corn grain with soy hulls and wheat bran. The goats were housed individually and had ad libitum access to feed and water. During the transition phase, conventional feeding was replaced by the CPD in three steps, and thereafter, all animals had free choice access to their respective diets. Body weight and blood samples were conducted weekly, while rumen samples were collected on day 0, 7 and 15, and then fortnightly. Feeding behavior data was recorded on day 7 during the transition period using video cameras. Nutrient digestibility was performed twice, with n = 4 animals/treatment: 1) after 15 days and 2) at the end of the study. The results revealed that goats fed on a high NDF diet had higher (P < 0.05) DMI and ADG than those fed on a low NDF diet during the transition. Additionally, there was an interaction between NDF and transition days after the transition period and the entire study period. The feed-to-gain ratio was lower (P = 0.05) in goats fed on the LNDF-15 compared with the LNDF-7. The rumen pH of low NDF-7 goats was lower (P < 0.05) throughout the study compared with other treatments. Moreover, the odds for diarrhea were higher (P = 0.03) in the low NDF-7 goats compared to other treatments during and after the diet transition. Male goats fed on a high NDF diet had higher (P < 0.05) nutrient digestibility after transition, but no effect thereafter. Animals fed on a high NDF diet had higher (P < 0.05) DMI, NDF intake, laying, standing time, and rumination time during the diet transition period. Feeding behavior was not recorded after the dietary transition period. In conclusion, feeding HNDF-7 to goats during the diet transition period resulted in improved growth performance, key feeding behavior parameters, and nutrient digestibility. Whereas, during the post-diet transition period, both LNDF-15 and HNDF-7 goats displayed comparable growth performance without any adverse effects on animal health. • Diet transition from a high forage to a high concentrate diet influences rumen pH, growth performance and profitability. • High NDF contents in complete pelleted diet (CPD) maintained rumen pH > 6.2 by increasing the rumination rate. • Feeding CPD with high NDF shortened the diet transition period from 15 to 7 days. • The length of the transition period (7 days vs. 15 days) had no influence on animal welfare in goats fed a high NDF diet. • A low NDF pelleted diet improves feed efficiency, but effectiveness of this effect depends on the transition period length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the effects of feed efficiency (residual feed intake, RFI and residual intake and gain, RIG) on the production performance of small-sized meat ducks. Ninety ducks with intermediate and extreme (high and low) RFI values were selected from 1,083 male ducks of similar body weight, and the 3 groups were then redivided according to RIG. For both efficiency measures, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of efficient ducks were significantly lower than those of inefficient ducks (P < 0.05), while the residual body weight gain (RG) was significantly higher in efficient ducks (P < 0.05). Inefficient-RFI animals showed greater skin fat yield (P < 0.05), but no other differences in carcass traits were observed (P > 0.05). RIG had positive effects on the pH 1 value of the breast muscle (P < 0.05), but feed efficiency did not affect the other meat quality traits (P > 0.05). With regard to blood biochemical parameters, efficient ducks had significantly lower triglycerides (TG) (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis demonstrated that RFI was positively correlated with average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05), while RIG exhibited a strong negative correlation with both (P < 0.05). The average daily body weight gain was positively correlated with RIG (P < 0.05). RIG had a positive effect on the pH 1 value of the breast muscle (P < 0.05). Furthermore, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels correlated with both efficiency classifications (P < 0.05). Overall, the efficiency measures did not affect the carcass and meat quality of small-sized meat ducks but could identify ducks with lower feed consumption and fast growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogas slurry reflux is a promising method to realize biogas slurry reduction and improve biogas production performance of anaerobic digestion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of reflux mode and reflux ratio on mixed anaerobic digestion of corn straw and pig manure to obtain the best biogas slurry reflux process. The influence of reflux mode and reflux ratio on the internal environment during anaerobic digestion were clarified by kinetic analysis. The results showed that compared with the control group, the degree of substrate hydrolysis in the hydrolysis phase reflux (HPR) and two-phase synergistic reflux (TPSR) treatment groups increased, and the initial concentration and peak value of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) increased by 20.35%–85.81% and 24.72%–74.37%, respectively. The modified Gompertz model fitting results that the three biogas slurry reflux modes all significantly shortened the lag period of anaerobic digestion (17.29%–48.32%) and increased the peak gas production (7.54%–88.07%). And the maximum daily gas production (65.82 mL/(g VS∙d)), methane production (422.86 mL/g VS) and biodegradation rate (83.65%) were obtained under the TPSR mode with reflux ratios of 75% and 100%. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of biogas slurry reflux technology in the mixed anaerobic digestion of corn straw and pig manure, and realizes the reduction and resource utilization of biogas slurry. [Display omitted] • Synergistic effect was significantly enhanced by reflux treatment. • The best reflux ratios were 75% (hydrolysis phase) and 100% (fermentation phase). • Biogas slurry reflux treatment improved the tolerance to TAN and free ammonia. • Higher VFAs peak was due to increased concentrations of acetic and propionic acids. • Reflux treatment improved the activity of microorganisms and the COD removal rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of dietary arginine supplementation on the production performance, serum biochemicals, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of laying Wulong geese. A total of 150 Wulong geese (34-wk old) with similar body weights were randomly divided into 6 groups with 5 replicates and 5 geese each (1 male and 4 female). The geese in the control group were fed a corn-rapeseed meal basal diet, and the geese in the treatment groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% arginine. The experiment lasted for 17 wk. Our results showed that dietary arginine increased the egg production rate (LR) and average egg weight (AEW) of geese in a quadratic manner (P < 0.05). Dietary arginine had a quadratic effect on the contents of total protein (TP) and triglyceride (TG) (P < 0.05) in the serum. Dietary arginine quadratically decreased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the activity of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) (P < 0.05). Dietary arginine supplementation linearly and quadratically increased the contents of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), and linearly increased the content of nitric oxide (NO) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary arginine supplementation can significantly improve the production performance, serum biochemicals, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of laying Wulong geese. Therefore, 0.3% arginine (actual content: 1.02%) is recommended in the diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]