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Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation through free radical and non-free radical synergism is a promising technique for the removal of difficult-to-degrade organic contaminants. Due to the insufficient sites of action or low activation efficiency of existing activation materials, there are still significant hurdles to enhancing the performance of PMS activation for the degradation of organic matter. In this paper, a bimetallic cobalt- and zirconium-doped TiO 2 catalyst (Co-Zr-TiO 2) with abundant oxygen vacancies was effectively prepared and employed to activate PMS for the removal of ornidazole (ONZ). The degradation rate of ONZ in the Co-Zr-TiO 2 /PMS system reached 100% within 20 min, and catalytic performance was approximately 49.6, 52.7 and 4.1 times higher than that of TiO 2 , Zr-TiO 2 and Co-TiO 2. Furthermore, the Co-Zr-TiO 2 catalyst showed strong catalytic activity in aqueous solutions for various pollutants in addition to good adaptability in the pH range of 3–11. The mechanisms for the generation of multi-reactive oxygen species are activation of PMS by surface Co3+/Co2+ to generate free radicals (SO 4 •- and •OH); bimetallic doping leading to an increase in oxygen vacancies, which generates 1O 2 ; and Zr4+ doping leading to an increase in the specific surface area, which results in the accessible active sites increase. Radical scavenging and EPR experiments confirmed that SO 4 •- and 1O 2 were the main active substances in the Co-Zr-TiO 2 /PMS system. Finally, HPLC-MS analysis of degradation intermediates provided a possible catalytic degradation pathway for ONZ. The study proposes a strategy for the construction of efficient PMS activation catalysts for environmental cleanup that combines free radicals with non-free radicals. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to make good use of the inherent advantages of the FEM and the BEM formulations, an iterative decomposition coupling algorithm between time-domain FEM and time-domain BEM with independent spatial discretization on the interface is proposed for elastodynamic problems. In the coupling process, based on the conditions of the displacement continuity and the force equilibrium on the interface, the force and the displacement converting matrices are obtained. Data are exchanged on the interface between the time-domain FEM variables and the time-domain BEM variables through the converting matrices, instead of the interpolation calculation for the variables between the two sub-domains. Releasing the limitation of the interpolation function of variables on the interface, the proposed coupling algorithm is easily manipulated in data exchange between nodal variables on the interface. Additionally, the independent spatial discretization on the interface suitable for one's own boundary conditions and material properties in both the TD-FEM and TD-BEM sub-domains, the proposed coupling algorithm is of good versatility and computational efficiency. Three benchmark examples are presented to verify the correctness and efficiency of the proposed coupling algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) allografts are commonly used in the surgical treatment of complex and irreparable rotator cuff tears. Multiple studies report that superior capsule reconstruction (SCR) using ADM has resulted in short-term clinical success as assessed via radiographic and patient-reported outcomes. However, limited information is available regarding the biologic fate of these grafts in human subjects. This case series describes histologic results from 8 patients who had reoperations, during which the previously implanted ADMs were removed. These explanted ADMs were subjected to histologic analysis with the hypothesis that they would have evidence of recellularization, revascularization, and active remodeling. Eight patients, 38-82 years old, underwent reoperation 6-38 months after undergoing SCR. ADM explants were voluntarily shipped to the manufacturer for histologic analysis. Each graft's structure and composition were qualitatively evaluated by 1 or more of the following histologic stains: hematoxylin and eosin, safranin O, and Russell-Movat pentachrome. Pan-muscle actin staining also assessed the level of neovascularization, potential myoblast or myocyte infiltration, and muscle tissue development in the graft, and was analyzed to determine the proportion of graft that had been recellularized in situ. Grafts showed varying levels of gross and microscopic incorporation with the host. An uneven, but high, overall degree of recellularization, revascularization, and active remodeling was observed. The degree of remodeling correlated with implant duration. These results are consistent with successful biologic reconstruction of the superior shoulder capsule. The present histologic analysis suggests that ADMs used in SCR undergo active recellularization, revascularization, and remodeling as early as 6 months after implantation, and that graft recellularization positively correlates with duration of implantation. These results represent a significant advancement in our knowledge regarding biologic incorporation of ADMs used in SCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acellular human dermal allograft commonly is used in the surgical treatment of complex rotator cuff tears, but little information is known about the biological fate of these grafts in human subjects. In this case report, the authors describe a patient who presented with a radiographically healed acellular human dermal allograft superior capsular reconstruction but had humeral head avascular necrosis. The healed superior capsular reconstruction, including graft-bone interfaces, was explanted after 7 months and sent for histologic analysis. A successful biological reconstruction of the superior capsule was found. The graft demonstrated gross and microscopic incorporation with the host, including a tendon-like structure, aligned collagen fibers, fibroblast-like cells, and no clear graft-host distinction. Cellular infiltration ranged from 5% to 14% (central graft) to 65% to 92% (sutured attachment points). Neovascularization and active graft remodeling were confirmed histologically. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V, case report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The drug-coated balloon (DCB) only strategy is safe and efficient in large coronary artery lesions. • Some dissections after DCB treatment could spontaneously heal. • "Late lumen enlargement" after DCB dilatation may also occur in large vessels. Abstract Background A drug-coated balloon (DCB) has been designed as a new device for the treatment of coronary artery disease. The data regarding DCB-treated lesions in large coronary artery are limited. The purpose of our study was to explore the effectiveness and safety of DCB in large coronary artery. Methods We prospectively analyzed all patients treated with DCB in de novo lesions consistent with inclusion criteria between May 2015 and April 2017. The observed outcomes included target lesion revascularization (TLR), myocardial infarction, cardiac death and non-cardiac death, and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Results There were 92 patients including 94 coronary de novo lesions treated in all. The most often utilized DCB diameters were 3.0 mm (41.5%) and 3.5 mm (39.4%). Two acute closures occurred in hospital. Six bailout drug-eluting stents were used in the percutaneous coronary interventions (6.4%). Quantitative coronary angiography measurement at follow-up showed late lumen loss was -0.02 ± 0.49 mm. The TLR rate and overall MACE rates were 4.3% and 4.3% during the follow-up period in the whole patient population, respectively. Conclusions Our study showed that the "DCB only" strategy is safe and efficient in large vessel lesions of patients whose predilation achieved an acceptable result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The concentrations and seasonal variations of PBM (particulate-bound mercury) were observed at four dust source sites (Duolun, Yulin, Hetian, and Tazhong), two megacities (Shanghai and Beijing), and an island site (Huaniao Island) to obtain the spatiotemporal characteristics of PBM in dust transport path from desert area in China to the East China Sea. The highest annual mean concentrations of PBM in TSP (PBM TSP) were observed at megacity sites, reaching 146.7 pg/m3 and 274.7 pg/m3 in Shanghai and Beijing attributed primarily to anthropogenic emissions, while 39.7 pg/m3, 67.3 pg/m3, 61.0 pg/m3, 23.5 pg/m3 and 43.6 pg/m3 over Duolun, Yulin, Hetian, Tazhong, and Huaniao Island, respectively. PBM concentrations were higher in winter and autumn, while lower in spring and summer due to the variation of meteorological conditions (especially temperature and wind speed) together with the emission sources. Enrichment factors (EFs) of PBM TSP and PBM 2.5 reached 158 and 1452 in Beijing, showing the serious anthropogenic emissions impacted on PBM pollution in megacities, and the profound high level of EFs of mercury in sand dust source sites (17–64 for TSP and 38–252 for PM 2.5), suggesting the obvious mixing effect of dust and anthropogenic aerosols in dust source areas. Human activities played a major role in the increase of PBM concentrations and the enrichment factors during the long-range transport of air mass in China. The significant anthropogenic mercury emissions in the dust source areas and their long-range transport driven by the East Asian Monsoon might impact on the ecological cycle of mercury and should be taken into the mercury inventories. Coal combustion and smelting contributed 52–94% to PBM over all three types of sampling sites, and mining operations were additional sources of PBM in Yulin. In the coastal area, sea salt is an important source of PBM, and shipping could also contribute a certain proportion to PBM pollution which shouldn't be ignored. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Observation of particulate-bound mercury (PBM) over sand-dust areas in China • Mixing of anthropogenic emissions and dust during long-range transport of PBM • Considerable PBM pollution was shown in the Taklimakan Desert. • Sea salt and shipping contributed about a quarter of PBM over island site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the brain compared with that in other tissues among different vertebrates. We collected mice, chickens, ducks, frogs, and fish from an e-waste recycling region in Taizhou, China, and measured PBDE concentrations in brain, liver and muscle tissues. The levels of PBDE in the tissues of mice, chickens, ducks, frogs and fish ranged 0.45–206, 0.06–18.8, 1.83–112, 2.75–108, and 0.02–32.0 ng/g wet weight, respectively. Preferential distribution in the liver and muscle relative to the brain was observed for PBDEs in mice, chickens, ducks and frogs. However, a high retention in the brain compared to the liver and muscle was observed in fish. Comparison of the brain/liver concentration (B/L) ratios revealed differences in PBDEs accumulation in the brain among these vertebrates. PBDEs accumulation in the brain was greatest in fish, followed by frogs, while the lowest accumulation occurred in the brains of mammals and birds. The findings apparently coincided with the evolution of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) across vertebrates, i.e. the BBB of fish might be less efficient than those of mammals, birds and amphibian. Low brominated congeners (such as BDE-28, BDE-47 and BDE-99) were predominant in the brains of investigated vertebrates, whereas BDE-209 was most abundant in liver and muscle tissues of mice, chickens and ducks. Significant differences in B/L ratios among PBDE congeners were found in both mice and chickens ( p < 0.05). Particularly in mice, the B/L ratios of PBDE congeners presented a declining trend with increased bromine number. Our findings suggested that low brominated congeners might have a higher capacity to penetrate the BBB and accumulate in the brain, whereas high brominated congeners such as BDE-209 might have less potency to pass through the barrier. Further experimental studies are needed to confirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schematic illustration of several nuclear-targeted drug delivery strategies, such as charge conversion, size ladder, dual targeting, light irradiation and stimulated responsive, for enhanced gene therapy, chemotherapy, phototherapy, combination therapy and CRISPE genome editing based therapy. [Display omitted] • Recent advances of functional nanomaterials in cancer therapy are overviewed. • Many nuclear targeting ligands are introduced to understand nuclear entry mechanism. • The robust strategies are summarized to improve the nuclear delivery of nanocarriers. • Current challenges in the clinical applications and future perspectives are discussed. Nucleus, as the machinery for genome transcription, play prominent roles to support the fundamental cellular functions, the destruction of any of these specific parts would significantly modulate the cell function. Therefore, troumendous drug delivery systems with enhanced nucleus targeting ability have been studied for nucleus-related disease regulation. The purpose of this review is to sort out the fundamental nuclear targeting strategy, especially the active mechanism of various nuclear targeting ligands and their extensive applications based on cancer targeting therapy. Various nuclear targeting ligands are first introduced to understand their nuclear entry mechanism. Next, to overcome biological barriers and avoid the serum protein absorption, diverse robust delivery strategies based on different nuclear targeting ligands are discussed. Moreover, other sophisticated carrier systems with enhanced nuclear entry, while without nuclear targeting ligands are also assembled. At the end the challenges and future opportunities in the field of nuclear targeting nanotherapeutics are tentatively proposed, to speed up their clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new coordinate transformation method is proposed to analytically transform the singular integrals on the spatial surface element into the 2-D plane element. • The hyper spatial singularity is solved by using hadamrd principle integral, without using any element of the elastostatic method of rigid body displacement. • The singular integrals both in time and space for 3-D elastodynamics is directly analytically treated. A direct analytical treatment on singularities in the 3D TD-BEM formulation is proposed, where the wavefront singularity and the dual singularity are analytically expressed. In the process of the solution of the spatial singularity, the integration domain is divided into the regular part and the singular part. The singularities in the singular part are analytically eliminated by the direct method of the concept of the finite part of an integral (Hadamard principal integral), while the singular integrals in the regular part are solved by the convenient Gaussian integration. Due to the increase of the dimension and the additional causality relevant function, the 3D TD-BEM formulation is further more intricate than the 2D one. In order to reduce the complexity, in the process of the solution of the boundary integral equation in the 3D TD-BEM formulation, a new coordinate transformation method is proposed to analytically transform the coefficient integrals on the spatial surface element into the 2D plane element. The 3D TD-BEM formulation based on the proposed analytical treatment on singularities is verified to be correct by three examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown carbon (BrC), as a short-lived climate forcer, is still poorly understood due to its insufficient quantification of chemical compositions, ambiguous optical properties, and complex formation mechanisms. This study firstly investigated the characteristics of BrC over a remote island of the East China Sea during the winter of 2019. Driven by the continental outflows, BrC increased 3–8 times than the clean episodes. Different from most urban studies, high water-soluble organic carbon to organic carbon (WSOC/OC) ratios (66% ± 18%) and low MS-BrC/WS-BrC ratios (methanol extracts vs. water extracts, 1.1) were observed, which resulted from the aging processes via the long-range transport over the ocean. When air masses originated from northern China with long travelling history over the ocean, aqueous phase processing promoted the formation of BrC under rich ammonium and nitrate. In contrast, air masses from eastern China travelled over less oceanic areas and were characterized of higher oxidation capacity, suggesting a dominant role of gas-phase processing in the formation of BrC. Biomass burning, fossil fuels combustion, and marine sources were apportioned as the major contributors to carbonaceous aerosols, of which marine sources accounted for more than 30%. The fractional solar absorption by BrC relative to elemental carbon in the ultraviolet range (300–400 nm) was simulated as 17.3 ± 7.51% for WS-BrC and 21.18 ± 7.97% for MS-BrC, indicating a non-negligible role of BrC in perturbating the radiative forcing in the marine atmosphere. • BrC was firstly investigated over the East China Sea during winter. • BrC increased 3–8 times than clean episodes when driven by the continental outflows. • High WSOC/OC ratios (66% ± 18%) and low MS-BrC/WS-BrC ratios (1.1) were observed. • Marine sources contributed for more than 30% of carbonaceous aerosols. • Aqueous phase process and gas-phase process promoted BrC formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbohydrates are an important energy source and play numerous key roles in all living organisms. Carbohydrates chemistry involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases has been attracting increasing attention. Carbohydrates could be one of the major focuses of new drug discovery. Currently, however, carbohydrate-containing drugs account for only a small percentage of all drugs in clinical use, which does not match the important roles of carbohydrates in the organism. In other words, carbohydrates are a relatively untapped source of new drugs and therefore may offer exciting novel therapeutic opportunities. Here, we presented an overview of the application of carbohydrates in approved small molecule drugs and emphasized and evaluated the roles of carbohydrates in those drugs. The potential development direction of carbohydrate-containing drugs was presented after summarizing the advantages and challenges of carbohydrates in the development of new drugs. Carbohydrate-containing drugs were used for the treatment of a variety of diseases. [Display omitted] • Carbohydrates have been extensively explored in the development of new drugs. • The roles of carbohydrates in approved small molecule drugs. • The advantages and challenges of carbohydrates in drug development. • The potential development directions of carbohydrate-containing drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Villages are homes for most rural residents and powerhouses of the rural economy, with a vital role in reducing rural-urban disparity. It raises the need to explore the driving forces of village development, which in turn sheds light on strategies to secure rural revitalization. This research aims to dissect the factors contributing to village economic development through quantitative analysis of 338 villages in the traditional agricultural area of northern Jiangsu Province, China. This research leverages an integration of the econometric modeling and machine learning methodologies (multiple regression model and Boosted Regression Trees method) to ensure our findings' accuracy and comparativeness. This research finds: (1) village economic development depends more on the intensity of land-use than the absolute amount of farmland resources; (2) transportation infrastructure, labor outmigration, and land transfer are determinants of village economic development with increasing marginal effects; non-farm employment, entrepreneurship, and bottom-up partnership are also positively related to village economic development despite their non-linear effects. (3) Large-scale labor outmigration would brings a short-term positive effect but poses a long-term challenge to village development. The authors suggest that priority should be given to the construction of transportation infrastructure, regulation of farmland transfer, industrial integration, promotion of rural entrepreneurship, and land consolidation to achieve sustainable development of the village economy. •We demonstrate the relative impact and marginal effect of factors contributing to village development. •The intensity of land-use weighs more than the absolute amount of farmland resources. •Labor outmigration will be detrimental to the village development in the long-term, albeit beneficial in the short term. •Rural elites with entrepreneurship are crucial to sustainable village development. •Priority should be given to transportation infrastructure construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trypsin, as one of important proteases, is specific for catalyzing the hydrolysis of peptide and ester bonds containing lysine and arginine residues at the C-terminus. The level of trypsin in biological fluids can serve as a reliable and specific diagnostic biomarker for pancreatic function and its pathological changes. Herein, we demonstrate the application of phosphorescent Cu NCs for trypsin detection for the first time depending on the electron transfer between Cu NCs and cyt c. Cyt c and Cu NCs were selected as the quencher and the fluorophore, respectively. Cu NCs could bind to the positively charged cyt c through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, and the phosphorescence of Cu NCs was efficiently quenched by the metal-containing heme of cyt c. In the presence of trypsin, cyt c was digested, thus phosphorescence of Cu NCs remained. Therefore, a new and continuous phosphorescence assay for the detection of trypsin activity and its inhibitor screening was established. The plot of relative fluorescence versus trypsin concentration obtains a good linear detection range from 0 to 20 ng/mL (R 2 = 0.9657), and a detection limit of 2 ng/mL, which is much lower than 20 ng/mL of the sensor in buffer solution because of urine amplifying the phosphorescence signal of Cu NCs based on the FRET strategy. This assay still has been successfully applied to trypsin inhibitor screening, demonstrating its potential application in drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The singularities in 2-D time domain boundary element (TD-BEM) formulation for elastodynamics are divided into three categories: the wave front singularity, the space singularity and the dual singularity. A fully analytical procedure for dealing with the three singularities is proposed by adopting the concept of the finite part of an integral (Hadamard principle integral). In order to reduce the computation time, the conventional numerical procedure is adopted for the non-singular integrals in 2-D TD-BEM formulation. Therefore, the algorithm including the fully analytical procedure for dealing with singular integrals and the numerical procedure for dealing with non-singular integrals is implemented in this study. Two examples, 1-D rod and 2-D cavity representing the problems for the finite domain and the infinite domain respectively, are chosen to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. It shows that the results obtained from the proposed algorithm agree with the analytical solutions with good accuracy, indicating that the proposed algorithm is applicable for elastodynamics in both finite and infinite domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media data are increasingly used to examine associations between environmental exposures and mental wellbeing. In particular, studies highlight that exposure to natural outdoor environments (NOEs) is associated with fewer negative emotions. Also, people in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighbourhoods tend to benefit more from NOEs than their counterparts in more privileged neighbourhoods ("equigenic" effects). However, exposure to NOEs is principally studied with remotely sensed data that fail to measure peoples' lived experience and the visible environment at eye-level. The current study explored relationships between two forms of NOEs (green and blue spaces) using Tencent Map street view imagery and negative emotions from social media Weibo microblogs in 1540 neighborhoods of Guangzhou, China. Negative emotions and exposure to visible green and blue space were assessed at the neighborhood-level (averaged by neighborhood). Higher levels of visible green space were associated with lower levels of negative emotions (3rd quartile: coefficient [coef.] = −0.006, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.012 to −0.000; 4th quartile: coef. = −0.007, CI = −0.013 to −0.001), and these associations were stronger during non-work times. No associations were observed for visible blue space except in interactions with socioeconomic status (SES); blue space provided an equigenic effect whereby people in lower-SES neighborhoods expressed fewer negative emotions than other lower-SES neighbourhoods without blue space. Because negative emotions are strongly linked to depression and anxiety, the importance of green and blue space visible at eye-level should be considered when promoting equitable public health. [Display omitted] • Assessed natural outdoor environment-emotion associations with social media and street view data. • Higher levels of visible green space were associated with lower levels of negative emotions. • Associations were stronger during non-work times. • No associations were observed for visible blue space except in interactions with socioeconomic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is disrupting the world from many aspects. In this study, the impact of emission variations on PM 2.5 -bound elemental species and health risks associated to inhalation exposure has been analyzed based on real-time measurements at a remote coastal site in Shanghai during the pandemic. Most trace elemental species decreased significantly and displayed almost no diel peaks during the lockdown. After the lockdown, they rebounded rapidly, of which V and Ni even exceeded the levels before the lockdown, suggesting the recovery of both inland and shipping activities. Five sources were identified based on receptor modeling. Coal combustion accounted for more than 70% of the measured elemental concentrations before and during the lockdown. Shipping emissions, fugitive/mineral dust, and waste incineration all showed elevated contributions after the lockdown. The total non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) for the target elements exceeded the risk threshold for both children and adults with chloride as the predominant species contributing to HQ. Whereas, the total carcinogenic risk (TR) for adults was above the acceptable level and much higher than that for children. Waste incineration was the largest contributor to HQ, while manufacture processing and coal combustion were the main sources of TR. Lockdown control measures were beneficial for lowering the carcinogenic risk while unexpectedly increased the non-carcinogenic risk. From the perspective of health effects, priorities of control measures should be given to waste incineration, manufacture processing, and coal combustion. A balanced way should be reached between both lowering the levels of air pollutants and their health risks. [Display omitted]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) are major chemical constituents of ambient submicron particles (PM 1) and have substantial implications for air quality, climate dynamics, and human health. Long-term observations of daily mean mass concentrations of OC and EC in PM 1 were conducted in Qingdao, a typical coastal megacity in northern China, in autumn and winter from Nov. 2017 to Jan. 2023. The variety in OC and EC concentrations under the active emission reduction policies of long-term carbon reduction in China, combined with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, were analyzed. OC and EC concentrations decreased noticeably from 8.28 ± 4.59 μg m−3 and 2.00 ± 1.17 μg m−3 during pre-COVID-19 pandemic to 6.34 ± 3.82 μg m−3 and 1.87 ± 1.01 μg m−3 during post-COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. The XGBoost-SHAP model indicated that emission sources had the most significant effect on OC and EC concentrations, followed by meteorological factors. Unfavorable meteorological conditions and a substantial increase in emissions are responsible for the increase of OC and EC concentration in winter. Potential source contribution function results indicated that the southern, eastern, and central Shandong regions were the primary source areas for transporting high concentrations of carbonaceous components. Positive matrix factorization analysis suggested that carbonaceous aerosols in Qingdao predominantly originated from coal/biomass combustion (54.75%–81.78%) and local vehicle emissions (8.72%–28.73%). Compared with that before COVID-19, coal/biomass combustion's contribution to OC and EC decreased by 19% after the COVID-19 pandemic. The contribution of vehicles increased by 110%, possibly due to the increase in motor vehicles and the rapid recovery in diesel consumption in freight transportation. Prohibiting biomass burning, such as open burning of straw, and measures such as promoting low-carbon and clean production of coal-fired industrial furnaces might have played a key role in reducing OC and EC levels. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of the concentration levels and sources of carbonaceous components in PM 1 and provide theoretical guidance for environmental management. [Display omitted] • Carbonaceous aerosols in PM 1 decreased based on the 6-year measurements. • Driving factors of OC and EC in PM 1 were identified by machine learning method. • PMF and PSCF analysis revealed a dramatic change in sources of OC and EC. • Increased vehicles and diesel consumption contributed more during the post-COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biggest obstacle to treating wound healing continues to be the production of simple, inexpensive wound dressings that satisfy the demands associated with full process of repair at the same time. Herein, a series of injectable composite hydrogels were successfully prepared by a one-pot method by utilizing the Schiff base reaction as well as hydrogen bonding forces between hydroxypropyl chitosan (HCS), ε-poly- l -lysine (EPL), and 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzaldehyde (TBA), and multiple cross-links formed by the reversible coordination between iron (III) and pyrogallol moieties. Notably, hydrogel exhibits excellent physicochemical properties, including injectability, self-healing, water retention, and adhesion, which enable to fill irregular wounds for a long period, providing a suitable moist environment for wound healing. Interestingly, the excellent hemostatic properties of the hydrogel can quickly stop bleeding and avoid the serious sequelae of massive blood loss in acute trauma. Moreover, the powerful antimicrobial and antioxidant properties also protect against bacterial infections and reduce inflammation at the wound site, thus promoting healing at all stages of the wound. The study of biohydrogel with multifunctional integration of wound treatment and smart medical treatment is clarified by this line of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linfen, one of the most polluted cities in China, releases huge amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the atmosphere. The pollution characteristics of Linfen's PAHs, along with their emission sources and health risks, were scarcely discussed. This study conducted a multi-site observation campaign in Linfen during the non-heating and heating periods (2018–2019) using passive air samplers. Sixteen PAHs were analyzed for the gaseous and particulate samples collected at the 15 sites in the urban, rural, and background areas. The PAH concentrations in Linfen's atmosphere were 225.7 ± 81.9 ng m−3 during the heating period and 139.9 ± 47.5 ng m−3 during the non-heating period, annually averaged to 168.1 ± 58.6 ng m−3, which was predominantly contributed by the rural and urban emissions. Combustion was highly responsible for the PAHs, including the burning of coal for industrial production and winter heating, coupled with the utilization of oils by automobile engines. The spatiotemporal variations of PAHs were associated with the discrepancy of emission intensity rather than that of emission type. The BaP equivalent concentrations for the rural and urban areas were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the various international standards, indicating the considerable carcinogenic risk for the majority of local residents. These findings are informative for better understanding the atmospheric PAH pollution in a typical resource-based Chinese city. [Display omitted] • Gaseous and particulate PAHs were investigated by a multi-site observation in Linfen, China. • The PAH pollution in Linfen was generally heavier than that of other cities worldwide. • Linfen's residents suffered from serious health risks associated with the atmospheric PAHs. • The primary emission sources of PAHs were discovered to be spatiotemporally homogenous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Multi-AXis-Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements were performed to remote sensing the aerosol vertical profiles in suburb area of Shanghai, China from April to December 2017. The retrieval of aerosol extinction was based on the optimal estimation method combing the measured oxygen dimer O 4 absorption with simulation of forward radiative transfer model. It suggests that the employment of O 4 correction factor (CF O4) for daily aerosol retrieval should be adjusted, which includes three typical cases that a fixed CF O4 , no usage of CF O4 and different CF O4 in the morning and afternoon. In cases of using CF O4 , elevation angle dependent CF O 4 (α) were further proposed. Moreover, the retrieval results can be improved if the local sounding data of atmospheric temperature and pressure profiles were introduced into the forward radiative transfer model without utilizing additional CF O4. Afterwards, the retrieved Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and the surface Aerosol Extinction Coefficient (AEC) was in a good agreement with the AOD obtained from sun photometer observations and in-suit PM 2.5 concentrations, with a correlation coefficient R of 0.866 and 0.833, respectively. Besides, the vertical AEC profiles retrieved by MAX-DOAS were also validated well by the co-located lidar measurement. It can be found that the particles were mainly distributed below 1 km, and the maximum AEC usually appeared in the lowest 300 m and decreased with the altitudes. The averaged AEC within 1 km varied from 0.20 to 0.75 km−1, 0.25 to 1.08 km−1, 0.55 to 2.45 km−1 and 0.70 to 2.75 km−1 under different air quality of Grade II, III, IV and V. The sounding meteorological parameters and backward trajectories of air masses were integrated to diagnose the influencing factor of AEC at different altitudes, which illustrated that the AEC levels at lowest layer were impacted by the long distance transportation of air pollutants from north-northwest and regional local air pollution nearby during the winter time. The study shows that ground-based MAX-DOAS observation is powerful remote sensing technique to provide better understanding of aerosol properties at both ground surface and higher altitudes. Highlights • Aerosol vertical distribution were obtained by MAX-DOAS measurements in Shanghai. • O 4 correction factor (CF O4) need to be adjusted in the aerosol retrieval scheme. • Using local temperature and pressure profiles can improve the aerosol retrieval. • MAX-DOAS remote sensing are well validated by other auxiliary datasets. • High aerosol extinction usually occurred at the lowest layer below 0.3 km in winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to delay the rate and extent of gastric destabilization of emulsions using composite particle-particle layers at the O/W interface. Pickering emulsions (20 wt% oil) were prepared using lactoferrin nanogel particles (LFN, D h  = 100 nm) (1 wt%) or a composite layer of LFN and inulin nanoparticles, latter was enzymatically synthetized by inulosucrase IslA from Leuconostoc citreum (INP) ( D h  = 116 ± 1 nm) (1 wt% LFN 3 wt% INP). The hypothesis was that creating a secondary layer of biopolymeric particles might act as a barrier to pepsin to access the underlying proteinaceous particles. Droplet size, microscopy (optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)), ζ -potential and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were used to understand the colloidal fate of these Pickering emulsions in an in vitro gastric model (pH 3, 37 ○ C, pepsin). The ζ -potential measurements and TEM images confirmed that LFN and INP were at the O/W interface, owing to the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged LFN (+29.3 ± 0.7 mV) and INP (−10 ± 1.8 mV) at both neutral and gastric pH. The SDS-PAGE results revealed that adsorbed LFN was less prone to pepsinolysis as compared to a typical protein monolayer at the interface. Presence of INP further decreased the rate and degree of hydrolysis of the LFN (>65% intact protein remaining after 60 min of digestion) by acting as a steric barrier to the diffusion of pepsin and inhibited droplet coalescence. Thus, composite particle-particle layers (LFN + INP) at droplet surface shows potential for rational designing of gastric-stable food and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The reaction networks for synthesis of PODE n were studied. • The adsorption of water on the catalyst reduces the reaction rate. • The power law and LHHW kinetics model were built and validated. Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE n) are promising diesel blend components with high oxygen content, high cetane number and similar properties to diesel. In this paper, we conducted a series of experiments for synthesizing PODE n over a HZSM-5 catalyst in a batch stirred autoclave using methylal and trioxane as reactants. Our research focused on the water influence on these syntheses by contrasting the differences from experiments with or without water and built reaction pathway and rate laws. The experimental and kinetic results showed that decrease of water amount could not only increase yields of the PODE n but also reduce the influences on formation rates of the desired products and eliminate some side reactions. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize water amount in the raw materials for balancing costs of the feed and operation as well as yields of the products to maximize the economy in a commercial production of PODE n. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]