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The transition from primary to secondary school is characterised by multiple substantial changes in children's physical, organisational, social, and pedagogical environments. Adjusting to these changes can be difficult, and problems doing so can have serious and wide-ranging long-term consequences. Currently it is not clear for educators, policy makers and researchers which programs and practices to prepare and support students are most efficacious, feasible to deliver, and suitable for different student populations. This review systematically identified and evaluated published experimental and quasi-experimental studies of school-based interventions to improve student social-emotional (i.e., peer-relationships, self-concept, mental health) and educational (i.e., school engagement, academic achievement) outcomes following primary-secondary transition. Searches were conducted across five bibliographic databases (ERIC, ERC, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Web of Science Core Collections), several program databases and research registers, in February 2022. A total of 26 studies met inclusion criteria. Overall, the review found most interventions had positive effects on at least one relevant transition adjustment outcome. However, there is a need for replication across different educational contexts, consistent measurement of outcomes, and use of more rigorous evaluation methods. The evidence presented in this review will inform decisions about the design or selection, implementation and further evaluation of primary-secondary transition interventions. In turn, this should lead to better social-emotional and educational outcomes for students, and may reduce some of the inequities exacerbated by a difficult transition to secondary school. • Successful primary-secondary school transitions require preparation and support. • We identify efficacious school-based primary-secondary transition interventions. • Strength of evidence for transition interventions varies considerably. • There is good quality evidence for post-transfer interventions targeting belonging. • High quality replication studies are needed in different educational systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose: To describe the characteristics and outcomes of patients receiving a medical emergency team (MET) review for the MET syndromes of respiratory distress or hypotension and to assess the effect of delayed MET activation on their outcomes. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 2 cohorts of 100 patients for each of the MET syndromes of respiratory distress and hypotension. We collected information on patient demographics, comorbidities, presence of sepsis, and patient outcome. We documented the presence and duration of delayed MET activation. Results: Patients with respiratory distress were more likely to be postoperative (40% vs 28%, P = .07), but less likely to have a history of congestive cardiac failure (12% vs 22%, P = .06). Sepsis was present in 58% of cases. The hospital mortality for MET calls due to respiratory distress and hypotension was 38% and 35%, respectively (P = .77). Delayed MET calls occurred in 50% of patients with the MET syndrome of respiratory distress and in 39% of those with hypotension (P = .11). The median duration of delay was 12 hours in patients with respiratory distress compared to 5 hours for patients with hypotension (P = .016). A delay in making a MET call was associated with an increase in mortality (odds ratio, 2.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-4.34; P = .045). Conclusions: Patients receiving MET calls for respiratory distress or hypotension were elderly and had a mortality greater than 35%. In many cases, MET activation was delayed. This delay was associated with increased mortality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: To evaluate whether there are distinct childhood sleep problem trajectories from birth to 10-11 years and to assess associations with cumulative socio-ecological risks (child, family, context).Study Design: Participants were 5107 children from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children-Birth Cohort. At birth, cumulative risk indexes were generated for birth, parenting, family, socioeconomic, and neighborhood risks. Parent-reported child sleep problems were assessed biennially from ages 0-1 to 10-11 years. Sleep problem trajectories were derived using latent class analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations with risk indexes.Results: Five distinct trajectories emerged: persistent sleep problems through middle childhood (7.7%), limited infant/preschool sleep problems (9.0%), increased middle childhood sleep problems (17.0%), mild sleep problems over time (14.4%), and no sleep problems (51.9%). Cumulative mother- and father-reported family risks (distress; marital/relational hostility) were linked to nearly all of the trajectories, whereas father- and mother-reported parenting risks were associated with fewer trajectories. Birth risks were associated with increased middle childhood sleep problems. Neighborhood risks were not associated with any trajectories. Socioeconomic risks were linked to mild and persistent sleep problem trajectories. Cumulative risk indexes were most associated with increased middle childhood sleep problems.Conclusions: This study identified distinct longitudinal sleep problem trajectories, suggesting the need for continuous sleep screening over development. Cumulative risks assessed at birth-primarily maternal and paternal family risks-predicted these trajectories, especially for the sleep problems in middle childhood trajectory. Preventive interventions targeting modifiable factors, particularly caregiver distress and marital/relational hostility, could benefit child sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Few studies have examined the sleep behaviors associated with a caregiver-reported sleep problem beyond early childhood and across different age groups. This study examined sleep behaviors associated with a caregiver-reported sleep problem from birth to middle childhood.Methods: Participants were 5107 children from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children-Birth Cohort. Caregiver-reported child sleep problems and sleep behaviors were assessed biennially from ages 0-1 to 10-11 years. Logistic regressions were used to examine associations between three child sleep behaviors (waking overnight, difficulty falling asleep, and difficulty sleeping alone) and the odds of having a caregiver-reported sleep problem at each age.Results: Caregiver-reported child sleep problems were most prevalent in infancy (17.1%) and decreased through middle childhood (7.7%). All three sleep behaviors were associated with a sleep problem at each age. Whereas waking overnight was the most common sleep behavior and was associated with the highest odds of having a sleep problem from infancy to age 6-7 years (ORs = 5.78-8.29), difficulty falling asleep was the most common sleep behavior and was associated with the highest odds of having a sleep problem at ages 8-9 and 10-11 years (ORs = 10.65 and 17.78, respectively).Conclusion: Caregivers' endorsement of a child sleep problem was associated with developmentally-relevant sleep behaviors, with night awakenings most relevant during infancy and difficulty falling asleep most relevant in middle childhood. Study findings have implications for targeted and developmentally-focused sleep problem screening questions in child healthcare settings. Future research examining additional indicators of caregiver-defined sleep problems is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored longitudinal and bidirectional associations among behavioral sleep problems and self-regulation difficulties across the elementary school years. Analyses drew data from the Kindergarten Cohort (N = 4983) of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) across five data waves, when children were aged 4–13 years (49% female, 86% English-speaking). Cross-lagged structural equation models revealed significant bidirectional associations, with greater sleep problems consistently predicting classroom self-regulation two years later, while poorer self-regulation predicted later sleep problems only at certain time points. Greater behavioral sleep problems were associated with poorer post-elementary achievement and social-emotional wellbeing, while stronger classroom self-regulation skills supported more positive outcomes in these constructs. Findings indicate strong developmental associations among sleep problems and dysregulation. • Across 4- to 13-years of age, sleep problems consistently predicted poorer classroom self-regulation two years later. • Poorer self-regulation predicted later sleep problems only at certain time points. • Fewer behavioral sleep problems and stronger self-regulation were linked with better longer-term outcomes. • Intervening early in school on sleep problems and self-regulation has potential to boost achievement and wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the impact of Rapid Response System (RRS) maturation on delayed Medical Emergency Team (MET) activation and patient characteristics and outcomes. Design: Observational study. Setting: Tertiary hospital. Patients: Recent cohort of 200 patients receiving a MET review and early control cohort of 400 patients receiving a MET review five years earlier at the start of RRS implementation. Measurements and results: We obtained information including demographics, clinical triggers for and timing of MET activation in relation to the first documented MET review criterion (activation delay) and patient outcomes. We found that patients in the recent cohort were older, more likely to be surgical and to have Not For Resuscitation (NFR) orders before MET review. Furthermore, fewer patients (22.0% vs. 40.3%, p <0.001) had delayed MET activation. When delayed activation occurred, there was a non-significant difference in its duration (early cohort: 12.0 [IQR 23.0]h vs. recent cohort: 9.0 [IQR 20.5]h, p =0.554). Similarly, unplanned ICU admissions decreased from 31.3% to 17.3% (p <0.001). Delayed MET activation was independently associated with greater risk of unplanned ICU admission and hospital mortality (O.R. 1.79, 95% C.I. 1.33.–2.93, p =0.003 and O.R. 2.18, 95% C.I. 1.42–3.33, p <0.001, respectively). Being part of the recent cohort was independently associated with a decreased risk of delayed activation (O.R. 0.45, 95% C.I. 0.30–0.67, p <0.001) and unplanned ICU admission (O.R. 0.5, 95% C.I. 0.32–0.78, p =0.003). Conclusions: Maturation of a RRS is associated with a decrease in the incidence of unplanned ICU admissions and MET activation delay. Assessment of a RRS early in the course of its implementation may underestimate its efficacy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]