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The population of Pakistan is increasing rapidly and hence the energy demand. Since ninety׳s, people of Pakistan has been experiencing load shedding because of the intense shortfall throughout the country. Pakistan, being an agricultural country, has a lot of potential of renewable energy sources especially biomass. The thing is to utilize the potential in a right direction. This paper presents the policy direction to get rid of the current energy crisis in the country through utilization of different types of biomass. The animal manure, municipal solid wastes and the crop residues are the main biomass sources in the country. This study also focuses the potential of main biomass sources present in the country and its technical routes for the production of bioenergy. The design parameters for standard bioreactor of gasifier and anaerobic digestion and their economic comparison are highlighted with respect to Pakistan environmental conditions. The development of anaerobic digestion technology is reviewed critically. This paper also discusses the different scenarios for the use of biomass sources in urban and rural environment. This verifies the use of biogas energy as the cheapest and the safest way to remove the crisis from the country. The stand-alone biogas plants should be constructed throughout the country where there is not electrification infrastructure exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, we apply the Rothe’s method to a fractional integral diffusion equation and establish the existence and uniqueness of a strong solution. As an application, we include an example to illustrate the main result. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper we study the existence and uniqueness of strong solution of a delayed cooperation diffusion system with Dirichlet boundary conditions using the method of semidiscretization in time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The layout scheme of wind farms is a challenging job having many design objectives and constraints due to the multiple wake phenomenon. Wake effect calculation is one of the significant problems in the wind farms and needs to be modeled to decrease the power loss due to near and far wake effect. This paper reviews the wake models in general and far wake models in particular. The comparison of different far wake models shows that the Jensen׳s far wake model is a good choice to solve the wind farm layout problem due to its simplicity and relatively high degree of accuracy. This research also focuses on the studies carried out on wind farm layout optimization problem and the current state of the art of fitness functions used for the optimization of wind farms using Jensen׳s wake model. It is found that there is a need of more optimization techniques to be applied to solve the layout problem. In addition, future advancements have been identified for better positioning of wind turbines in larger wind farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind turbines are the biggest rotating machines on earth, operating in the lowest part of the earth boundary layer. Designing the layout scheme of wind farms is a challenging job to researchers, as there are many design objectives and constraints due to the multiple wake phenomena. This paper proposes an area rotation method to find the optimum dimensions of the wind farm shape, where maximum area could face the free stream velocity. Afterwards, a novel method called Definite Point Selection (DPS) is developed to place the turbines in order to operate at maximum, while providing obligatory space between adjacent turbines for operation safety. This method can be used to identify the zero wake effect points at wind farm. The result from this study shows that the proposed method is more effective to increase the overall power of a wind farm than the previous methods. Also, the power output of the wind farm by using combined area rotation and DPS methods was increased even when using the same number of wind turbines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]