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Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are one of the most studied metal oxide NPs (MONPs) owing to their unique physiochemical properties. The last few years have witnessed a growing interest among researchers in adopting the green chemistry approach to fabricate MONPs. We herein report the synthesis of ZnO NPs stabilized by carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) derived from noxious aquatic weed, i.e., Eichhornia crassipes biomass (EC-CMC). The UV–Vis spectra showed maximum absorbance at ∼380 nm, and the XRD crystallite size of EC-CMC capped ZnO NPs (c-ZnO NPs) (∼26 nm) was smaller as compared to virgin ZnO NPs (v-ZnO NPs) (∼29 nm). The value of apparent strain (εA x 10−3), root mean square strain (E RMS x 10−3), stress (MPa), and energy density (KJm−3) for c-ZnO NPs obtained from the SSP plot was ∼0.893, ∼0.173, ∼116 and ∼51.83 respectively. The study also examined the differential effects of c-ZnO NPs treatment on the growth of two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), i.e., Pseudomonas fluorescens (Gram -ve), and Bacillus subtilis (Gram +ve). The findings revealed that P. fluorescens (PFL) was more susceptible to c-ZnO NPs than B. subtilis (BST). Furthermore, R. sativus seeds treated with c-ZnO NPs (10–50 ppm) exhibited notable improvements in plumule length, radicle length, vigor index, and biomass content over other treatments and control. The biopriming of R. sativus seeds with PFL and BST showed synergistic effects with 10-ppm c-ZnO NPs treatment and promoted overall seedling growth. The bacterial kinetics and seed germination studies manifest that the c-ZnO NPs at lower doses have growth-promoting effects. The combination of PFL + BST+10-ppm c-ZnO NPs showed substantial improvements in the germination indices of R. sativus. The present work has demonstrated the potential of utilizing positive bipartite interaction of PGPRs and bio-stabilized ZnO NPs to develop nanoformulations promoting plant growth management. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presented study investigated the impact of a stationary electric field with an average value of 185 kV/m on the germination process and early growth of radish (Raphanus sativus – a eudicot plant) and oat (Avena sativa – a monocot plant). Electric field stimulation may prove to be one method to sustainably increase crop efficiency. The research is aimed to increase knowledge of the effect of a static electric field on the plant growth process, because understanding of the topic is still limited. The plants were grown on a viscose substrate in a dark room without any light. Studies have shown that the electric field can affect the germination and growth process depending on the plant species. The findings indicate a positive influence of the electric field on radish germination. The presence of the electric field accelerates the germination process and growth of young plants. On the first day of germination (the 3rd day of cultivation), about 3.2 times as many plants germinated in the samples exposed to a stationary electric field compared to the control samples. On the last day of the experiment (the 8th day of cultivation), the tallest plants in the samples subjected to the electric field were 8 % higher, compared to the tallest plants in the control samples. On the other hand, the results demonstrate a negative impact of the electric field on oat seed germination. The presence of an electric field delays the germination process and reduces the number of germinated seeds. On the last day of the experiment (the 11th day of cultivation), about 1.25 times fewer oat plants germinated in the samples exposed to a stationary electric field compared to the control samples. The tallest plants in the samples subjected to the electric field were 1.1 times smaller than the tallest plants in the control samples. • High static electric field can have different effect on the germination process depending on the plant species. • The electric field has negative effect on oat (Avena sativa) germination process. • The electric field has positive effect on radish (Raphanus sativus) germination process. • Atmospheric conditions can affect electric field impact on germination process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanins are dark-brown to black-colored biomacromolecules which have been thoroughly studied in animals and microorganisms. However, the biochemical and molecular basis of plant melanins are poorly understood. We first characterized melanin from the black radish (Raphanus sativus var. niger) 'HLB' through spectroscopic techniques. p -Coumaric acid was identified as the main precursor of radish melanin. Moreover, a joint analysis of transcriptome and coexpression network was performed for the two radish accessions with black and white cortexes, 'HLB' and '55'. A set of R2R3-type RsMYBs and enzyme-coding genes exhibited a coexpression pattern, and were strongly correlated with melanin formation in radish. Transient overexpression of two phenol oxidases RsLAC7 (laccase 7) or RsPOD22 - 1 (peroxidase 22-1) resulted in a deeper brown color around the infiltration sites and a significant increase in the total phenol content. Furthermore, co-injection of the transcriptional activator RsMYB48/RsMYB97 with RsLAC7 and/or RsPOD22 - 1 , markedly increased the yield of black extracts. Spectroscopic analyses revealed that these extracts are similar to the melanin found in 'HLB'. Our findings advance the understanding of structural information and the transcriptional regulatory mechanism underlying melanin formation in radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive compounds in Raphanus sativus (radish) have been used to treat several diseases; therefore, radish has attracted increasing scientific attention due to its nutritional and phytochemical composition. The available evidence on the nutrient and bioactive composition of radish was systematically assessed. Four databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane trials) were searched, up to September 26th, 2020, for key articles assessing the chemical composition of radish. Two independent reviewers carried out screening, selection of articles, and data extraction. Of 1214 references, 63 met our inclusion criteria. We found 609 chemical compounds within 23 categories. Red (30% of all studied varieties), white (13%), and black (6%) radish were the most studied varieties. Nutrients and phytochemicals were reported mainly in roots and leaves. The largest categories were flavonoids (38.8% of the reported data), non-flavonoid polyphenols (8.4%), terpenes and derivatives (8.2%), fat and fatty related compounds (6.4%), and glucosinolates and breakdown products (5.6%). Leaves have high concentrations of macronutrients, calcium, potassium, sodium, fiber, fatty acids, and non-flavonoid polyphenols while sprouts are a major source of flavonoids, specifically anthocyanins, β-carotene and vitamin C. Roots are rich in non-flavonoid polyphenols together with terpenes and derivatives, and glucosinolates, the latter also highly concentrated in seeds. Raphanus sativus is a rich source of nutrients and phytochemicals. Leaves and sprouts could be considered part of a healthy diet, and together with roots, they could be explored as raw material for the development of nutraceuticals. • Raphanus sativus (radish) has high nutritional and phytochemical potential. • Flavonoids, especially anthocyanins, are the most studied and reported compounds. • Leaves and sprouts have the highest amount of several nutrients and phytochemicals. • The identified compounds exert health benefits through various possible mechanisms. • Leaves and sprouts could be recommended as part of a healthy diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed extracts as natural plant growth stimulant could be significantly used as a good agricultural practice in sustainable and organic crop production. Therefore, the current study was carried out at a private farm in Shibin El-Kom, Monufia Governorate, Egypt during winter growing seasons of 2017 and 2018. The effect of brown seaweed extract used as a pre-sowing seed soaking for 12 h at a rate of 3 ml/l, in addition as foliar spraying once at rates of 1, 2 or 3 ml/l after 20 days from sowing date on vegetative growth, yield and some nutritional values of leaves and roots of red radish plants of Celesta F1 hybrid was assessed. The experiment was set in a split plot design with three replicates. The obtained results sharply indicated that seaweed soaked seeds gave significantly the higher values of all measured characters than water soaked seeds. It was highly apparent that the foliar spraying treatment of the highest rate of seaweed extract (3 ml/l) gave significantly the best values of all studied characters compared to the other treatments. The interaction had significant effects on all studied parameters, except for leaves and roots dry weight, leaves Fe, and roots Fe and Zn contents in both seasons as well as for chlorophyll a in the first season and chlorophyll b and carotenoids in the second season. The most effective treatment was found to be seaweed soaked seeds before sowing and foliar sprayed seaweed extract at 3 ml/l once 20 days after sowing (DAS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish is one of the most economical root vegetable crops worldwide. Cold stress dramatically impedes radish taproot formation and development as well as reduces its yield and quality. Although the Cycling Dof Factors (CDFs) play crucial roles in plant growth, development and abiotic stress responses, how CDF TFs mediate the regulatory network of cold stress response remains largely unexplored in radish. Herein, a total of nine RsCDF genes were identified from the radish genome. Among them, the RsCDF3 exhibited obviously up-regulated expression under cold stress, especially at 12 h and 24 h. RsCDF3 was localized to the nucleus and displayed dramatic cold-induced promoter activity in tobacco leaves. Moreover, overexpression of RsCDF3 significantly enhanced cold tolerance of radish plants, whereas its knock-down plants exhibited the opposite phenotype. Interestingly, both in vitro and in vivo assays indicated that the RsCDF3 repressed the transcription of RsRbohA and RsRbohC via directly binding to their promoters, which contributed to maintaining the cellular homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and scavenging in radish. In addition, the RsCDF3 bound to its own promoter to mediate its transcription, thereby forming an autoregulatory feedback loop to cooperatively trigger RsRbohs -dependent cold tolerance. Together, we revealed a novel RsCDF3- RsRbohs module to promote the cold tolerance in radish plants. These findings would facilitate unveiling the molecular mechanism governing RsCDF3-mediated cold stress response in radish. • In all, nine RsCDF genes are systematically identified from the radish genome. • RsCDF3 exhibited dramatic cold-induced expression and promoter activity in radish. • RsCDF3 positively regulates cold tolerance via repressing two RsRbohs transcription. • RsCDF3 regulates its own expression and forms a feedback loop to mediate cold tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is one of the most vital root vegetable crops worldwide. Cadmium (Cd), a non-essential and toxic heavy metal, can dramatically restrict radish taproot quality and safety. Although the Peiotrpic Drug Resistance (PDR) genes play crucial roles in heavy metal accumulation and transport in plants, the systematic identification and functional characterization of RsPDRs remain largely unexplored in radish. Herein, a total of 19 RsPDR genes were identified from the radish genome. A few RsPDRs , including RsPDR1 , RsPDR8 and RsPDR12 , showed significant differential expression under Cd and lead (Pb) stress in the 'NAU-YH' genotype. Interestingly, the plasma membrane-localized RsPDR8 exhibited significantly up-regulated expression and enhanced promoter activity under Cd exposure. Ectopic expression of RsPDR8 conferred Cd tolerance via reducing Cd accumulation in yeast cells. Moreover, the transient transformation of RsPDR8 revealed that it positively regulated Cd tolerance by promoting ROS scavenging and enhancing membrane permeability in radish. In addition, overexpression of RsPDR8 increased root elongation but deceased Cd accumulation compared with the WT plants in Arabidopsis , demonstrating that it could play a positive role in mediating Cd efflux and tolerance in plants. Together, these results would facilitate deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying RsPDR8 -mediated Cd tolerance and detoxification in radish. • In total, 19 RsPDR genes are globally identified from the radish genome. • RsPDR8 exhibited dramatic Cd-induced expression and promoter activity in radish. • RsPDR8 is localized to plasma membrane and has Cd transport activity in yeast. • Overexpression of RsPDR8 promotes Cd efflux and ROS scavenging in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In all, 39 RsNRT genes are systematically identified at genome-wide level in radish. • A range of RsNRTs exhibit significant differential expression under abiotic stresses. • RsNRT1.1a may play a critical role in root NO 3 − uptake under low-nitrogen condition. Radish is an important economical vegetable crop that requires adequate nitrogen supply for taproot formation and enlargement. Nitrate transporter (NRT) family represents a key gatekeeper in modulating nitrogen uptake and utilization in plants. However, the comprehensive characterization of the NRT gene family remains largely unexplored in radish. Herein, a total of 39 RsNRT genes were identified from the radish genome, which were unevenly distributed onto eight chromosomes except Chr3. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the NRT1 and NRT2 subfamily members from radish, Arabidopsis and Brassica rapa were classified into Cluster I and Cluster II, indicating that the NRT proteins were relatively conserved in the Brassicaceae family. A range of cis -regulatory elements (e.g. AuxRE, ABRE and LTR) in the promoter of RsNRTs were involved in phytohormone and abiotic stress response. Transcriptome-based expression analysis indicated that several RsNRTs showed differential expression under heat, salt or heavy metal stresses. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that six RsNRT genes, including RsNRT1.1a, RsNRT1.2a, RsNRT1.5a, RsNRT2.1b, RsNRT2.2a and RsNRT2.3b , exhibited significantly up-regulated expression under NO 3 − deficiency condition. Notably, the expression of RsNRT1.1a was significantly increased in both the 'NAU-WXQ' (low-N-sensitive) and 'NAU-ZYQ' (low-N-tolerant) genotypes under 5 mM NO 3 − treatment, indicating that it might act as a critical participator in root NO 3 − uptake under low-N supply condition. These results would provide fundamental basis to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying RsNRT -mediated N absorption and translocation in radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First evaluation of genetic diversity of radish resources based on agronomic traits and clubroot disease resistance. More extensive genetic variation in quantitative traits than in quality indexes in radish and the response of radish to clubroot disease may be a dominate indicator in evaluation of radish varieties were seen. • We verified clubroot disease resistance of resistant genotype on the metabolic level. Untargeted metabolomic study confirmed the clubroot resistance of "DHBC". • Plamodiophora brassicae infection caused significant down-regulation of ginsenosides and other substances. In which, ginsenosides, a kind of precious anticancer chemical usually isolated from Panax plants were found in radish. Global commercial production of radish (Raphanus sativus) is highly threatened by Plamodiophora brassicae. Germplasm evaluation and the deep analysis of variants with clubroot-resistant trait are needed to produce quality cultivars. The genetic diversity was analyzed for 97 radish germplasms based on 20 agronomic traits and the response to clubroot. Additionally, differentially regulated metabolites (DRMs) between healthy and P. brassicae -infected resistant cultivars were measured. The genetic diversity index values of quality traits varied from 0.396 to 1.350, and that of quantitative traits varied from 1.65–2.15. The variation of radish quantitative traits ranged from 19.18% to 54.44%. The principal component analysis indicated 8 comprehensive indicators, allowing classification of germplasms into 4 classes, with 71 in class I, 20 in class II, 4 in class III, and 2 in class IV. The results of classification of germplasms by the response to clubroot infection only or by comprehensive agronomic traits including response of plants to clubroot disease infection were similar. Among all traits assessed in the present study, the clubroot severity and the depth of in-soil root were closely linked. Metabolomic analysis revealed that the metabolites changes of clubroot resistant cultivar "DHBC" pre- and post- P. brassicae infection was relatively stable. P. brassica e infection resulted in limited DRMs, significant down-regulation was identified on ginsenoside, dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone, proline, 1-pyrroline, while apiosylglucosyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, chrycolide, glucomalcomiin, and phosphocholine were significantly up-regulated. We revealed more extensive genetic variation in quantitative traits than in quality indexes in radish and we summarized that the response of radish to clubroot disease may be a dominate indicator in evaluation of radish varieties. Finally, untargeted metabolomic study confirmed the clubroot resistance of "DHBC" and revealed a sophisticated metabolites (including some precious pharmaceutical ingredients) variation in response to clubroot infection, offers new directions in the studies of clubroot resistance mechanism of radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important cool-season root vegetable crop worldwide. Heat stress (HS) severely restricts radish taproot formation and diminishes its yield and quality. Although WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play pivotal roles in several biotic and/or abiotic stress responses, how WRKY TFs mediate HS regulatory network remains elusive in radish. Herein, a WRKY-Ia TF gene, RsWRKY26 , exhibited dramatically up-regulated expression under heat stress, especially at 8 h and 24 h. RsWRKY26 was localized to the nucleus and displayed transactivation activity in both the yeast and plant cells. Interestingly, the RsWRKY26- overexpressing radish plants exhibited significantly enhanced thermotolerance compared to the control plants, whereas its knock-down plants showed increased thermosensitivity. Both in vitro and in vivo assays showed that RsWRKY26 activated RsHSP70–20 transcription by directly binding to the specific W-box element in its promoter. Moreover, several biochemical assays revealed that a VQ motif-containing protein RsVQ4 interacted with RsWRKY26, which promoted DNA-binding activity of RsWRKY26 to regulate RsHSP70–20 expression. Notably, RsWRKY26 in turn binds to RsVQ4 promoter to activate its transcription, thereby forming a positive feedback loop to cooperatively regulate heat stress response in radish. Together, we revealed a novel RsVQ4-RsWRKY26- RsHSP70–20 module to promote the thermotolerance, which would facilitate dissecting the molecular regulatory network of RsWRKY-mediated thermal morphogenesis in radish. • RsWRKY26 positively regulates thermotolerance by activating RsHSP70-20 transcription. • RsVQ4 physically interacts with RsWRKY26 to promote its DNA-binding activity. • RsWRKY26 binds to RsVQ4 promoter to form a feedback loop enhancing thermotolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF) from genetically modified (GM) Brassica napus to its wild relatives by wind and insects is a major ecological concern in agricultural ecosystems. This study conducted is to estimate maximum potential gene flow and differentiate between wind- and bee-mediated gene flows from herbicide resistant (HR) B . napus to its closely-related male sterile (MS) relatives, B . napus , B . juncea and Raphanus sativus . Various markers, including pods formation in MS plants, herbicide resistance, and SSR markers, were used to identify the hybrids. Our results revealed the following: 1) maximum potential gene flow (a maximum % of the progeny of pollen recipient confirmed hybrid) to MS B . napus ranged from 32.48 to 0.30% and from 14.69 to 0.26% at 2–128 m from HR B . napus under open and wind pollination conditions, respectively, and to MS B . juncea ranged from 21.95 to 0.24% and from 6.16 to 0.16%, respectively; 2) estimates of honeybee-mediated gene flow decreased with increasing distance from HR B . napus and ranged from 17.78 to 0.03% at 2–128 m for MS B . napus and from 15.33 to 0.08% for MS B . juncea ; 3) a small-scale donor plots would strongly favour insect over wind pollination; 4) no gene flow occurred from HR B . napus to MS R . sativus . Our approach and findings are helpful in understanding the relative contribution of wind and bees to gene flow and useful for estimating maximum potential gene flow and managing environmental risks associated with gene flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Skin aging can be caused by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the primary environmental factor which causes skin aging. Sasang constitutional medicine(SCM) is a unique type of traditional Korean medicine. In SCM, patients are treated with herbal drugs categorized according to their Sasang constitutional type based on the Yin-Yang theory. Scutellaria baicalensis and Raphanus sativus are herbal drugs exclusively used for Tae-eumin (TE)-type subjects. These drugs are constituents of the TE formula, which is effective for managing skin diseases such as urticaria and acne. This study investigated the potential of S. baicalensis and R. sativus (SR) herbal mixtures as active ingredients in wrinkle-care cosmetics. Methods The expression of matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP-1) was measured in vitro with significant difference ( p  < 0.05). A 12-week placebo randomised double blind controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of a cream containing SR mixtures for application to human skin. Women between the ages of 43 and 58 years who were TE-type subjects according to SCM were selected and cream containing SR mixtures was applied for 12 weeks. Results The application of SR mixtures showed there was a significant improvement in both visual assessment and evaluation of wrinkle parameters (Rt; skin roughness, Rm; maximum roughness, Rz; average roughness, Rp; smoothness depth, and Ra; arithmetic average roughness) comparing the treatment group with the control group ( p  < 0.05). Conclusions The results of this study indicate that the cream containing SR mixtures may improve skin wrinkles in TE-type subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercritical Fluid Extraction by using CO2 can be employed as an alternative to conventional methods for extracting functional compounds. Overall extractions curves for extractions of bioactive compounds from radish leaves were performed using scCO 2 adding ethanol as co-solvent. Yield, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and antioxidant capacity were determined for each extract. The best results were obtained at 35 °C/400 bar and 40 °C/400 bar, with values of total phenolics 1375 mg GAE/100 g d.m. and 1455 mg GAE/100 g d.m., respectively. Antioxidant capacity by DPPH values were 359 mg TE/100 g d.m. (35 °C/400 bar) and 403 mg TE/100 g d.m. (40 °C/400 bar). Maturation of dendritic cells was not promoted being these extracts promising and interesting sources of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory agents for future uses in the pharmaceutical and alimentary industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish is an economical cool-season root vegetable crop worldwide. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) plays indispensable roles in plant growth, development and abiotic stress responses. Nevertheless, little information is available regarding the identification and functional characterization of HSP70 gene family in radish. Herein, a total of 34 RsHSP70 genes were identified at the radish genome level, among which nine and 25 RsHSP70s were classified into the HSP110/SSE and DnaK subfamilies, respectively. RNA-seq analysis revealed that some RsHSP70 genes had differential expression profile in radish leaf, root, stamen and pistil. A range of RsHSP70 genes exhibited differential expression under several abiotic stresses such as heat, salt and heavy metals. Intriguingly, the expression of four RsHSP70 genes (RsHSP70-7 , RsHSP70-12 , RsHSP70-20 and RsHSP70-22) was dramatically up-regulated under heat stress (HS). RT-qPCR and transient LUC reporter assay indicated that both the expression and promoter activity of RsHSP70-20 was strongly induced by HS. Notably, overexpression of RsHSP70-20 significantly enhanced thermotolerance by decreasing reactive oxygen species and promoting proline accumulation in radish, whereas its knock-down plants exhibited increased thermosensitivity, indicating that RsHSP70-20 positively regulate HS response in radish. These results would provide valuable information to decipher the molecular basis of RsHSP70 -mediated thermotolerance in radish. [Display omitted] • RsHSP70 gene family was systematically characterized at genome-wide level in radish. • Expression and promoter activity of RsHSP70-20 was markedly induced by heat stress. • Transgenic analysis reveals that RsHSP70-20 enhanced thermotolerance of radish plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrolysis of glucosinolates (GSLs) by myrosinase yields varieties of degradation products including isothiocyanates (ITCs). This process is controlled by the glucosinolate­myrosinase (G-M) system. The major ITCs in radish roots are raphasatin and sulforaphene (SFE), and the levels of these compounds decrease during storage after harvest. We investigated the G­M system to understand the mechanism behind the decrease in the ITCs in radish roots. Six varieties of radish roots were stored for 8 weeks at 0–1.5 °C. The concentrations of GSLs (glucoraphasatin and glucoraphenin) were maintained at harvest levels without significant changes during the storage period. However, SFE concentration and myrosinase activity remarkably decreased for 8 weeks. Pearson correlation analysis between ITCs, GSLs, and myrosinase activity showed that a decrease of SFE during storage had a positive correlation with a decrease in myrosinase activity, which resulted from a decrease of ascorbic acid but also a decrease of myrosinase activity-related gene expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of Raphanus sativus cv Sango sprout juice (SSJ) administration (75 mg/kg b.w. SSJ/day) on the brain lipidomic profile (fatty acid, sterols, cholesterol oxidation) of rats (non-genetic model) subjected to a high-fat (34% crude fat) dietary regimen. The SSJ did not affect the lipid infiltration (7.7–9.3%) and the fatty acid composition of the rat brain, which was mainly composed by unsaturated fatty acids (∼ 58%); however, the high-fat diet regimen significantly halved linoleic acid (LA). The high-fat diet also decreased (21.13 mg/g) the level of brain cholesterol with respect to the regular diet (4.5% crude fat) (23.83 mg/g); however, when the diet was shifted from high-fat to a regular regimen with or without SSJ supplementation, the levels of cholesterol significantly ( p < 0.05) increased up to 30.46 mg/g of brain. The main oxysterols were 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24(S)-HC) and β-epoxycholesterol (β-EC). The high-fat diet led to the highest cholesterol oxidation (63.1 μg/g), increasing 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-HC) infiltration (0.24 μg/g rat brain) through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) compared to the regular diet (0.13 μg/g rat brain). On the other hand, when the diet was switched from high-fat to a regular regimen with SSJ supplementation, a significant reduction of 27-HC in the rat brain was found. Although 24-HC did not significantly change ( p = 0.054), an increasing trend was observed when high-fat diet was supplied. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that SSJ was more active in counteracting cholesterol oxidation when supplied with the high-fat diet, due to inverse correlation with 24(S)-HC and 27-HC; however, further studies are needed to better understand which is the relationship between LA and cholesterol homeostasis in rat brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intergeneric hybridization was performed between Brassica rapa L. em. Metzg. subsp. rapa and Raphanus sativus following tissue culture of hybrid seeds. Twenty-four intergeneric hybrids were produced from crosses between twelve turnip and eight radish species and confirmed to be amphihaploids, with 19 chromosomes in mitosis. All of the hybrids were pollen-sterile, had white petals, and were intermediate in most of their morphological traits with respect to their parents. The hybrids were also confirmed through DNA analyses by using Brassica and Raphanus genome molecular markers. The improvements of these amphihaploids as useful genetic resources and potential of intergeneric hybridization to enrich the gene pool for radish and turnip breeding are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioguided isolation of the EtOH extract from the medicinal native plant, Ophryosporus charua , against Raphanus sativus , yielded three phenylpropanoids, charuol A [( Z )-4-((1 S ,2 R )-3-acetoxy-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)phenyl) 2-methylbut-2-enoate], charuepoxide [( Z )-4-((2 S ,3 R )-3-(acetoxymethyl oxiran-2-yl)phenyl) 2-methylbut-2-enoate] and charuol B [( Z )-4-((1 R ,2 R )-3-acetoxy-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)phenyl) 2-methylbut-2-enoate]. Their structures and absolute configuration were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses. The effective concentrations for 50% inhibition of germination (ECg 50 ) and root (ECr 50 ) and shoot (ECs 50 ) elongations were determined for these compounds against P. miliaceum (monocot) and Raphanus sativus (dicot). Charuol A was the most active in the inhibition of germination of P. miliaceum (ECg 50 = 0.97 mM), followed by charuol B and charuepoxide, although charuol B was the most effective in regulating the root growth of P. miliaceum seedlings, with an ECr 50 of 1.0 mM. Charuol A inhibited the germination of R. sativus , while its seedling development was also affected by all three compounds with different effectiveness. Charuol A was also highly effective in the 0.09–0.30 mM range against other test species such as Lactuca sativa , Eruca sativa , Allium ampeloprasum and Secale cereale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both raw and composted poultry manure is applied as soil amendment. The aims of this study were: (1) to develop phytotoxicity indexes for organic wastes and composts, and (2) to assess the correlation among phytotoxicity indexes, ecotoxicological endpoints and stability and physicochemical parameters during passive composting of poultry manure. Six 2-m 3 composting piles were constructed and four parameter groups (physicochemical and microbiological parameters, ecotoxicological endpoints, and biological activity) were determined at four sampling times during 92 days. Extracts were used to carry out acute toxicity tests on Daphnia magna , Lactuca sativa and Raphanus sativus . Composting decreased average toxicity 22.8% for the 3 species and D. magna was the most sensitive species. The static respiration index decreased from 1.12 to 0.46 mg O 2 g OM h −1 whilst organic matter reduced by 64.1% at the end of the process. Escherichia coli colonies remained higher than values recommended by international guidelines. The D. magna immobilization test allowed the assessment of possible leachate or run-off toxicity. The new phytotoxicity indexes (RGIC 0.8 and GIC 80% ), proposed in this study, as well as salinity, proved to be good maturity indicators. Hence, these phytotoxicity indexes could be implemented in monitoring strategies as useful ecotoxicological tools. Multivariate analyses demonstrated positive correlations between ecotoxicological endpoints (low toxicity) and biological activity (stability). These two parameter groups were associated at the final sampling time and showed negative correlations with several physicochemical parameters (organic and inorganic contents). The final poultry manure compost was rendered stable, but immature and, thus, unsuitable for soil amending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate nephroprotective effect of Raphanus sativus ethanolic extract (RSEt) on tissue defense system in galactosamine (GalN) induced renal damage in rats. GalN was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 400 mg/kg/b.w for three alternate days and the renal toxicity was manifested by a significant ( P < 0.05) increase in the levels of renal markers such as urea, creatinine and uric acid. This was found to be associated with decreased activities of renal antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) and depletion of renal reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and vitamin E. Administration of the RSEt (850 mg/kg/body weight, oral) for 15 days to rats reduced the levels of renal markers and significantly increased the level of antioxidants. The activities of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were also decreased in the kidney of RSEt treated group. Renal histology examination confirmed the damage to the kidney as it reveals severe necrosis of the proximal renal tubules with haemorrhage which was ameliorated by the treatment with RSEt. These results suggest that the R. sativus has protective effects on GalN-mediated nephrotoxicity and this may be related to the action of the antioxidant content of the extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inter-cropping mustard and oilseed radish in potato production has been shown to suppress potato cyst nematode (PCN) reproduction in field plots. This suppressive effect is mostly attributed to the release of glucosinolate (GSL) hydrolysis products such as isothiocyanates, following chopping and incorporation of the crop biomass. This study examined the degradation of sinigrin introduced into soil where Indian mustard and oilseed radish were cultivated and the effect on PCN suppression. Glucosinolate degradation was measured by introducing sinigrin into the soil samples pre-planting, pre- and post-incorporation of the brassicas, while the soil microbial activity was quantified as the concentration of fluorescein di-acetate (FDA) g −1 oven dry soil. Sinigrin was significantly ( P < 0.001) degraded pre- and post-incorporation of the brassicas cultivated in unsterilized soil. The total microbial activity increased significantly ( P < 0.001) pre- and post-incorporation of brassicas when compared with fallow controls. Unsterilized soils planted with oilseed radish resulted in a significant ( P < 0.027) suppression of G. pallida encysted eggs (30–35% mortality). Microbial activity correlated positively with G. pallida mortality ( R 2 = 0.94, P < 0.001), but inversely with sinigrin degradation. This study has revealed that brassicas used for biofumigation may affect soil borne pests and pathogens not just after incorporation of the crop residues, but also during active growth of these plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential metallic trace element that poses potential chronic toxicity to living organisms. To date, little is known about the Cd-responsive regulatory network in root vegetable crops including radish. In this study, 31,015 unigenes representing 66,552 assembled unique transcripts were isolated from radish root under Cd stress based on de novo transcriptome assembly. In all, 1496 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) consisted of 3579 transcripts were identified from Cd-free (CK) and Cd-treated (Cd200) libraries. Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the up- and down-regulated DEGs were predominately involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis as well as cysteine and methionine-related pathways, respectively. RT-qPCR showed that the expression profiles of DEGs were in consistent with results from RNA-Seq analysis. Several candidate genes encoding phytochelatin synthase (PCS), metallothioneins (MTs), glutathione (GSH), zinc iron permease (ZIPs) and ABC transporter were responsible for Cd uptake, accumulation, translocation and detoxification in radish. The schematic model of DEGs and microRNAs-involved in Cd-responsive regulatory network was proposed. This study represents a first comprehensive transcriptome-based characterization of Cd-responsive DEGs in radish. These results could provide fundamental insight into complex Cd-responsive regulatory networks and facilitate further genetic manipulation of Cd accumulation in root vegetable crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red radish roots and leaves were characterized in terms of their physico-chemical, nutritional, antioxidant and microbiological properties. The nutritional value of radish leaves far exceeded the corresponding value for roots. Leaves presented higher percentage of protein, ash and crude fiber than roots. Calcium was found to be the most abundant mineral with a value of 752.64 mg/100 g. Ascorbic acid content in leaves (38.69 mg/100 g) doubled the value found in roots. Total phenolic contents of leaves (695.07 mg GAE/100g d.m.) were almost two times higher than for roots, while total flavonoid levels (1042.73 mg quercetin/100 g d.m.) were four times higher. Leaves' and roots' antioxidant activities were 39.48 mmol and 11.09 mmol TE/100 g d.m., respectively, by means of ORAC analysis. The most abundant free and bound phenolic compounds of roots and leaves were pyrogallol and vanillic acid; and epicatechin and coumaric acid, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical investigation of the MeOH extract of Raphanus sativus seeds resulted in the isolation and identification of eight phenylpropanoid sucrosides ( 1 – 8 ) including two new compounds, named raphasativuside A and B ( 1 – 2 ) from the most active CHCl 3 -soluble fraction. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated through spectral analysis, including extensive 2D-NMR data, and chemical reaction experiments. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of 1 – 8 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine microglia BV2 cells. Compounds 2 and 5 exhibited significant inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production in LPS-activated BV-2 cells with IC 50 values of 21.63 and 26.96 μM, respectively. All isolates were also evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15). Compounds 1 – 7 showed consistent cytotoxicity against A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15 cell lines with IC 50 values of 6.71–27.92 μM. Additionally, the free-radical scavenging activity of 1 – 8 was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay where compounds 1 , 3 , and 4 scavenged DPPH radical strongly with IC 50 values of 23.05, 27.10, and 29.63 μg/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A total 183 RsNACs were identified in radish using the long-read genome 'QZ-16' • The gene location, collinearity, phylogeny, and gene structure were performed. • Ten RsNACs were found to be related to taproot coloration in radish. Taproot color is a key trait for assessing their commercial value of radish cultivars. Although the plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) transcription factors (TFs) have demonstrated roles in several plant development processes, their functions in radish taproot coloration remain largely unknown. In this study, 183 NAC members were identified from the long-read genome 'QZ-16' of radish. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the NAC members in radish, rice and Arabidopsis were clustered into 18 groups. Synteny analysis revealed that a total of 30 segmental duplication and 5 tandem duplication events occurred in RsNAC genes. Transmission electron microscopy observation showed that the lack of chloroplast led to taproot color change from green to totally white in radish. Furthermore, when comparing green radish 'QZ-16' and white radish '55', ten RsNAC differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by RNA-seq, which were found to be related to taproot coloration in radish. These findings would lay a solid foundation for the investigation of the relationship between taproot coloration and RsNAC gene functions in radish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) is an edible root vegetable crop that is cultivated worldwide and whose genome has been sequenced. Here we report the complete nucleotide sequence of the radish cultivar WK10039 chloroplast (cp) genome, along with a de novo assembly strategy using whole genome shotgun sequence reads obtained by next generation sequencing. The radish cp genome is 153,368 bp in length and has a typical quadripartite structure, composed of a pair of inverted repeat regions (26,217 bp each), a large single copy region (83,170 bp), and a small single copy region (17,764 bp). The radish cp genome contains 87 predicted protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of 91 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in the radish cp genome. Phylogenetic analysis of 62 protein-coding gene sequences from the 17 cp genomes of the Brassicaceae family suggested that the radish cp genome is most closely related to the cp genomes of Brassica rapa and Brassica napus . Comparisons with the B. rapa and B. napus cp genomes revealed highly divergent intergenic sequences and introns that can potentially be developed as diagnostic cp markers. Synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions of cp genes suggested that nucleotide substitutions have occurred at similar rates in most genes. The complete sequence of the radish cp genome would serve as a valuable resource for the development of new molecular markers and the study of the phylogenetic relationships of Raphanus species in the Brassicaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Raphanus sativus seeds (Brassicaceae) known as Raphani Semen have long been used as anti-cancer and/or anti-inflammatory agents in Korean traditional medicine. This study was designed to isolate the bioactive constituents from the seed extracts of Raphanus sativus and evaluate their anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. Material and methods: Bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical investigation of a methanolic extract of the seeds of Raphanus sativus led to the isolation and identification of seven 4-methylthio-butanyl derivatives. Structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was carried out using 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques (1H, 13C, COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments) and mass spectrometry. Results: The isolated compounds were characterized as in the following: three new 4-methylthio-butanyl derivatives, sinapoyl desulfoglucoraphenin (1), (E)-5-(methylsulfinyl)pent-4-enoxylimidic acid methyl ester (2), and (S)-5-((methylsulfinyl)methyl)pyrrolidine-2-thione (3), together with four known compounds, 5-(methylsulfinyl)-4-pentenenitrile (4), 5-(methylsulfinyl)-pentanenitrile (5), sulforaphene (6), and sulforaphane (7). Full NMR data assignments of the three known compounds 4–6 were also reported for the first time. We evaluated the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of 1–7 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine microglia BV2 cells. Compound 1 significantly inhibited nitrite oxide production with IC50 values of 45.36?M. Moreover, it also reduced the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. All isolates were also evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15), and all of them showed antiproliferative activity against the HCT-15 cell, with IC50 values of 8.49–23.97?M. Conclusions: 4-Methylthio-butanyl derivatives were one of the main compositions of Raphanus sativus seeds, and activities demonstrated by the isolated compounds support the ethnopharmacological use of Raphanus sativus seeds (Brassicaceae) as anti-cancer and/or anti-inflammatory agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The generation of superoxide radicals, lipid peroxidation (as measured by malone dialdehyde formation) and the activity of selected antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase) were assessed in radish (Raphanus sativus L.), in response to elevated concentrations of copper ions in the culture medium in vitro and in vivo. Experiments were performed on 7-day-old seedlings and 5-week-old calluses grown on media supplemented with CuSO4 in concentrations of 10, 100 and 1000μМ. The exposure to elevated Cu concentrations in the medium significantly reduced both callogenesis and the proliferation of radish calluses in vitro. Cu treatment resulted in the increased generation of the superoxide radical (O2 −) in radish seedlings and calluses indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress in radish cells, whereas the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) remained unchanged. Both in calluses and in radish seedlings in vivo, the relative level of oxidative stress was maximal at micromolar Cu concentrations and became attenuated with increasing Cu concentrations. Stronger oxidative stress occurred in the radish seedlings in vivo, compared with radish calluses in vitro. The observed lower sensitivity of calluses to Cu-induced oxidative stress and their ability to proliferate upon exposure to Cu concentrations of up to 1000μМ demonstrate the potential of in vitro cell-selection to obtain metal-tolerant radish plant lines. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] A virus named Raphanus sativus chrysovirus 1 (RasCV1) which contain three dsRNA genome segments was first reported. [•] Phylogenetic analysis revealed that RasCV1 is a new species of the Chrysoviridae family and forms a plant taxon with another putative plant chrysovirus, Anthurium mosaic-associated virus (AmaCV). [•] No fungal mycelia were observed in radish leaf tissues stained with trypan blue. [•] An exhaustive BLAST analysis of RasCV1 and AmaCV revealed that chrysovirus-like viruses might widely exist in eudicot and monocot plants and that endogenization of chrysovirus segments into plant genome might have ever happened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus) was identified as a potential cool season cover and energy crop for the southern United States. The fatty acid profile of this oil shows high levels of erucic acid (C22:1), which has been linked to health issues. Its composition makes this oil an ideal candidate for industrial application as its use as feed or food is limited. Oilseed radish oil was extracted from seed using mechanical methods and yields were determined. The extracted oil was converted to fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) via transesterification. Fuel properties were analyzed including fatty acid profile, free and total glycerol, acid number, sulfur content, water content and cold filter plugging point (CFPP). Fuel properties of the biodiesel were found to meet or exceed ASTM standards for use in on-road vehicles. Biodiesel fuel produced here was also subjected to an engine performance stress test. The properties and engine performance of oilseed radish biodiesel were shown to be comparable with No. 2 diesel and other common biodiesel fuels. Additionally, a brief engineering based feasibility analysis was performed on the economics of on-farm production of biodiesel from oilseed radish. The analysis suggested economic feasibility of the system when priced against soybean oil, a common biodiesel feedstock. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: From the EtOH extract of the medicinal native plant, Baccharis salicifolia, two novel halimane-type diterpenoids, salicifolic acid (1) and 5-hydroxy-6-hydro-salicifolic acid (2) together with the known compounds sakuranetin (3), apigenin (4) and scopoletin (5) were bioguided isolated against Panicum miliaceum (monocotyledonous). The structures of 1 and 2 were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses. The effective concentration for 50% inhibition of germination (ECg50) and the root (ECr50) and shoot (ECs50) elongations was determined for 1–5 against P. miliaceum and Raphanus sativus (dicotyledonous). Compound 2 was the most active in the inhibition of germination of P. miliaceum (ECg50 =1mM), followed by 1, 5 and 3, although 1 was the most effective in regulating the growth of P. miliaceum seedlings, with a ECr50 and ECs50 values of 1.8 and 6.6mM, respectively. Compounds 1 and 3 were the only samples capable of inhibiting the germination of R. sativus, while seedling development was affected by 1, 2, and 3 with different effectiveness. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present investigation determined the effects of epibrassinolide (EBL) on the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and polyamine (PA) and antioxidant potential of 7-d old Raphanus sativus L. cv. ‘Pusa chetki’ seedlings grown under Cr (VI) metal stress. Reduced titers of free (0.767μgg−1 FW) and bound (0.545μgg−1 FW) IAA in Cr (VI) stressed seedlings were observed over untreated control. Supplementations of EBL to Cr (VI) stressed seedlings were able to enhance both free (2.14–5.68μgg−1 FW) and bound IAA (2.45–7.78μgg−1 FW) concentrations in comparison to Cr (VI) metal treatment alone. Significant rise in free (13.49μgg−1 FW) and bound (12.17μgg−1 FW) ABA contents were noticed for Cr (VI) stressed seedlings when compared to untreated control. No significant increase in ABA contents were recorded for Cr (VI) stressed seedlings upon supplementation with EBL over Cr (VI) treatment alone. A significant increase in Put (18.40μgg−1 FW) and Cad (9.08μgg−1 FW) contents were found for 10−9 M EBL plus Cr (VI) metal treatments when compared to Cr (VI) treatment alone. Spermidine (Spd) contents were found to decline significantly for EBL treatment alone or when supplemented with Cr (VI) treatments over untreated controls and Cr (VI) treatment alone. Antioxidant levels were found to enhance, with glutathione (57.98mgg−1 FW), proline (4.97mgg−1 FW), glycinebetaine (39.01μmolmL−1), ascorbic acid (3.17mgg−1 FW) and phytochelatins (65.69μmolg−1 FW) contents noted for EBL supplemented to Cr (VI) metal solution over Cr (VI) treatment alone. Reduced activities of guaiacol peroxidase (0.391 Umg−1 protein) and catalase (0.221Umg−1 protein) and enhanced activities of glutathione reductase (7.14Umg−1 protein), superoxide dismutase (15.20Umg−1 protein) and ascorbate peroxidase (4.31Umg−1 protein) were observed in seedlings treated with EBL plus Cr (VI) over Cr metal treatment alone. Reduced MDA (2.55μmolg−1 FW) and H2O2 (33.24μmolg−1 FW) contents were recorded for 10−9 M EBL supplemented to Cr (VI) stress over Cr (VI) treatment alone. Enhancement in free radical scavenging potential as indicated by higher values of 1,1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, deoxyribose and reducing power activity assays, and increased levels of phenols and soluble sugars also showed significant influence of EBL in alleviating Cr (VI) stress in radish seedlings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Copper (Cu) is a major heavy metal contaminant with various anthropogenic and natural sources. Recently, using biomarkers to monitor the effects of pollutants has attracted increased interest. Pot culture experiments using radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was performed to investigate Cu phytotoxic effects on antioxidant enzymes and other early warning biomarkers of soil Cu exposure. Under low dose Cu stress (lower than the EC10, Cu concentration reducing root length by 10%), activity and isozyme expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidases (POD) increased significantly; no significant variations in chlorophyll, carotenoid, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves and toxic symptoms were observed. Under a slightly higher Cu stress (close to the EC10), activity and isozyme expression of SOD and MDA content were enhanced significantly; those of CAT and POD decreased due to an inverted U-shape dose response. Chlorophyll content remained unchanged. Thus, antioxidant enzymes and MDA content are more sensitive to Cu stress, showing significant variations ahead of chlorophyll and toxic symptoms under Cu stress (lower than about 200mgkg−1 soil). Thus, the joint monitoring of antioxidant enzymes and MDA content of R. sativus can be used as biomarkers of soil Cu contamination. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ethanol extracts obtained from aerial parts of 71 native plants from Central Argentina were tested for their herbicidal activity in germination assays on Avena sativa and Raphanus sativus. Extracts derived from Angelphytum aspilioides, Baccharis salicifolia, Cortaderia rudiuscula, Eupatorium hookerianum and Mandevilla laxa, showed 100% inhibition of the germination of A. sativa at 10mg/ml. In the case of R. sativus, extracts from Achyrocline tomentosa, Angelphytum aspilioides, B. salicifolia, Melissa officinalis, Minthostachys verticillata, Ophryosporus charua and Podranea ricasoliana, applied at 10mg/ml, showed 100% germination inhibition. For each extract, the mean effective concentrations that inhibit germination (ECg50), root (ECr50) and shoot (ECs50) growth were determined. According to these values and the extract yield, an index was calculated in order to establish a ranking of the most active plants. For inhibition of A. sativa, the ranking was B. salicifolia > A. aspilioides > C. rudiuscula > M. laxa > E. hookerianum. The ECg50, ECr50 and ECs50 of B. salicifolia against A. sativa were 0.36, 0.88 and 0.91mg/ml, respectively, showing more activity than that of 2,4-D as a germination inhibitor and 44 and 1.1 times less active than 2,4-D as a root and shoot inhibitor, respectively. The ranking for the inhibition of R. sativus was O. charua > A. aspilioides > P. ricasoliana > B. salicifolia > A. tomentosa > M. officinalis > M. verticillata. The O. charua extract presented ECg50, ECr50 and ECs50 of 1.04, 1.04 and 1.49mg/ml, respectively. According to the obtained results, the extracts of B. salicifolia and of A. aspilioides were the only ones capable of inhibiting the germination and growth of both test species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Glucoraphasatin is an atypical glucosinolate mainly found in Raphanus sativus roots and sprouts. This review focuses on the chemistry, the occurrence, and the biological properties of glucoraphasatin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Raphanus sativus hairy roots were used in the anti-Prelog stereoselective reduction of a series of prochiral alkylaryl-ketones. Most of the bioreactions proceeded with high yields and excellent enantioselectivities. This novel biocatalyst is an easy handle system that allows the employment of the immense potential of plant enzymes in preparative asymmetric chemistry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The vegetative, or above ground, portion of radishes are not typically consumed and have not been characterized in terms of their phytochemical content or biological activity. The antioxidant capacity of the freeze-dried vegetative portion of mature Spanish black radishes (harvested 2months after planting) was 3.7-, 3.6- and 2.9-fold greater than freeze-dried roots as assayed by ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total phenolics and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), respectively. No carotenoids were detected in the roots, however the vegetative portion contained 905.0 and 421.2μg/g of lutein and β-carotene, respectively. Despite differences in glucosinolate composition, a class of compounds related to the induction of detoxification enzymes, the aqueous extracts of roots and the vegetative portion similarly induced quinone reductase activity and the expression of multiple phase I and II detoxification enzymes in the HepG2 human hepatoma cell line. When juiced, the resulting freeze-dried juice and pulp of the vegetative portion maintained the ability to induce detoxification enzymes, although there were some differences in the phytochemical contents of these two dried materials. These data demonstrate that the ability of the vegetative portion of Spanish black radish, which has significantly greater antioxidant potential than roots, to induce detoxification enzyme expression was similar to that of the roots. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Zearalenone (ZEN) is a naturally occurring contaminant of animal feed that has been implicated in several mycotoxicoses in farm livestock. Recently some information has become available indicating that ZEN caused cancer or at least increased its prevalence, although the mechanism of action is unknown. Many papers mentioned that exposure to ZEN results in genotoxicity and DNA damage. Therefore, we investigated the chemo-preventive role of 4-(methylthio)-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (MTBITC) extracted from Tunisian Raphanus sativus (radish) on the cytogenetic effect of ZEN in Balb/c mice and in in vitro cultures of mouse lymphocytes isolated from mouse spleen. We determined chromosome aberrations and micronuclei as well as the mitotic index and DNA fragmentation following ZEN treatment alone or in combination with MTBITC. This report is the first to provide evidence of a statistically significant decrease of structural chromosome aberrations and micronuclei associated with an augmentation of the mitotic index and prevention of DNA fragmentation in all mice treated with ZEN-MTBITC and in mouse lymphocyte cultures. The MTBITC alone was safe and succeeded in reducing the toxicity of ZEN by counteracting its deleterious effect, thus protecting against the genotoxicity and clastogenicity from ZEN. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study agro-waste (Agwt) was aerobically composted using cow dung (CD) and mule dung (MD). Totally six different sets of compost treatments were prepared, as T1 (Agwt + CD, 1:1), T2 (Agwt + MD, 1:1), T3 (Agwt + CD, 1:3), T4 (Agwt + MD, 1:3), T5 (Agwt + CD, 3:1) and T6 (Agwt + MD, 3:1) in individual containers. All the compost treatments were degraded for 90 days. The organic wastes in the treatment containers were maintained with proper moisture level. All the final composts reached good manural stability and maturity index after 90 days. Among the six treatments, the T2 with Agwt + MD in 1:1 proportion attained a 10:1 C/N ratio and a near neutral pH (7.3). Indigenous microbes isolated and identified from the T2 compost sample showed protease, cellulase, amylase and lipase activities. The germination of Raphanus sativus L. seeds and vigorous plant growth parameters confirmed the non-pathogenic phytotoxic-free nature of finished composts. The radish crops supplied with T2 compost showed healthy tuber growth parameters (16.6 cm width, 35.6 cm length) compared with other treatments. The results from the experiments established that, the composts derived are eco-friendly amendment to plants and it has also improved the soil fertility due to its stability and maturity index. Thus, the present study concluded that composting agricultural crops waste with animal manure, especially mule dung promoted excellent biodegradation of organic complexes. It is a nature friendly solution for the management of solid waste such as agro-wastes utilizing mule dung. [Display omitted] • Equal parts of mule dung and agro waste (1:1, wt/wt) produced good quality compost. • Isolated indigenous microbes had protease, amylase, cellulase and lipase activities. • T2 final compost had pH 7.3, C/N ratio (10:1) after 90 days of aerobic degradation. • Compost was non-phytotoxic with good manural stability and maturity index. • Radish growth using T2 compost had good chlorophyll, vitamins and mineral values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1 Development of an allooctaploid (AABBCCRR) via interspecific hybridization. 2 Identification of this allooctaploid was checked by PCR and FISH. 3 Morphology of this allooctaploid was well described. 4 The allooctaploid is an important germplasm for Brassica crops. Interspecific hybridization, which leads to the combination of the genomes from different species, not only contributes to speciation but also enriches the genetic stock of crops. Production of interspecific/intergenetic hybrids between Brassica species or Brassica and relative species has been a desirable goal for plant breeders and genetic researchers. In this study, we initially generated the allotetraploid Raphanobrassica (CCRR, 2n = 36) through a cross between maternal Raphanus sativus (RR, 2n = 18) and paternal Brassica oleracea (CC, 2n = 36). We then developed an allooctaploid (AABBCCRR, 2n = 72) that incorporated three Brassica subgenomes and radish genomes through crosses between the newly formed Raphanobrassica and B. juncea (AABB, 2n=36), followed by the chromosome doubling. PCR amplification of genome-specific primers and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis were employed to identify the true hybrids and their chromosome complements. The new allooctaploid showed a mosaic morphology of three parents and produced some seeds, despite the very low pollen stainability. The chromosome pairing and segregation of the allooctaploid were largely normal during the meiosis of pollen mother cells. So the first allooctaploid can be used as an intermediate germplasm to transfer desirable traits into Brassica crops, or as the founder for the experimental synthesis of new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofumigation has been proposed as an environmentally friendly method of plant protection against soil-borne pathogens, but its effects on microbial communities are still incompletely understood. Using high throughput DNA sequencing, we investigated the effects of oilseed radish residues on the root fungal microbiome of strawberry in the presence of a soil-borne fungal pathogen, Verticillium dahliae. Results of our greenhouse study show that early flowering occurred in response to residue addition, suggesting a plant stress-response and there was a significant decrease in berry yield. The fungal microbiome of roots was significantly restructured by both biofumigation and inoculation with Verticillium. In particular, the abundance of root endophyte- and arbuscular mycorrhizal functional guilds was reduced significantly as a result of biofumigant and V. dahliae addition, whereas the abundance of saprotrophs increased significantly when both treatments were applied together. Alpha diversity analyses of fungi associated with roots indicated a significant increase in species richness following Verticillium inoculation, whereas the biofumigant alone or in the presence of V. dahliae resulted in no significant effect, suggesting that apparently some rare taxa may have been enriched/stimulated in the presence of the pathogen. Further investigations should reveal whether negative effects of biofumigation on potentially beneficial root associated endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are host genotype- or soil-dependent. • Biofumigation induces early flowering in strawberry and reduces berry yield. • Both biofumigation and pathogen significantly restructure root fungal microbiome. • Biofumigation reduces abundance of mycorrhizal fungi and root endophytes. • Biofumigant alone or in the presence of pathogen has no effect on fungal diversity. • Presence of pathogen alone increases fungal species richness in roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Raphanusanin is a light-induced growth inhibitor involved in inhibition of hypocotyl growth in response to unilateral blue light illumination in radish seedlings. To understand better the role of raphanusanin in growth inhibition, we randomly analyzed raphanusanin-induced genes using a modified DD-RT-PCR (differential display RT-PCR) approach. The differential expression RT-PCR approach resulted in identification of four known candidate genes, of which three encoded functional proteins known to be related to responsiveness to diverse environmental stimuli. One of these genes appeared to be an essential element in the inhibition of hypocotyl growth, and was named RsCSN3 (a homologue of subunit 3 of the COP9 signalosome). During the growth inhibition that was observed within minutes of irradiation, the expression of the RsCSN3 gene was increased by phototropic stimulation, as well as by raphanusanin treatment, suggesting that this gene is involved in light-induced growth inhibition. In addition, down-regulation of the RsCSN3 transcript, that is specifically expressed at 60min after the onset of stimulation under blue light, green light, and raphanusanin treatment, shows a functional correlation with the phototropic response. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Raphanus sativus (L. Var) is a perennial plant of the Brassicaceae (or Cruciferae) family whose oil has not been investigated in detail for biodiesel production, particularly when ethanol is used as the alcoholysis agent. In this work, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimum condition for the ethanolysis of R. sativus crude oil. Three process variables were evaluated at two levels (23 experimental design): the ethanol:oil molar ratio (6:1 and 12:1), the catalyst concentration in relation to oil mass (0.4 and 0.8wt% NaOH) and the alcoholysis temperature (45 and 65°C). When the experimental results were tentatively adjusted by linear regression, only 58.15% of its total variance was explained. Therefore, a quadratic model was investigated to improve the poor predictability of the linear model. To apply the quadratic model, the 23 experimental design had to be expanded to a circumscribed central composite design. This allowed the development of a response surface that was able to predict 97.75% of the total variance of the system. Validation was obtained by performing one ethanolysis experiment at the conditions predicted by the model (38°C, ethanol:oil molar ratio of 11.7:1 and 0.6wt% NaOH). The resulting ester yield (104.10wt% or 99.10% of the theoretical yield of 105.04wt%) was shown to be the highest among all conditions tested in this study. The second ethanolysis stage of the best RSM product required 50% less ethanol and 90% less catalyst consumption. The amount of ethyl esters obtained after this procedure reached 94.5% of the theoretical yield. The resulting ethyl esters were shown to comply with most of the Brazilian biodiesel specification parameters except for oxidation stability. Addition of 500ppm of BHT to the esters, however, complied with the specification target of 6h. The application of 2wt% Magnesol® after the second ethanolysis stage eliminated the need for water washing and helped generate a final product with less unreacted glycerides. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This work concerns the application of isothermal calorimetry to measure the effect of ‘cnicin’ on the germination of the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr., cv. A7636 RG) and the radish (Raphanus sativus L., cv. Sparkler). The sesquiterpenelactone, cnicin was isolated from a highly invasive plant, the diffuse knapweed Centaurea diffusa Lam. Calorimetric experiments were performed with seeds on wetted filter paper disks or in agar, both containing varying concentrations of cnicin. Results indicate that this substance blocks the water uptake by roots inhibiting subsequent seedling growth but has no effect during germination. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: A short distance migrating cationic peroxidase from Korean radish seeds (Raphanus sativus) was detected. Cationic peroxidase was purified to apparent homogeneity and characterized. The molecular mass of the purified cationic peroxidase was estimated to be about 44kDa on SDS-PAGE. After reconstitution of apoperoxidase with protohemin, the absorption spectra revealed a new peak in the Soret region around 400nm, which is typical in a classical type III peroxidase family. The optimum pH of peroxidase activity for o-dianisidine oxidation was observed at pH 7.0. Kinetic studies revealed that the reconstituted cationic peroxidase has values of 1.18mM and of 1.27mM for o-dianisidine and H2O2, respectively. The cationic peroxidase showed the peroxidase activities for native substrates, such as coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and scopoletin. This result suggested that cationic peroxidase C s plays an important role in plant cell wall formation during seed germination. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A full-length cDNA encoding putative phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) was cloned from Raphanus sativus. The cDNA, designated RsPHGPx, includes an open reading frame which encodes 197 amino acid residues. The alignment of amino acid sequences showed that RsPHGPx had the highest sequence homology to plant PHGPx and contained an N-terminal extension characteristic of a mitochondrial targeting peptide. Northern blot analysis indicated that RsPHGPx was constitutively and ubiquitously expressed during radish development, and its expression was differently regulated by various stress conditions. The expression of RsPHGPx in a yeast PHGPx-deletion mutant significantly rescued the mutant sensitivity to oxidation-sensitive linolenic acid, just as the yeast PHGPx3 gene did. This suggested that RsPHGPx encodes a functional PHGPx protein. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A two-dimensional stochastic model that simulates the spread of disease over space and time was recently proposed by Xu and Ridout [Xu, X.M., Ridout, M.S., 1998. Effects of initial epidemic conditions, sporulation rate, and spore dispersal gradient on the spatio-temporal dynamics of plant disease epidemics. Phytopathology 88, 1000–1012]. In a theoretical study, the authors showed the ability of their model to generate a broad range of disease patterns and disease progress rates. The objective of our study was to test if this theoretical approach was able to describe disease progress and the disease pattern of a specific disease, downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Two field experiments with artificial inoculation were carried out and disease incidence and spatial pattern were assessed twice a week until disease incidence was greater than 0.25. Four model parameters were estimated by an algorithm that uses a least square regression together with an evolutionary optimisation strategy. Moran''s I indices of spatial autocorrelation calculated both for measured und simulated data were significantly correlated (α = 0.05, r = 0.61). Also observed variances in measurements and in simulations were closely and significantly correlated (α = 0.05, r = 0.95). Thus, disease pattern (as assessed in terms of variance inflation and spatial autocorrelation) was well described by the model. The model accounted for 94% of the variation in the disease incidence data. It has, therefore, the potential to be developed into a forecast model for risk analysis and for decision support in plant protection. However, in the specific case of downy mildew on radish more experimental data are required for model validation and to parameterise the effects of environment on infection, sporulation and spore dispersal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An anionic peroxidase RsPrx1 was purified (RZ=3.0) and characterized from roots of Chinese red radish (Raphanus sativus var. niger, Brassicaceae). The specific activity of RsPrx1 (μmol mg−1 min−1) is 413.5 (ferulic acid); 258.7 (ABTS); 177.3 (caffeic acid) and 10.0 (guaiacol acid). The optimum pH is 4.0 (citrate buffer) using ABTS as substrate. RsPrx1 can utilise the red pigment present in the root, pelargonidin, as substrate and the specific activity is 93.6 μmol mg−1 min−1. The molecular mass of RsPrx1 is 45 kDa (denatured) and 46 kDa (native) as determined by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration, respectively. The isoelectric point (pI) determined by native IEF is 4.7 and by chromatofocusing (Mono P) is 5.1. Analysis of tryptic peptides by nanoscale liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) covered 27% of the RsPrx1 sequence and confirmed its identity. The gene encoding RsPrx1 was cloned by PCR and the amino acid sequence showed the highest identity (82%) to peroxidase AtPrx22 and AtPrx23 from Arabidopsis thaliana and to HRPC3 and HRPE5 from horseradish, respectively. Activity-stained IEF gels show that RsPrx1 is primarily expressed in the roots in agreement with the expression profile of the orthologous genes. These five orthologous peroxidases have three introns of variable length and sequence at conserved locations between the distal and proximal histidine. The results suggest that RsPrx1 orthologs are widespread in the Brassicaceae plant family with a 15-residue-long C-terminal propeptide in common. Based on the results, we propose that RsPrx1 and orthologs are targeted to the vacuoles to modify stored anthocyanins like pelargonidin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The crude extract of Raphanus sativus leaves (Rl.Cr) showed a dose-dependent (0.03–5.0mg/ml) spasmogenicity in guinea-pig ileum and colon. The effect was insensitive to atropine pre-treatment but was completely abolished by pyrilamine indicating involvement of histaminergic (H1) receptors. The contractile effect at high doses (3.0–5.0mg/ml) was followed by relaxation. Rl.Cr also enhanced the transit of charcoal meal in mice at 30–100mg/kg. The petroleum spirit, chloroform and aqueous fractions all showed histaminergic activity in ileum; aqueous fraction being more potent. The study shows the presence of a histaminergic component(s) along with a weak spasmolytic factor thus providing sound mechanistic basis for the traditional use of the plant in constipation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Studies of the regulation of the activity of the Korean radish cationic peroxidase (KRCP) promoter during dedifferentiation and redifferentiation are reported here. Histochemical staining with 5-bromo-4-chloro-indolyl glucuronide (X-gluc) showed that only dedifferentiated marginal cells of leaf discs of the transgenic plants, but not of the interior region, were stained blue, as leaf discs were incubated on dedifferentiation-inducing medium from 5 days after callus induction (DACI). The levels of cationic peroxidase activity and of KRCP transcripts in Korean radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L. F1 Handsome Fall) were also upregulated by a low ratio of cytokinin to auxin, but not by high concentrations of cytokinin. To identify important cis-regulatory regions controlling callus-specific expression, a series of 5′ promoter deletions was carried out with KRCP::GUS gene fusion systems. The data suggest that at least two positively regulatory regions are involved in the KRCP::GUS expression during dedifferentiation induced by a low ratio of cytokinin to auxin: one from –471 to –242 and another from –241 to +196. GUS expression, however, was quickly decreased to a basal level during regeneration of root and shoot. Thus, the downstream region between +197 and +698 seems to be enough to suppress GUS expression of all constructs during regeneration. We further show that the 142-bp fragment (–471 to –328) has at least one cis-element to bind to the nuclear proteins from Korean radish seedlings induced by dedifferentiation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]