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Abstract Bibliometrics is a powerful tool for analyzing knowledge domains and revealing their cognitive-epistemological structure. Different mathematical models and statistical techniques have been proposed and tested to carry out bibliometric analyses and demonstrate their effectiveness in uncovering how fields of research are intellectually structured. These include two hybrid techniques that allow clusters of related documents obtained from a co-citation analysis to be labeled using textual data. This paper reports on the findings of a bibliometric study in which these hybrid techniques are combined to: (1) build and visualize the network of publications shaping the intellectual structure of the smart city research field by considering the first two decades of literature dealing with this subject; (2) map the clusters of thematically-related publications; and (3) reveal the emerging development paths of smart cities that each thematic cluster represents and the strategic principles they embody. The five development paths which the analysis uncovers and the strategic principles each stands on are then compared by reviewing the most recent literature on smart cities. Overall, this bibliometric study offers a systematic review of the research on smart cities produced since 1992 and helps bridge the division affecting this research area, demonstrating that it is caused by the dichotomous nature of the development paths of smart cities that each thematic cluster relates to and the strategic principles they in turn support. Highlights • Smart city research is unable to close the gap that currently exists between theory and practice. • Five main development paths of smart cities are captured. • These paths result in divergent opinions on what strategic principles drive smart city development. • This divergence generates a set of dichotomies questioning how smart city development should be approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Recent studies reveal a deep-rooted division in research on smart cities, which surfaces as a set of dichotomies that question whether smart city development should be based on a: (1) technology-led or holistic strategy; (2) double or quadruple-helix model of collaboration; (3) top-down or bottom-up approach; (4) mono-dimensional or integrated intervention logic. These dichotomies generate a critical knowledge gap because they suggest divergent hypotheses on what principles need to be considered when implementing strategies for enabling smart city development. This paper starts filling such a gap by reporting on the findings of a multiple case study analysis which is conducted into European best practices. In meeting this aim, four European cities considered to be leaders in the field of smart city development are analyzed to test the validity of the hypotheses emerging from each dichotomy. These cities are Amsterdam, Barcelona, Helsinki and Vienna. The results of this best practice analysis offer a series of critical insights into what strategic principles drive smart city development in Europe and generate scientific knowledge which helps to overcome the dichotomous nature of smart city research. Highlights • The knowledge gap and division generated by the dichotomous nature of smart city research are revealed. • Divergent hypotheses on how to enable smart city development are presented. • The hypotheses are tested with a multiple case study analysis of European best practices. • A set of strategic principles for guiding smart city development in Europe is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hox genes are usually expressed temporally and spatially in a colinear manner with respect to their positions in the Hox complex. Previous studies have shown that within the skin Hox genes are expressed either in a regionally restricted or in a regionally unrestricted manner. To test whether other genes of the Hox family display expression patterns which are spatially restricted (Hoxc-8) or spatially unrestricted (Hoxc-13) we studied the expression of Hoxa-7, a-11, b-4, c-6, c-8, and d-4 to d-13 within the dorsal skin of chick embryos. We confirmed the findings for Hoxc-8 and found that Hoxb-4 and Hoxa-7 are also expressed in a spatially restricted manner in the skin. These genes exhibit colinearity. In contrast, the Hoxd genes as well as Hoxa-11 and Hoxc-6 are expressed ubiquitously within the skin. Expression of the restricted genes is initiated in the epidermis by E5. Epidermal expression of the unrestricted genes is not temporally colinear as they are all expressed concomitantly at E6.25. Dermal expression for both groups occurs later at E6.5, but maintains the same anterior-posterior patterning as that seen in the epidermis. During E7-E8, expression for all genes is up-regulated within the dense dermis while being reduced within the interbud regions. Later, expression within the bud mesenchyme is down-regulated while high levels of transcriptional activity are detectable within the epidermal sheath of each feather bud. These results suggest that Hox genes may play an important role in patterning the embryonic skin by providing regionally restricted positional cues as well as by imparting generic signals necessary for feather morphology.

This paper reviews the literature on smart cities. Offering a critical synthesis of the material, it advances a Triple Helix inspired account of smart cities as future internet-based developments. In particular, as future internet-based developments covering the digital infrastructures, data management systems, renewable energies and cloud computing of a regional innovation in the Internet of Things (IoT). More specifically, as a regional innovation in the IoT that covers the morphology of urban extensions, infill and mass retrofits, which smart cities call for the development of. Focusing on the metrics of mass retrofit proposals, the paper also serves to demonstrate how the urban morphology of such regional innovations matter in the sense they tell us that being aware of the considerable energy savings and CO 2 reductions, which IoTs offer cities to be smart, is not enough. Not enough, because without knowing whether the costs and benefits under-gridding the sustainability of city-districts are shared equally, it is impossible to say if the 65% energy saving and 78% reduction in CO 2 , attributed to the data collection, information processing and smart (micro) grids of mass retrofits is socially just. The paper suggests that in order to verify this, it is necessary for smart cities to first baseline the social-demographic structure of retrofit proposals. Then draw upon the environmental profile this evaluation generates to assess whether the regional innovation creates the wealth needed to under-grid the sustainability of city-districts. Under-grid the sustainability of city-districts as the energy efficient-low carbon zones of an inclusive growth strategy seen to be socially just. Seen to be socially just, because the costs and benefits underlying the 1.5 ha ecological footprint that surfaces from this regional innovation are equally appropriated as the proceeds of a wealth creation, which contributes to the resilience of city-districts as energy efficient-low carbon zones. As energy efficient-low carbon zones, whose inclusive growth strategy also emerges as a post-carbon economy claiming to be climate neutral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The need to protect the environment from the wanton ecological destruction of unfettered economic growth and conspicuous consumption is unquestionable. What is still in question, however, is how environmental assessment methods can be used as a means to evaluate the sustainability of urban development. For while the number of environmental assessment methods available to evaluate the sustainability of urban development has increased notably over the past decade, questions still remain as to the integrative and multi-scalar nature of their evaluations. At their most basic these controversies boil down to the question: is the logic of building assessment integrative and can the method(ology) it uses be scaled-up so as to ‘up-the-ante’ and offer city-wide evaluations of sustainable urban development? This paper reports on the work the BEQUEST network has undertaken to develop such an integrative and multi-scalar assessment methodology and sets out the types of assessment methods it is possible to use in ‘upping-the-ante’ and providing such city-wide evaluations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The rising links of collective and artificial intelligence could bring profound changes in the way smart places are created and evolve. • Digital platforms produce proximity effects in the digital space similar to spatial proximity effects enabling smart ecosystems' development. • Big-data-driven policies can better track and forecast economic activity resulting to more accurate analysis of innovation systems. • Digital platforms can increase the scalability of indicators facilitating decision making at different spatial scales. • Digital platforms can better respond to the complexity of innovation systems providing dynamic and scale-diverse information. The effect of digital transformation towards more efficient, place-based and bottom-up innovation policies at different spatial scales has proven significant, as digital technologies modify existing policy-design routines in cities and regions. Smart places (cities, districts, neighbourhoods, ecosystems) depend on the way digitalisation disrupts systems of innovation in cities, making it more open, global, participatory and experimental. We argue that the rise and interconnection of various types of intelligence (artificial, human, collective) could bring profound changes in the way smart places are being created and evolve. In this context, cyber-physical systems of innovation are deployed through multiple nodes acquiring digital companions, collaboration is deployed over physical, social, and digital spaces, and actors can use complex methods guided by software and get insights from data and analytics. The paper also presents the case study of OnlineS3, a two-year Horizon 2020 project, which developed and tested a digital platform composed of applications, datasets and roadmaps, which altogether create a digital environment for empowering the design of smart specialisation strategies for local and regional systems of innovation. The results indicate that digital transformation allows the operationalisation of multiple methodologies which have not been used earlier by policy makers, due to lack of capabilities. It can also increase the scalability of indicators facilitating decision making at different spatial scales and, therefore, better respond to the complexity of innovation systems providing dynamic and scale-diverse information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Tuberculosis is the oldest of the world''s current pandemics and causes 8·9 million new cases and 1·7 million deaths annually. The disease is among the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV. However, tuberculosis is more than just part of the global HIV problem; well-resourced tuberculosis programmes are an important part of the solution to scaling-up towards universal access to comprehensive HIV prevention, diagnosis, care, and support. This article reviews the impact of the interactions between tuberculosis and HIV in resource-limited settings; outlines the recommended programmatic and clinical responses to the dual epidemics, highlighting the role of tuberculosis/HIV collaboration in increasing access to prevention, diagnostic, and treatment services; and reviews progress in the global response to the epidemic of HIV-related tuberculosis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Urban poverty represents one of the greatest and most urgent challenges that modern society is facing. The criticality of this global issue is represented by a rapidly growing body of academic literature which aims to explain the dynamics of urban poverty and promote effective and enduring solutions. However, despite many years of research, no studies have been conducted yet which reveal and analyze the overall intellectual structure of the urban poverty research field. In light of this gap, a bibliometric study was undertaken of 52 years of scientific literature on urban poverty (1965–2017). The bibliometric study combines author citation analysis and text-mining techniques to map the main research communities and core knowledge producers which are shaping the urban poverty research field and to identify the thematic areas that these communities are focusing attention on. The results of this investigation reveal a significant growth in the volume of academic literature produced post-1990, which is mainly driven by the collaborative efforts of five research communities, each of whom are seen to focus attention on a specific thematic area: (A) Policy-oriented research; (B) Urban poverty concentration; (C) The rise of poverty in Chinese cities; (D) Youth-behavioral and mental-health aspects of urban poverty; and (E) Urban poverty and health in the Sub-Saharan and Asian slum areas. The practical relevance and scientific contribution of this study is evidenced in its capacity to assist those actors working to alleviate urban poverty, in particular research communities, governmental and inter-governmental institutions, and funding bodies. In addition to help them grasp the overall intellectual structure of the urban poverty research field, the insight offered by this study is instrumental in supporting the articulation of a global, action-oriented agenda for future interdisciplinary research on urban poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]