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Highlights • Pea flours were separated by dry fractionation at cut-point of 22 µm. • Industrial scale milling machine and air classifier were applied. • Fine fraction contains double amount of nutrients, like protein, oil, and fiber. • Yield of fine fraction was ∼44%, a high possibility for an industrial manufacture. • Starch was enriched 1.5 times in coarse fraction, a potential in fermentation use. Abstract This study determined influence of industrial scale milling and air classification on separation of pea flours into fine and coarse fractions. Three commercial field pea flours were chosen from field peas grown in Manitoba, Canada, - whole green pea flour (WGPF), split green pea flour (SGPF), and organic split yellow pea flour (OSYPF). The ranges of 85–87% protein, 74–95% fat, and 66–76% minerals were enriched in the pea fine fractions. A range of 78–91% starch was enriched in the coarse fractions. Scanning electron microscopy and proximate analysis confirmed compositional shift between the fine and coarse fractions. The particle size analysis demonstrated that the milling in this study was sufficient and effective in reducing the flour particle size to smaller than 22 µm, which was considered to be the cut-point. The yield of the fine fraction was as high as 44% and acceptable for an industrial manufacture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Dietary energy restriction (ER) offers certain health benefits, particularly when ER is controlled through manipulation of dietary fats. Our hypothesis is that cellular immunity is modulated by dietary ER. Furthermore, we believe that the immune response may differ between spleen and colon because their lymphatic and vascular organization is different. The objective of the study was to test this hypothesis by determining the effects of dietary ER through manipulation of energy intake from high-fat (HF) diets on the expression and frequency of the CD4+ (T-helper/T-inducer) and CD8+ (T-cytotoxic/T-suppressor) cells, CD45RA (B-cell–specific marker), and immunoglobulins (Ig) A-, G-, and M-bearing cells in spleen and colon in rats by immunohistochemical method. Rats fed the HF diet had a significantly (P < .05) reduced number of immune cells as compared with those fed ER diets. Energy-restricted diet–fed rats showed higher (P < .05) numbers of CD4+, CD8+, IgA, IgM, IgG, and CD45RA cells in spleen and CD4+, IgA, and CD45RA cells in colonic lamina propria. The IgA-containing cells were markedly higher in the colon compared with the spleen. No change occurred in the number of IgM- and IgG-containing cells in colonic tissues between groups, except for the 20% ER group where IgM-labeled cells were higher (P < .05) compared with HF and 40% ER groups. These findings suggest that ER may modulate adaptive immune function and that CD4+ and IgA cells may serve as biological indicators for dietary energy-modulated immunoresponse in spleen and colon, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Canola meal (CM), a by-product of canola oil extraction, was modified by poly (styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PSG) and could potentially be used as a sustainable natural composite. Infrared analysis indicated that PSG could efficiently react with the proteins in CM and become covalently bonded. DSC results revealed that the modified CM composites showed new glass transition temperatures ( T g ) decreasing with the introduction of PSG, which were attributed to the disruption of intermolecular association. Torque curves and melt flow index tests showed the flow property of the modified CM composites increased due to interference by PSG of the hydrogen and disulfide bonding among the protein species. DMA results showed greater amorphous character for the modified CM composites and new glassy plateaus with increased storage moduli, indicating a change in molecular structure and enhancement in mechanical property and usability below T g . Furthermore, the thermostability, the tensile strength, and the elastic moduli of the modified CM composites increased because of the formation of cross-linked proteins in the CM composites, which will potentially increase the application value in some fields, such as single-use agricultural planting containers replacing high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) containers, and food or coffee trays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the usage value of canola meal (CM), a by-product of canola oil extraction, poly (styrene- co -maleic anhydride-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PSMG) was prepared and used as a novel chain extender to modify CM. FTIR tests showed that cross-linking took place in the CM matrix and PSMG was covalent bonded with canola proteins; furthermore, the surface of fibers present in the CM composite was covered by proteins, attributed to the reactivity of anhydride groups on PSMG. The modified CM composites showed more apparent amorphous characteristic with the addition of PSMG, according to DSC results. DMA results suggested that cross-linked proteins could be further coupled by glycerol reacting with the anhydride groups remaining in the cross-linked proteins, and thus the storage moduli and the glass transition temperature ( T g ) of the modified CM composites increased with the addition of more PSMG. The reactions of proteins with proteins, proteins with fibers, and proteins with glycerol were further confirmed by TGA. SEM images showed that the CM matrix became much denser and the interfacial adhesion between fibers and the CM matrix was increased by the chemical modification, which also contributed to an increase in the tensile strength of the modified CM composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-linked canola protein isolate (CPI) films were prepared using a bisepoxide as a chain extender by wet cast followed by heat compression. By DSC measurements, it was verified that the cross-linking reaction took place in the CPI matrix and was completed in 10 min at 90 °C. FTIR analysis confirmed that the chain extenders were covalently bonded with CPI chains. The reaction led to the formation of a cross-linked architecture which was revealed by an increase in molecular weight of the modified CPI films. The newly formed chain architecture increased the thermostability of CPI as evaluated by TGA; furthermore, the thermostability increased with the increase in cross-linking degree of the modified CPI films. DMA results of the unmodified CPI film showed that microcosmic phase separation occurred between two major proteins, cruciferin and napin in CPI; however, the extent of phase separation decreased with the increase of chain extenders and finally disappeared because of the increased compatibility between cruciferin and napin. Elastomeric mechanical behavior was observed with the introduction of cross-linked architecture in the modified CPI films. At low humidity of 55%, the cross-linked CPI films showed an increase in tensile strength and a decrease in elongation at break. At high humidity of 98%, the increase in hydrophobicity of cross-linked CPI matrix resisted the decreasing tensile strength seen in unmodified films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A water resistant surface was first obtained by immobilizing hydrophobic copolymers, poly (styrene- co -glycidyl methacrylate) (PSG), with functional groups on soy protein isolate (SPI) films. XPS and AFM results showed that PSG copolymers were immobilized on the film by chemical bonding, and formed a rough surface with some bumps because of the segregation of two different phases on PSG copolymers. Water resistance of the modified films could be adjusted dramatically by further immobilizing different amounts of guanidine-based antimicrobial polymers, poly (hexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride) (PHMG) on the resulting hydrophobic surface. The introduction of hydrophilic PHMG on the resulting surface generated many micropores, which potentially increased the water uptake of the modified films. Furthermore, the modified SPI films showed higher thermostability compared to native SPI film and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity by contact killing, attributed to the presence of PHMG on the surface. The modified SPI film with a multi-functional surface showed potential for applications in the packaging and medical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]