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Abstract: Basidiomycetes present specific problems with regard to their preservation, because most of them do not form resistant propagules in culture but exist only as mycelium. Usually these fungi can only be preserved by serial transfer on agar (labour-intensive procedures that can increase the danger of variation or loss of physiological or morphological features), or cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen (expensive). Cryopreservation at −80°C and lyophilisation could be good alternatives. In this work we set up and tested six protocols of cryopreservation at −80°C, and 12 protocols of lyophilisation on 15 isolates of white-rot fungi (WRF) belonging to 10 species. The tested protocols were mainly characterized by the use of different growth media, protectants, time and number of perfusion with protectants and finally by the typology and origin of the samples to be cryopreserved (mycelium/agar plug, whole colony) or to lyophilise (mycelium/agar plug, mycelium fragment, whole colony). Cryopreservation and lyophilisation outcomes were checked, at morphological (macro- and microscopic features), physiological (growth rate and laccase, Mn-independent and Mn-dependent peroxidases activities) and genetic level (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms analysis – AFLP). Vitality of all fungi was successfully preserved by all cryopreservation protocols at −80°C, and by two lyophilisation methods. Our results showed that cryopreservation at −80°C did not produce morphological changes in any isolate, while two isolates were affected by lyophilisation. None of the physiological features were lost, even though growth rate and enzyme activities were somehow influenced by all preservation methods. AFLP analysis showed that only the two isolates that varied in their morphology after lyophilisation produced a different DNA fingerprint pattern in comparison with that obtained before lyophilisation. These findings provide evidence that cryopreservation at −80°C and lyophilisation are suitable alternatives to liquid nitrogen cryopreservation for preservation of some WRF strains. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper investigates face perception in a visual agnosic and prosopagnosic patient (SB). Despite very extensive lesions of visual areas, SB remains capable of some visual processing [Brain 125 (2002) 58]. However, in everyday situations SB does not exhibit signs of specific face recognition. To investigate how SB may process faces, we tested two hypotheses. According to the ‘spared module hypothesis,’ SBs abilities come from spared modules of implicit face processing. According to the ‘general strategy hypothesis,’ SB may have developed some deliberate compensatory strategies. A two-session experimental design was constructed. In both sessions, face and non-face pictures were shown to participants. In Session 1 (implicit condition), participants had to decide whether each picture was a vegetable. In Session 2 (explicit condition), participants had to decide whether each picture was a face. Verbal reports showed that SB was not aware of faces in Session 1. However, behavioural results showed that (1) SB could process faces; (2) even when SB was not aware of faces, he processed them differently than non-faces; (3) when knowing the presence of faces, he did not process faces better. In addition, eye-tracking data suggested that SB did not change the nature of his processing from Sessions 1 to 2. Pupil diameters showed that fixated facial features were processed similarly as in control participants. Together, these results are not compatible with a general compensatory strategy hypothesis and suggest sparing of an implicit face processing module in SB. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]