Search

[Display omitted] • Lipidomics identified 23 lipid classes low in glycolipids in tick salivary glands. • Phosphatidylcholine (PC; 26.66%) was the lipid class with the highest representation. • Tick salivary glycolipids were mostly represented by diacylglycerol (DG; 0.48%). • Individuals bitten by ticks produced more phosphatidylcholine-IgG antibodies. • DG levels were higher in tick salivary glands than in tick saliva. Ticks, as hematophagous ectoparasites, can manipulate host immune and metabolic processes, causing tick-borne allergies such as α-Gal syndrome (AGS). Glycolipids with bound galactose-alpha-1–3-galactose (α-Gal) are potential allergenic molecules associated with AGS. Nevertheless, proteins and lipids lacking α-Gal modifications may contribute to tick salivary allergies and be linked to AGS. In this study, we characterized the effect of deglycosylated tick salivary proteins without lipids on treated zebrafish fed with dog food formulated with mammalian (beef, lamb, pork) meat by quantitative proteomics analysis of intestinal samples. The characterization and functional annotations of tick salivary lipids with low representation of glycolipids was conducted using a lipidomics approach. Results showed a significant effect of treatment with saliva and saliva deglycosylated protein fraction on zebrafish abnormal or no feeding (p < 0.005). Treatment with this fraction affected multiple metabolic pathways, defense responses to pathogens and protein metabolism, which correlated with abnormal or no feeding. Lipidomics analysis identified 23 lipid classes with low representation of glycolipids (0.70% of identified lipids). The lipid class with highest representation was phosphatidylcholine (PC; 26.66%) and for glycolipids it corresponded to diacylglycerol (DG; 0.48%). Qualitative analysis of PC antibodies revealed that individuals bitten by ticks were more likely to produce PC-IgG antibodies (p < 0.001). DG levels were significantly higher in tick salivary glands (p < 0.05) compared with tick saliva and salivary fractions. The α-Gal content was higher in tick saliva than in deglycosylated saliva and lipid fractions. These results support a possible role for tick salivary proteins and lipids without α-Gal modifications in AGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin or Cbl) functions as a cofactor in two important enzymatic processes in human cells, and life is not sustainable without it. B12 is obtained from food and travels from the stomach, through the intestine, and into the bloodstream by three B12-transporting proteins: salivary haptocorrin (HC), gastric intrinsic factor, and transcobalamin (TC), which all bind B12 with high affinity and require proteolytic degradation to liberate Cbl. After intracellular delivery of dietary B12, Cbl in the aquo/hydroxocobalamin form can coordinate various nucleophiles, for example, GSH, giving rise to glutathionylcobalamin (GSCbl), a naturally occurring form of vitamin B12. Currently, there is no data showing whether GSCbl is recognized and transported in the human body. Our crystallographic data shows for the first time the complex between a vitamin B12 transporter and GSCbl, which compared to aquo/hydroxocobalamin, binds TC equally well. Furthermore, sequence analysis and structural comparisons show that TC recognizes and transports GSCbl and that the residues involved are conserved among TCs from different organisms. Interestingly, haptocorrin and intrinsic factor are not structurally tailored to bind GSCbl. This study provides new insights into the interactions between TC and Cbl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red meat allergy is linked to exposure to alpha-Gal epitopes found in the saliva of ticks and hence known as the alpha-Gal syndrome. Alpha-Gal epitopes are found in the saliva of the Lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum , and the alpha-Gal syndrome is predominantly associated with exposure to A. americanum tick bites in the USA. Alpha-Gal epitopes are also presumably present in the saliva of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis, but exposure to these ticks is not predominantly linked to the alpha-Gal syndrome. Salivary glycans of I. scapularis have also been shown to play a role in the development of acquired tick resistance to tick infestations on non-natural host species. Deciphering the mechanistic basis of alpha-Gal syndrome and acquired tick resistance will enhance our understanding of glycans in the context of glycoimmunology and tick–host interactions. Ticks are hematophagous arthropods that transmit disease-causing pathogens worldwide. Tick saliva deposited into the tick-bite site is composed of an array of immunomodulatory proteins that ensure successful feeding and pathogen transmission. These salivary proteins are often glycosylated, and glycosylation is potentially critical for the function of these proteins. Some salivary glycans are linked to the phenomenon of red meat allergy – an allergic response to red meat consumption in humans exposed to certain tick species. Tick salivary glycans are also invoked in the phenomenon of acquired tick resistance wherein non-natural host species exposed to tick bites develop an immune response that thwarts subsequent tick feeding. This review dwells on our current knowledge of these two phenomena, thematically linked by salivary glycans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquito saliva, which contains proteins with antihemostatic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities, is inoculated into the host during malaria parasite transmission. Some saliva proteins associate with the Plasmodium sporozoite surface and may interfere in host–pathogen interactions. Early work on a few Anopheles proteins indicates that specific saliva factors can negatively or positively affect Plasmodium transmission and infection. Following a mosquito bite, components of its saliva remain in the skin for many hours and may alter the innate and adaptive immune response in the skin. Some salivary proteins such as Anopheles gambiae sporozoite-associated protein (AgSAP), sporozoite-associated mosquito saliva protein 1 (SAMSP1), and AgTRIO can inhibit T cell responses and overall inflammatory reactions that may directly impact the survival of Plasmodium sporozoites. Next-generation vaccines and monoclonal antibodies targeting salivary proteins may lead to the development of broad-spectrum therapeutics that can block the transmission of Plasmodium and other mosquito-borne pathogens. Malaria begins when anopheline mosquitoes inject Plasmodium sporozoites, along with saliva when taking a blood meal, into the dermis of a vertebrate host. Mosquito saliva has pleiotropic effects that can influence local host immune responses. Although the role of mosquito saliva in malaria transmission has been speculated on for more than two decades, recent studies identified the role of salivary proteins in host–pathogen interactions. Elucidating the role of these proteins in modulating immune responses in the skin may help design new approaches to control the establishment of Plasmodium infection. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium protozoa that are transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes. Plasmodium sporozoites are released with saliva when an infected female mosquito takes a blood meal on a vertebrate host. Sporozoites deposited into the skin must enter a blood vessel to start their journey towards the liver. After migration out of the mosquito, sporozoites are associated with, or in proximity to, many components of vector saliva in the skin. Recent work has elucidated how Anopheles saliva, and components of saliva, can influence host–pathogen interactions during the early stage of Plasmodium infection in the skin. Here, we discuss how components of Anopheles saliva can modulate local host responses and affect Plasmodium infectivity. We hypothesize that therapeutic strategies targeting mosquito salivary proteins can play a role in controlling malaria and other vector-borne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato , the causative agents of Lyme borreliosis, are transmitted by Ixodes ticks. Tick saliva proteins are instrumental for survival of both the vector and spirochete and have been investigated as targets for vaccine targeting the vector. In Europe, the main vector for Lyme borreliosis is Ixodes ricinus , which predominantly transmits Borrelia afzelii. We here investigated the differential production of I. ricinus tick saliva proteins in response to feeding and B. afzelii infection. Label-free Quantitative Proteomics and Progenesis QI software was used to identify, compare, and select tick salivary gland proteins differentially produced during tick feeding and in response to B. afzelii infection. Tick saliva proteins were selected for validation, recombinantly expressed and used in both mouse and guinea pig vaccination and tick-challenge studies. We identified 870 I. ricinus proteins from which 68 were overrepresented upon 24-hours of feeding and B. afzelii infection. Selected tick proteins were successfully validated by confirming their expression at the RNA and native protein level in independent tick pools. When used in a recombinant vaccine formulation, these tick proteins significantly reduced the post-engorgement weights of I. ricinus nymphs in two experimental animal models. Despite the reduced ability of ticks to feed on vaccinated animals, we observed efficient transmission of B. afzelii to the murine host. Using quantitative proteomics, we identified differential protein production in I. ricinus salivary glands in response to B. afzelii infection and different feeding conditions. These results provide novel insights into the process of I. ricinus feeding and B. afzelii transmission and revealed novel candidates for an anti-tick vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The astringency of green tea is an integrated result of the synergic and antagonistic effects of individual tea components, whose mechanism is highly complex and not completely understood. Herein, we used an epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)/caffeine (CAF)/saliva model to simulate the oral conditions during tea drinking. The effect of CAF on the interaction between EGCG and salivary proteins was first investigated using molecular docking and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Then, the rheological properties and the micro-network structure of saliva were studied to relate the molecular interactions and perceived astringency. The results revealed that CAF partially occupied the binding sites of EGCG to salivary proteins, inhibiting their interaction and causing changes in the elastic network structure of the salivary film, thereby reducing astringency. [Display omitted] • The mechanism of caffeine (CAF) reducing EGCG astringency was proposed. • The effect of CAF in the binding ability of EGCG to salivary proteins was evaluated. • CAF could weaken the effect of EGCG on the network structure of saliva. • Rheology was used to relate molecular interactions and perceived astringency. • Alpha-amylase was found to be the most important protein for astringency perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Saliva diagnosis is an essential approach for clinical applications owing to its noninvasive and material-rich features. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-based recognition of salivary protein N-linked glycan profiles to distinguish non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients from controls. We used WGA-magnetic particle conjugates to isolate glycoproteins in the pooled saliva of healthy volunteers (HV, n = 35), patients with benign pulmonary disease (BPD, n = 35), lung adenocarcinoma (ADC, n = 35), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, n = 35), following to release the N-linked glycans from the isolated proteins with PNGase F, and further identified and annotated the released glycans by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS, respectively. The results showed that 34, 35, 39, and 44 N-glycans recognized by WGA were identified and annotated from pooled saliva samples of HV, BPD, ADC, and SCC, respectively. Furthermore, the proportion of N-glycans recognized by WGA in BPD (81.2 %), ADC (90.1 %), and SCC (88.7 %), increased compared to HV (71.9 %). Two N-glycan peaks (m / z 2286.799, and 3399.211) specifically recognized by WGA were present only in NSCLC. These findings suggest that altered salivary glycopatterns such as sialic acids and GlcNAc containing N-glycans recognized by WGA might serve as potential personalized biomarkers for the diagnosis of NSCLC patients. [Display omitted] • Saliva analysis identified unique glycopatterns in NSCLC patients. • N-glycans recognized by lectin wheat germ agglutinin increased in the saliva of patients with BPD and NSCLC. • Specific glycopatterns might serve as biomarkers for diagnosing NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salivary proteins in the oral secretion (OS) of chewing insects play a crucial role in insect-plant interactions during feeding. The rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis , a notorious pest in global rice production, triggers defense responses during feeding, but little is known about its salivary proteins. In this study, we confirmed that C. medinalis releases OS during feeding. By employing transcriptomic analysis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), we examined the salivary proteins from labial salivary glands and OS from C. medinalis. A total of 14,397 genes were expressed at the RNA level and 229 salivary proteins were identified. Comparative analysis with other 25 arthropod species revealed that 43 proteins were unique to C. medinalis. Expression pattern analysis revealed that most of the selected genes were highly expressed in the gut and the larval stages (4th–5th instar). These findings provide a comprehensive resource for future functional studies of salivary proteins, offering new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which C. medinalis modulates plant defenses and potential applications in pest management. [Display omitted] • The rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis release oral secretions when feeding on plants. • 229 salivary proteins were identified from C. medinalis oral secretions. • Salivary proteins from C. medinalis may be involved in digestion, immunity, detoxification, herbivore offense, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeated exposure of animals to Ixodes scapularis ticks can result in acquired tick resistance (ATR). The first manifestation of ATR is erythema at the tick bite site, however, the specific peptide targets and mechanisms associated with this early aspect of ATR are not understood. In this study, we immunized guinea pigs with a lipid nanoparticle containing the mRNA encoding 25 amino acids in the carboxyl terminus of Salp14 (Salp14-C mRNA-LNP), an I. scapularis salivary protein. The animals produced high titers of IgG directed at the carboxyl terminus of Salp14. Guinea pigs immunized with Salp14-C mRNA-LNP and then exposed to I. scapularis , developed erythema at the tick bite site. Transcriptomics of the skin of guinea pigs at the I. scapularis bite sites elucidated selected pathways, including histamine activation, that are associated with the development of erythema. The study demonstrates that an mRNA vaccine encoding a small peptide can induce the initial phase of ATR in guinea pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermittent fasting exerts a profound beneficial influence on a spectrum of diseases through various mechanisms including regulation of immune responses, elimination of senescent- and pathogenic cells and improvement of stem cell-based tissue regeneration in a disease- and tissue-dependent manner. Our previous study demonstrated that alternate-day fasting (ADF) led to alleviation of xerostomia and sialadenitis in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a well-defined model of Sjögren's syndrome (SS). This present study delved into the previously unexplored impacts of ADF in this disease setting and revealed that ADF increases the proportion of salivary gland stem cells (SGSCs), defined as the EpCAMhi cell population among the lineage marker negative submandibular gland (SMG) cells. Furthermore, ADF downregulated the expression of p16INK4a, a cellular senescence marker, which was concomitant with increased apoptosis and decreased expression and activity of NLRP3 inflammasomes in the SMGs, particularly in the SGSC-residing ductal compartments. RNA-sequencing analysis of purified SGSCs from NOD mice revealed that the significantly downregulated genes by ADF were mainly associated with sugar metabolism, amino acid biosynthetic process and MAPK signaling pathway, whereas the significantly upregulated genes related to fatty acid metabolic processes, among others. Collectively, these findings indicate that ADF increases the SGSC proportion, accompanied by a modulation of the SGSC property and a switch from sugar- to fatty acid-based metabolism. These findings lay the foundation for further investigation into the functionality of SGSCs influenced by ADF and shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which ADF exerts beneficial actions on salivary gland restoration in SS. • Fasting increases Lin−EpCAMhi cells and reduces senescence in the salivary glands. • Fasting induces apoptosis in salivary gland tissues. • Fasting lowers NLRP3, IL-β and IL-18 protein levels in the salivary glands. • Fasting regulates genes involved in sugar and fat metabolism in Lin−EpCAMhi cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes scapularis are the main vectors for the causative agents of Lyme borreliosis and a wide range of other pathogens. Repeated tick-bites are known to lead to tick rejection; a phenomenon designated as tick immunity. Tick immunity is mainly directed against tick salivary gland proteins (TSGPs) and has been shown to partially protect against experimental Lyme borreliosis. TSGPs recognized by antibodies from tick immune animals could therefore be interesting candidates for an anti-tick vaccine, which might also block pathogen transmission. To identify conserved Ixodes TSGPs that could serve as a universal anti-tick vaccine in both Europe and the US, a Yeast Surface Display containing salivary gland genes of nymphal I. ricinus expressed at 24, 48 and 72 h into tick feeding was probed with either sera from rabbits repeatedly exposed for 24 h to I. ricinus nymphal ticks and/or sera from rabbits immune to I. scapularis. Thus, we identified thirteen TSGP vaccine candidates, of which ten were secreted. For vaccination studies in rabbits, we selected six secreted TSGPs, five full length and one conserved peptide. None of these proteins hampered tick feeding. In contrast, vaccination of guinea pigs with four non-secreted TSGPs – two from the current and two from a previous human immunoscreening - did significantly reduce tick attachment and feeding. Therefore, non-secreted TSGPs appear to be involved in the development of tick immunity and are interesting candidates for an anti-tick vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Saliva is an attractive matrix for SARS-CoV-2 new biomarkers identification. • COVID-19 symptoms are associated to differential proteins expression in saliva. • IL1RA, CYST-SA, S100A8-A9, CA6, FABP5 separate symptomatic from asymptomatic forms. SARS-CoV-2 infection spawns from an asymptomatic condition to a fatal disease. Age, comorbidities, and several blood biomarkers are associated with infection outcome. We searched for biomarkers by untargeted and targeted proteomic analysis of saliva, a source of viral particles and host proteins. Saliva samples from 19 asymptomatic and 16 symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects, and 20 controls were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for untargeted peptidomic (flow through of 10 kDa filter) and proteomic (trypsin digestion of filter retained proteins) profiling. Peptides from 53 salivary proteins were identified. ADF was detected only in controls, while IL1RA only in infected subjects. PRPs, DSC2, FABP5, his-1, IL1RA, PRH1, STATH, SMR3B, ANXA1, MUC7, ACTN4, IGKV1-33 and TGM3 were significantly different between asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects. Retained proteins were 117, being 11 highly different between asymptomatic and symptomatic (fold change ≥2 or ≤−2). After validation by LC-MS/MS-SRM (selected reaction monitoring analysis), the most significant discriminant proteins at PCA were IL1RA, CYSTB, S100A8, S100A9, CA6, and FABP5. The differentially abundant proteins involved in innate immunity (S100 proteins), taste (CA6 and cystatins), and viral binding to the host (FABP5), appear to be of interest for use as potential biomarkers and drugs targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are no existing effective treatments for radiation-induced xerostomia (RIX), a common side effect of head and neck radiation. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) exhibit regenerative effects in multiple tissues and may represent an effective cell therapy for the treatment of RIX. Here we present the updated primary safety and secondary efficacy endpoints of a first-in-human pilot study of IFNγ-stimulated autologous bone marrow- derived MSCs [MSC(M)] for the treatment of RIX. We conducted a single-center clinical trial investigating the safety and tolerability of autologous IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M). The study was conducted under an FDA-IND and approved by the local IRB. Patients underwent bone marrow aspiration, MSC(M) were then cultured, stimulated with IFNγ, and cryopreserved. Banked IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) were thawed, allowed to recover, and then 10 × 106 MSC(M) were injected into one submandibular gland. The primary objective was safety and tolerability determined by dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) defined as submandibular pain > 5 on a standard 10-point pain scale or any serious adverse event (SAE) within one month after injection. Secondary objectives included analysis of efficacy as measured by salivary quantification, salivary protein quantification, and saliva extensional viscosity and using 3 validated quality of life instruments. Quantitative results are reported as mean and standard deviation (SD). Six radiation-induced xerostomia patients who had completed radiation at least 2 years earlier were enrolled. The median age was 71 (61-74), 5 (83%) patients were male and all patients had a KPS of 100. Five patients (83%) were treated with chemoradiation and one patient (17%) with radiation alone. The average dose of radiation to the injected submandibular gland was 59.9 Gy (range 37.7 Gy – 68.2 Gy). Three patients (50%) reported a pain score of 1 after submandibular gland injection, all pain resolved within 4 days. No SAEs or other DLTs were reported up to 12 months after injection. The analysis of secondary endpoints demonstrated a trend of increased salivary production. Quality of life surveys also showed a trend towards improvement. Updated salivary quantification data through 12 months of follow up will be presented. Injection of autologous IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) into the submandibular gland of patients with RIX is safe and well tolerated. A trend towards an improvement in secondary endpoints of salivary quantity and quality of life was observed with 12 months of follow up. This first-in-human pilot study provides support for further investigation into IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) as an innovative, potentially curative, remedy to treat RIX and restore quality of life. A phase I dose-escalation study injecting into bilateral submandibular glands has begun accrual in fall of 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diagnosis of thyroid cancer, especially papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), is increasing rapidly worldwide. In this study, we aimed to study the glycosylation of salivary proteins associated with PTC and assess the likelihood that salivary glycopatterns may be a potential biomarker of PTC diagnosis. Firstly, 22 benign thyroid nodule (BTN) samples, 27 PTC samples, and 30 healthy volunteers (HV) samples were collected to probe the difference of salivary glycopatterns associated with PTC using lectin microarrays. Then, five machine learning models including K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were established to distinguish HV, BTN and PTC based on the changes of salivary glycopatterns. As a result, SVM had the best diagnostic effect with an accuracy rate of 92 % in testing set. Besides, lectin microarrays were used to explore the differences in salivary glycopatterns of 26 paired salivary samples of PTC patients before and after operation in order to probe into salivary glycopatterns as potential biomarkers for prognosis of PTC patients. The results showed that the levels of salivary glycopatterns recognized by 6 different lectins in patients after the operation almost convergenced with HVs. This study could help to screen and assess patients with PTC and their prognosis based on precise changes of salivary glycopatterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound and ultrasound-coupled oak blocks techniques on the phenolic and astringency profiles of Petit Verdot wines were discussed in this study. The relationship between techniques at varying absorbed energy density (AED) gradients and astringency was revealed, elucidating potential molecular mechanisms regarding compound interactions. Ultrasound was found to promote phenolics degradation and condensed tannins maturation, while oak blocks improved ellagitannins release into wines, facilitating polycondensation reactions to form larger complexes. Phenolics binding to salivary proteins decreased at low AED values (0–33.07 J/mL), enhanced at high AED values (66.14–165.34 J/mL), and reduced salivary proteins' precipitation ability. Treated samples significantly altered astringency's global terminology and sensory attributes across oral regions, with oak blocks enriching the astringency hierarchy. Multivariate analysis identified an optimal ultrasound AED of 0 to 33.07 J/mL, and an effective PLS-DA model was developed for industrial scale-up considerations, aiming to cost-effectively enhance the organoleptic quality of wines. [Display omitted] • Ultrasound-coupled oak blocks treatment cost-effectively improves unbalanced wine astringency. • Comprehensive analysis from phenolic, astringent profiles and molecular interactions. • An absorbed energy density below 33.07 J/mL is the ideal ultrasound parameter. • Treatments mature phenolic properties and modify the perceived astringency site in oral cavity. • The PLS-DA model based on absorbed energy density is utilized for scale-up considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salivary proteins precipitation by interaction with polyphenols is the major mechanism for astringency. However, alternative mechanisms seem involved in the perception of different subqualities of astringency. In this study, adsorption of four astringent agents to in vitro oral models and their sensory properties were assessed. Overall, green tea infusion and tannic acid have shown a higher adsorption potential for models with oral cells and absence of saliva. Alum and grape seed extract presented higher adsorption in models with presence of oral cells and saliva. Multiple factor analysis suggested that adsorption may represent important mechanisms to elicit the astringency of alum. Models including saliva, were closely associated with overall astringency and aggressive subquality. Models with cells and absent saliva were closely associated with greenness, suggesting a taste receptor mechanism involvement in the perception. For the first time a correlation between an oral-cell based assay and astringency sensory perception was shown. • Adsorption of GTI and TA, seemed to be driven by oral epithelial cells. • Adsorption of GSE and Alum, seemed to be driven by complete oral models. • Complete HSC-3 models presented higher adsorptions compared to Caco-2 counterparts. • Overall astringency closely associated to adsorption in models including saliva. • First study to correlate cellular assays with a sensorial trial for astringency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the expression and secretion of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in major and minor salivary gland tissues of human subjects and to examine the potential influence of sex and age on EGF expression and secretion. Saliva samples from the oral cavity at rest and after citric acid stimulation, as well as serum samples, were collected from 150 healthy subjects, and the concentrations of EGF were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared. The expression of EGF mRNA and protein in normal salivary gland tissues was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot (WB), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The EGF concentration in acid-stimulated saliva was significantly higher than that in resting saliva (P < 0.001), and significantly higher than that in serum (P < 0.001). No sex difference was observed in EGF levels of whole saliva and serum, whereas the EGF levels in saliva and serum were decreased with age (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). The EGF concentration and compound secretion rate (CSR) in resting submandibular glands saliva were significantly higher than those in resting parotid glands saliva (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively). The EGF was expressed in all major and minor salivary glands and ranked in order of submandibular, parotid, sublingual, and labial glands. All salivary glands have the function of secreting EGF, and the submandibular gland is the main source of salivary EGF. Aging is a factor influencing the expression and secretion of EGF. • EGF is expressed in major and minor salivary glands. • The submandibular gland shows the highest level of EGF expression, followed by the parotid gland. • The positive immunohistochemical expression of EGF is located in serous acini. • The EGF concentration in saliva is higher than that in serum. • EGF levels in saliva are decreased with age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbiota in the oral cavity plays an important role in maintaining human health. Our previous studies have revealed significant alterations of salivary glycopatterns in gastric cancer (GC) patients, but it is unclear whether these altered salivary glycopatterns can cause the dysbiosis of oral microbiota. In this study, the oral microbiome of healthy volunteers (HVs) and GC patients were detected. The neoglycoproteins were then synthesized according to the altered glycopatterns in GC patients and used to explore the effects of specific salivary glycopattern against oral microbiota. The results showed that five species were significantly increased (p < 0.05) while two species were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) in the saliva of GC patients compared with that of HVs. And the fucose-neoglycoproteins (30–100 μg/mL) could reduce the adhesion and toxicity of Aggregatibacter segnis (A. segnis) to oral cells (HOEC and CAL-27), change the glycan structures of lipopolysaccharide on the surface of A. segnis , and enhance the capacity of A. segnis to trigger innate immune responses. This study revealed that the changes of salivary protein glycopatterns in GC patients might contribute to the dysbiosis of oral microbiota, and had important implications in developing new carbohydrate drugs to maintain a balanced microbiota in the oral. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To successfully feed on blood, hematophagous arthropods must combat the host’s natural hemostatic and inflammatory responses. Salivary proteins of blood-feeding insects such as mosquitoes contain compounds that inhibit these common host defenses against blood loss, including vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, blood clotting, pain, and itching. The D7 proteins are some of the most abundantly expressed proteins in female mosquito salivary glands and have been implicated in inhibiting host hemostatic and inflammatory responses. Anopheles gambiae, the primary vector of malaria, expresses three D7 long-form and five D7 short-form proteins. Previous studies have characterized the AngaD7 short-forms, but the D7 long-form proteins have not yet been characterized in detail. Here, we characterized the A. gambiae D7 long-forms by first determining their binding kinetics to hemostatic agonists such as leukotrienes and serotonin, which are potent activators of vasoconstriction, edema formation, and postcapillary venule leakage, followed by ex vivo functional assays. We found that AngaD7L1 binds leukotriene C4 and thromboxane A2 analog U-46619; AngaD7L2 weakly binds leukotrienes B4 and D4; and AngaD7L3 binds serotonin. Subsequent functional assays confirmed AngaD7L1 inhibits U-46619-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction, and AngaD7L3 inhibits serotonin-induced platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. It is therefore possible that AngaD7L proteins counteract host hemostasis by scavenging these mediators. Finally, we demonstrate that AngaD7L2 had a dose-dependent anticoagulant effect via the intrinsic coagulation pathway by interacting with factors XII, XIIa, and XI. The uncovering of these interactions in the present study will be essential for comprehensive understanding of the vector-host biochemical interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Measurement of the 24-h urinary iodine concentration or urinary iodine excretion (UIE) is the gold standard to determine iodine status; however, this method is inconvenient. The use of salivary iodine could be a possible alternative since salivary glands express the sodium-iodine symporter.Objectives: We aimed to establish the correlation between the salivary iodine secretion and UIE, to evaluate the clinical applicability of the iodine saliva measurement.Methods: We collected 24-h urine and saliva samples from 40 participants ≥18 y: 20 healthy volunteers with no specific diet (group 1), 10 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer with a low dietary intake (<50 μg/d, group 2), and 10 patients with a high iodine status as the result of the use of amiodarone (group 3). Urinary and salivary iodine were measured using a validated inductively coupled plasma MS method. To correct for differences in water content, the salivary iodine concentration (SIC) was corrected for salivary protein and urea concentrations (SI/SP and SI/SU, respectively). The intra- and inter-individual CVs were calculated, and the Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman's correlation were used.Results: The intra-individual CVs for SIC, SI/SP, and SI/SU were 63.8%, 37.7%, and 26.9%, respectively. The inter-individual CVs for SIC, SI/SP, and SI/SU were 77.5%, 41.6% and 47.0%, respectively. We found significant differences (P < 0.01) in urinary and salivary iodine concentrations between all groups [the 24-h UIE values were 176 μg/d (IQR, 96.1-213 μg/d), 26.0 μg/d (IQR, 22.0-37.0 μg/d), and 10.0*103 μg/d (IQR, 7.57*103-11.4*103 μg/d) in groups 1-3, respectively; the SIC values were 136 μg/L (IQR, 86.3-308 μg/L), 71.5 μg/L (IQR, 29.5-94.5 μg/L), and 14.3*103 μg/L (IQR, 10.6*103-25.6*103 μg/L) in groups 1-3, respectively]. Correlations between the 24-h UIE and SIC, SI/SP, and SI/SU values were strong (ρ = 0.80, ρ = 0.90, and ρ = 0.86, respectively; P < 0.01).Conclusions: Strong correlations were found between salivary and urinary iodine in adults with different daily iodine intakes. A salivary iodine measurement can be performed to assess the total iodine body pool, with the recommendation to correct for salivary protein or urea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Phlebotomus argentipes is a sole vector of Leishmania donovani in the Indian subcontinent. • 40% of humans in the study area have IgG antibodies against P. argentipes saliva. • A correlation was found between IgG responses against P. argentipes saliva and rPagSP06. • rPagSP06 is a valid antigen to measure human exposure to P. argentipes. Phlebotomus argentipes is a predominant vector of Leishmania donovani , the protozoan parasite causing visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent. In hosts bitten by P. argentipes , sand fly saliva elicits the production of specific anti-salivary protein antibodies. Here, we have utilised these antibodies as markers of human exposure to P. argentipes in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Pabna district, Bangladesh. The use of whole salivary gland homogenate as an antigen to detect these antibodies has several limitations, therefore it is being superseded by the use of specific recombinant salivary proteins. We have identified three major P. argentipes salivary antigenic proteins recognised by sera of bitten humans, expressed them in a recombinant form (rPagSP04, rPagSP05 and rPagSP06) and tested their applicability in ELISA and immunoblot. One of them, PpSP32-like protein rPagSP06, was identified as the most promising antigen, showing highest resemblance and correlation with the IgG response to P. argentipes salivary gland homogenate. Furthermore, we have validated the applicability of rPagSP06 in a large cohort of 585 individuals and obtained a high correlation coefficient for anti-rPagSP06 and anti- P. argentipes saliva IgG responses. The anti-rPagSP06 and anti- P. argentipes salivary gland homogenate IgG responses followed a similar right-skewed distribution. This is the first report of screening human sera for anti- P. argentipes saliva antibodies using recombinant salivary protein. The rPagSP06 was proven to be a valid antigen for screening human sera for exposure to P. argentipes bites in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salivary glycoproteins are known as an important barrier to inhibit influenza infection by presenting sialic acid (Sia) ligands that can bind with viral hemagglutination. Here, to further understand why pregnant women are more vulnerable to avian influenza virus (AIV), we investigated the alteration of protein sialylation in the saliva of women during pregnancy and postpartum, and its impact on the saliva binding affinity to AIV. Totally 1200 saliva samples were collected, the expression levels of terminal α2-3/6-linked Sia on salivary proteins were tested and validated, and the binding activities of salivary proteins were assessed against 3 strains of AIV and the H1N1 vaccine. Result showed that the expression of terminal α2-3-linked Sia in the saliva of women decreased dramatically during pregnancy compared to that of non-pregnancy control, especially for women in the second or third trimester (fold change = 0.53 and 0.37, p < 0.001). And their salivary protein binding ability to AIV declined accordingly. The variation of terminal α2-3-linked Sia on salivary MUC5B and IgA was consistent with the above results. This study indicates that the decrease of terminal α2-3-linked Sia on salivary glycoproteins of pregnant women affects their binding ability to AIV, which may provide new insights into AIV prevention and control. [Display omitted] • The salivary expression of Siaα2-3Gal-linked glycans decreased during pregnancy. • The binding ability of salivary protein to AIV decreased accordingly. • The variation of sialylation on MUC5B and IgA was consistent with the whole level. • The decrease of Siaα2-3Gal-linked glycans affects saliva binding ability to AIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During feeding, a tick's mouthpart penetrates the host's skin and damages tissues and small blood vessels, triggering the extrinsic coagulation and lectin complement pathways. To elude these defense mechanisms, ticks secrete multiple anticoagulant proteins and complement system inhibitors in their saliva. Here, we characterized the inhibitory activities of the homologous tick salivary proteins tick salivary lectin pathway inhibitor, Salp14, and Salp9Pac from Ixodes scapularis in the coagulation cascade and the lectin complement pathway. All three proteins inhibited binding of mannan-binding lectin to the polysaccharide mannan, preventing the activation of the lectin complement pathway. In contrast, only Salp14 showed an appreciable effect on coagulation by prolonging the lag timeof thrombin generation. We found that the anticoagulant properties of Salp14 are governed by its basic tail region, which resembles the C terminus of tissue factor pathway inhibitor alpha and blocks the assembly and/or activity of the prothrombinase complex in the same way. Moreover, the Salp14 protein tail contributes to the inhibition of the lectin complement pathway via interaction with mannan binding lectin-associated serine proteases. Furthermore, we identified BaSO4-adsorbing protein 1 isolated from the tick Ornithodoros savignyi as a distant homolog of tick salivary lectin pathway inhibitor/Salp14 proteins and showed that it inhibits the lectin complement pathway but not coagulation. The structure of BaSO4-adsorbing protein 1, solved here usingNMR spectroscopy, indicated that this protein adopts a noncanonical epidermal growth factor domain-like structural fold, the first such report for tick salivary proteins. These data support a mechanism by which tick saliva proteins simultaneously inhibit both the host coagulation cascade and the lectin complement pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Xanthan had the best deastringent effect, followed by pectin and finally gum Arabic. • Hydrolysable tannins in Triphala, polysaccharides, as well as β-casein can interact. • The polysaccharides increased the β-sheet and decreased the unordered of β-casein. • The presence of polysaccharides will diminish the binding of β-casein and tannins. This present study investigated the masking effect of high methoxyl pectin, xanthan gum, and gum Arabic on the astringency of the traditional herbal formula Triphala and further examined the mechanism of polysaccharide reducing astringency. Results of sensory evaluation and electronic tongue illustrated that 0.6 % pectin, 0.3 % xanthan gum, and 2 % gum Arabic had a substantial deastringent effect. The polyphenols in Triphala are basically hydrolysable tannins, which with high degree of gallic acylation may be the main astringent component of Triphala. Moreover, the three polysaccharides can combine with β-casein through C O and N H groups to form soluble binary complexes and decrease the secondary structure of β-casein. When polysaccharides were added to the Triphala-protein system, polyphenol-protein precipitation was also diminished, and they were capable of forming soluble ternary complexes. Consequently, the competition between polysaccharides and polyphenols for binding salivary proteins and the formation of ternary complexes help decrease the astringency of Triphala. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone regeneration remains a major clinical challenge, especially when infection necessitates prolonged antibiotic treatment. This study presents a membrane composed of self-assembled and interpenetrating GL13K, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) derived from a salivary protein, in a collagen membrane for antimicrobial activity and enhanced bone regeneration. Commercially available collagen membranes were immersed in GL13K solution, and self-assembly was initiated by raising the solution pH to synthesize the multifunctional membrane called COL-GL. COL-GL was composed of interpenetrating large collagen fibers and short GL13K nanofibrils, which increased hydrophobicity, reduced biodegradation from collagenase, and stiffened the matrix compared to control collagen membranes. Incorporation of GL13K led to antimicrobial and anti-fouling activity against early oral surface colonizer Streptococcus gordonii while not affecting fibroblast cytocompatibility or pre-osteoblast osteogenic differentiation. GL13K in solution also reduced macrophage inflammatory cytokine expression and increased pro-healing cytokine expression. Bone formation in a rat calvarial model was accelerated at eight weeks with COL-GL compared to the gold-standard collagen membrane based on microcomputed tomography and histology. Interpenetration of GL13K within collagen sidesteps challenges with antimicrobial coatings on bone regeneration scaffolds while increasing bone regeneration. This strength makes COL-GL a promising approach to reduce post-surgical infections and aid bone regeneration in dental and orthopedic applications. The COL-GL membrane, incorporating the antimicrobial peptide GL13K within a collagen membrane, signifies a noteworthy breakthrough in bone regeneration strategies for dental and orthopedic applications. By integrating self-assembled GL13K nanofibers into the membrane, this study successfully addresses the challenges associated with antimicrobial coatings, exhibiting improved antimicrobial and anti-fouling activity while preserving compatibility with fibroblasts and pre-osteoblasts. The accelerated bone formation observed in a rat calvarial model emphasizes the potential of this innovative approach to minimize post-surgical infections and enhance bone regeneration outcomes. As a promising alternative for future therapeutic interventions, this material tackles the clinical challenges of extended antibiotic treatments and antibiotic resistance in bone regeneration scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions between food and saliva govern complex mouthfeel perceptions such as astringency. Herein, we present a study of the interactions of salivary proteins with the main pea protein fractions that are obtained by isoelectric and salt precipitation (legumin-rich, vicilin-rich and albumin-rich fractions). The sensory evaluations performed on protein solutions by trained panelists evidenced that all three protein fractions exhibit a basal level of astringency, but that the albumin fraction was perceived as the most astringent one. All three fractions induced significant but comparable loss of salivary lubrication. Yet, when compared to the other fractions, the albumin fraction showed the formation of a thicker and more rigid film on salivary conditioning film-coated sensors as measured using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). We also present proteomics studies on the precipitates obtained from the mixtures of saliva and pea protein fractions. Protein identification finds a pool of salivary proteins involved in non-specific interactions with all the three pea protein fractions. Yet, 13 pea proteins specific to the albumin fraction were identified as being involved in specific interactions with salivary proteins. Several of these proteins are part of the plant defense mechanisms and are likely to interact with many salivary proteins. This could explain the higher number of salivary proteins found in the precipitate induced by the albumin fraction when compared to the other two. These quantitative results increase the understanding of the complex links between plant protein-salivary protein interactions and astringency. [Display omitted] • The albumin pea protein fraction was the most astringent pea protein fraction. • Globulin and albumin pea proteins induced a similar salivary lubrication breakdown. • Albumin pea proteins formed a rigid and thick film on a salivary pellicle. • 13 pea proteins of the albumin fraction are likely to trigger interactions with saliva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental plaque is a complex colorless film of bacteria that develops on the surfaces of teeth. Different mechanisms of microbial adhesion to tooth surfaces exist. Both non-specific and specific types of adherence have been anticipated. The present review evaluated the effect of sugar-rich diet and salivary proteins on oral hygiene and dental plaque development. The oral microbiota is essential for maintaining and reestablishing a healthy oral cavity. Different types of sugars have different effects on the inhibition and formation of dental plaque. The peptides, proteins, and amino acids secreted by parotid glands in the oral cavity facilitate neutralizing the acidity in dental plaque and preventing dental caries. A properly balanced diet is crucial for both a healthy oral cavity and the oral microbiome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to study the changes in salivary proteins that occur in the dog after the ejaculation process. Saliva samples from eight dogs before and after induced ejaculation were analyzed by proteomic using Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) labeling and LC-MS/MS analysis. A total of 33 salivary proteins showed significant changes after the ejaculation process. The up-regulated proteins that showed changes of higher magnitude were mucin-7 (MUC-7), peroxiredoxin-4 (PRDX4) and galectin-3 (LEGALS3) whereas proteins such as alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (A1G1) and alpha-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG) were the most down-regulated. MUC-7 and PRDX4 expression in saliva after ejaculation could be associated with the protective "environment" created by the organism to exert pr 3o-fertility activities and antioxidants benefits in spermatozoa. Also LEGALS3 increment could be associated with an improvement of wellbeing and could contribute to a positive global effect in the body. Down-regulations of A1G1 and A1GB proteins found in saliva after ejaculation could be associated with a reduction in systemic inflammation. Overall it can be concluded that, changes in proteins in saliva that are produced after ejaculation can reflect a state of increase immune defenses, improvement of antioxidant status and low inflammation. • Saliva composition changes after ejaculation in dogs. • A total of 33 proteins showed significant variations in saliva after ejaculation. • Protein changes reflected changes related with oxidative stress, inflammation and psychological status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mosquito vector salivary components alter arbovirus infection in the host. • AgBR1 and NeSt1 A. aegypti salivary proteins enhances ZIKV infection. • Anti AgBR1 and NeSt1 antibody cocktail enhanced survival in mouse after a ZIKV mosquito challenge. Zika virus (ZIKV) is primarily spread by Aedes. aegypti mosquitoes. Infection with ZIKV can result in diverse clinical symptoms in humans, ranging from mild to severe. Previously, we demonstrated that passive immunization against A. aegypti AgBR1 or NeSt1 antiserum, two mosquito saliva proteins that are transmitted with the virus, conferred partial protection against ZIKV in mice. Each individual antiserum altered the early host response in the skin and reduced viremia. Here, we show that passive immunization with a combination of AgBR1- and NeSt1-specific antibodies enhanced survival and reduced the viral burden in blood, thereby protecting mice from mosquito-borne ZIKV infection. This finding suggests that targeting a combination of mosquito saliva proteins, with AgBR1 and NeSt1 as model antigens, may be used as a vaccine strategy to help prevent mosquito-borne ZIKV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug release within the oral cavity can be of paramount importance for formulations that are designed for specific purposes such as taste-masking, faster onset of therapeutic action, localization of treatment or avoidance of first-pass metabolism. Preclinical methods for assessment of dissolution in the oral cavity are necessary for design and development of these formulation but currently there is no consensus on what variables should be defined to achieve biorelevance in these tests. In this study, biorelevant simulated salivary fluids (SSFs) that can be uniformly applied for oral cavity dissolution testing were developed. Unstimulated saliva (US) SSF and stimulated saliva (SS) SSF were separately developed since the two states significantly differ. Physicochemical properties including pH, buffer capacity, surface tension and viscosity were assessed during development and optimised to mimic human saliva (HS). In order to account for the salivary proteins in HS, use of bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) and porcine gastric mucin (PGM) in SSFs was evaluated. Following optimisation of the SSFs, biorelevance of the developed SSFs to HS was assessed by their comparative physicochemical properties as well as dissolution profiles of three diverse model compounds (sildenafil citrate, efavirenz, and caffeine) which showed comparable profiles between the SSFs and HS. This work addresses the lack of uniformed biorelevant dissolution media for oral cavity dissolution studies and provides a basis for standardised dissolution tests that provide consistency and harmonisation in future oral cavity dissolution studies. We envisage that this will have a positive impact on the development of new medicines that require functionality in the oral cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhibition of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement by saliva from Anopheles mosquitoes facilitates feeding by blocking production of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, which activate mast cells leading to plasma extravasation, pain, and itching. We have previously shown that albicin, a member of the SG7 protein family from An. Albimanus, blocks the AP by binding to and inhibiting the function of the C3 convertase, C3bBb. Here we show that SG7.AF, the albicin homolog from An. freeborni, has a similar potency to albicin but is more active in the presence of properdin, a plasma protein that acts to stabilize C3bBb. Conversely, albicin is highly active in the absence or presence of properdin. Albicin and SG7.AF stabilize the C3bBb complex in a form that accumulates on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) surfaces coated with properdin, but SG7.AF binds with lower affinity than albicin. Albicin induces oligomerization of the complex in solution, suggesting that it is oligomerization that leads to stabilization on SPR surfaces. Anophensin, the albicin ortholog from An. stephensi, is only weakly active as an inhibitor of the AP, suggesting that the SG7 family may play a different functional role in this species and other species of the subgenus Cellia, containing the major malaria vectors in Africa and Asia. Crystal structures of albicin and SG7.AF reveal a novel four-helix bundle arrangement that is stabilized by an N-terminal hydrogen bonding network. These structures provide insight into the SG7 family and related mosquito salivary proteins including the platelet-inhibitory 30 kDa family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As soon as saliva contacts the teeth surface, salivary proteins adhere to the tooth surface to form acquired salivary pellicle. The formation of this acquired salivary pellicle is a dynamic and selective process of macromolecular adsorption and desorption. Although acquired salivary pellicle contains proteins and peptides, it also contains lipids, and other macro-molecules, all of which contribute to its protective properties. Acquired salivary pellicle is related to the development of common oral diseases, such as erosion, dental caries, and periodontal disease. Acquired salivary pellicle acts as a natural barrier to prevent a tooth's surface from making direct contact with acids and to protect it from erosive demineralization. It contributes to the control of dental erosion by modulating calcium and phosphate concentrations on the tooth surface. It also influences the initial colonizer of oral biofilm and affects the transportation pathway of the acidic products of cariogenic bacteria, which affects the development of dental caries. In addition, it influences periodontal disease by acting on the colonization of periodontal pathogens. This paper's aim is to provide an overview of the acquired salivary pellicle, highlighting its composition, structure, function, role in common oral diseases, and modification for the prevention of oral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Some but not all tick saliva fractions are able to induce tick protective immunity. • Its level is comparable to those induced by whole saliva. • 24 salivary proteins were detected only immunogenic fractions. • These proteins pose promising candidates for tick vaccine development. Tick-borne diseases pose a global medical problem. As transmission of tick-borne pathogens to their hosts occurs during tick feeding, development of vaccines thwarting this process could potentially prevent transmission of multiple tick-borne pathogens. The idea of tick vaccines is based on the phenomenon of acquired tick immunity, rejection of ticks feeding on hosts which were repeatedly infested by ticks. Recently, we demonstrated that saliva of the blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis , which is the main vector of tick-borne pathogens in northeast USA, is sufficient for induction of tick immunity in the guinea pig model and that immunity directed against tick glycoproteins is important in this phenomenon. Nevertheless, immunity elicited against individual tick salivary antigens, which have been identified and tested so far, provided only modest tick rejection. We therefore now tested fractions of tick saliva produced by liquid chromatography for their ability to induce tick immunity in the guinea pig model. Immunization with all individual fractions elicited antibodies that reacted with tick saliva, however only some fractions displayed the ability to induce robust protective tick immunity. Mass spectrometry analysis led to identification of 24 proteins present only in saliva fractions which were able to induce tick immunity, suggesting suitable candidates for development of a tick vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks, as blood-sucking parasites, have developed a complex strategy to evade and suppress host immune responses during feeding. The crucial part of this strategy is expression of a broad family of salivary proteins, called Evasins, to neutralize chemokines responsible for cell trafficking and recruitment. However, structural information about Evasins is still scarce, and little is known about the structural determinants of their binding mechanism to chemokines. Here, we studied the structurally uncharacterized Evasin-4, which neutralizes a broad range of CC-motif chemokines, including the chemokine CC-motif ligand 5 (CCL5) involved in atherogenesis. Crystal structures of Evasin-4 and E66S CCL5, an obligatory dimeric variant of CCL5, were determined to a resolution of 1.3--1.8 Å. The Evasin- 4 crystal structure revealed an L-shaped architecture formed by an N- and C-terminal subdomain consisting of eight α-strands and an a-helix that adopts a substantially different position compared with closely related Evasin-1. Further investigation into E66S CCL5--Evasin-4 complex formation with NMR spectroscopy showed that residues of the N terminus are involved in binding to CCL5. The peptide derived from the Nterminal region of Evasin-4 possessed nanomolar affinity to CCL5 and inhibited CCL5 activity in monocyte migration assays. This suggests that Evasin-4 derivatives could be used as a starting point for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astringency is the sensation of mouth drying and puckering, and it has also been described as a loss of lubrication in the mouth. Astringency is perceived as an increase in oral friction or roughness. Astringency caused by tannins and other polyphenols has been well documented and studied. Whey proteins are popular for their functional and nutritional quality, but they exhibit astringency, particularly under acidic conditions popular in high acid (pH 3.4) whey protein beverages. Acids cause astringency, but acidic protein beverages have higher astringency than acid alone. Whey proteins are able to interact with salivary proteins, which removes the lubricating saliva layer of the mouth. Whey proteins can also interact directly with epithelial tissue. These various mechanisms of astringency limit whey protein ingredient applications because astringency is undesirable to consumers. A better understanding of the causes of whey protein astringency will improve our ability to produce products that have high consumer liking and deliver excellent nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the parasite Leishmania and transmitted by sandflies. It has become a major health problem in many tropical and subtropical countries, especially in regions of conflict and political instability. Currently, there are only limited drug treatments and no available licensed vaccine; thus, the need for more therapeutic interventions remains urgent. Previously, a DNA vaccine encoding a 15 kDa sandfly (Phlebotomus papatasi) salivary protein (PpSP15) and recombinant nonpathogenic Leishmania tarentolae secreting PpSP15 have been shown to induce protective immunity against Leishmania major in mice, demonstrating that PpSP15 is a promising vaccine candidate. In this study, we developed a fermentation process in yeast with a yield of ~1g PpSP15/L and a scalable purification process consisting of only 2 chromatographic purification steps with high binding capacity for PpSP15, suggesting that PpSP15 can be produced economically. The biophysical/biochemical analysis of the purified PpSP15 indicated that the protein was of high purity (>97%) and conformationally stable between pH 4.4 and 9.0. More importantly, the recombinant protein had a defined structure similar to that of the related PdSP15 from Phlebotomus duboscqi , implying the suitability of the yeast expression system for producing a correctly folded PpSP15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triatomines are blood-feeding insects that prey on vertebrate hosts. Their saliva is largely responsible for their feeding success. The triatomine salivary content has been studied over the past decades, revealing multifunctional bioactive proteins targeting the host´s hemostasis and immune system. Recently, sequencing of salivary-gland mRNA libraries revealed increasingly complex and complete transcript databases that have been used to validate the expression of deduced proteins through proteomics. This review provides an insight into the journey of discovery and characterization of novel molecules in triatomine saliva. There are currently nine annotated sialotranscriptomes, six descriptive sialoproteomes, and seven sialomes from triatomine bugs. Gene duplication events generated many salivary protein families. There are at least 100 salivary proteins produced by a single species, with substantial interspecies diversity. These proteins inhibit blood coagulation, platelet aggregation, and complement activation, and they induce vasodilation and immune modulation. Many protein families remain enigmatic, without similarities to known proteins or motifs, and without a known function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks are hematophagous arachnids that parasitize mammals and other hosts, feeding on their blood. Ticks secrete numerous salivary factors that enhance host blood flow or suppress the host inflammatory response. The recruitment of leukocytes, a hallmark of inflammation, is regulated by chemokines, which activate chemokine receptors on the leukocytes. Ticks target this process by secreting glycoproteins called Evasins, which bind to chemokines and prevent leukocyte recruitment. This review describes the recent discovery of numerous Evasins produced by ticks, their classification into two structural and functional classes, and the efficacy of Evasins in animal models of inflammatory diseases. The review also proposes a standard nomenclature system for Evasins and discusses the potential of repurposing or engineering Evasins as therapeutic anti-inflammatory agents. Chemokines are mammalian proteins that are secreted at the sites of tissue insult and stimulate trafficking of leukocytes to the affected tissues, a key component of the inflammatory response. Evasins are tick salivary glycoproteins that bind to chemokines, thereby suppressing the host inflammatory response, an apparent mechanism to prolong the residence times of ticks on their hosts. Bioinformatics searches of salivary transcriptomic and genomic sequence databases and yeast surface display screening methods have enabled discovery of Evasins produced by numerous tick species spread across at least three genera. Two families of Evasins (Classes A and B) have been identified. Evasins from the two families have different 3D structures, different conserved sequence features (including patterns of disulfide bonds), and selectivity for different families of chemokines (CC and CXC, respectively). Evasins each bind to several (or many) chemokines but different Evasins have distinct selectivities for target chemokines. Structures, mutational experiments, and sequence comparisons are beginning to reveal the critical elements of Evasins for chemokine recognition. Evasins show efficacy in animal models of inflammatory diseases, suggesting that either natural Evasins or engineered variants have potential as therapeutic anti-inflammatory agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mouthdrying limits the consumer acceptance and consumption of whey protein. • Mouthdrying may be due to simultaneous protein-mucosal and -salivary interactions. • Added lubrication has the potential to reduce mouthdrying by reducing oral friction. Whey is consumed by active adults to aid muscle recovery and growth, the general population as a nutritious convenient food, and by older adults to prevent sarcopenia due to its high leucine content. However, whey protein has poor consumer acceptance in this latter demographic, partially due to mouthdrying. This is thought to result from electrostatic interactions between whey and salivary proteins, mucoadhesion to the oral mucosa, and the inherent astringency of acidity. Previous unsuccessful mitigation strategies include viscosity, sweetness and fat manipulation. This literature review reveals support for increasing lubrication to reduce mouthdrying. However, of the 50 papers reviewed, none have proposed a method by which whey protein could be modified as an ingredient to reduce mouthdrying in whey-fortified products. This review recommends the use of modern technologies to increase lubrication as a novel mitigation strategy to reduce mouthdrying, with the potential to increase consumer acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salivary dysfunction is a significant side effect of radiation therapy for head and neck cancer (HNC). Preliminary data suggests that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can improve salivary function. Whether MSCs from HNC patients who have completed chemoradiation are functionally similar to those from healthy patients is unknown. We performed a pilot clinical study to determine whether bone marrow-derived MSCs [MSC(M)] from HNC patients could be used for the treatment of RT-induced salivary dysfunction. An IRB-approved pilot clinical study was undertaken on HNC patients with xerostomia who had completed treatment two or more years prior. Patients underwent iliac crest bone marrow aspirate and MSC(M) were isolated and cultured. Culture-expanded MSC(M) were stimulated with IFNγ and cryopreserved prior to reanimation and profiling for functional markers by flow cytometry and ELISA. MSC(M) were additionally injected into mice with radiation-induced xerostomia and the changes in salivary gland histology and salivary production were examined. A total of six subjects were enrolled. MSC(M) from all subjects were culture expanded to > 20 million cells in a median of 15.5 days (range 8–20 days). Flow cytometry confirmed that cultured cells from HNC patients were MSC(M). Functional flow cytometry demonstrated that these IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) acquired an immunosuppressive phenotype. IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) from HNC patients were found to express GDNF, WNT1, and R-spondin 1 as well as pro-angiogenesis and immunomodulatory cytokines. In mice, IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) injection after radiation decreased the loss of acinar cells, decreased the formation of fibrosis, and increased salivary production. MSC (M) from previously treated HNC patients can be expanded for auto-transplantation and are functionally active. Furthermore IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) express proteins implicated in salivary gland regeneration. This study provides preliminary data supporting the feasibility of using autologous MSC(M) from HNC patients to treat RT-induced salivary dysfunction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Wine polysaccharides interact with salivary proteins to the exclusion of tannins. • This interaction is via a competitive protein-polysaccharide complex. • Macerated wine polysaccharides have a lower sensory panel threshold of detection. • Wine polysaccharides increase the astringency detection threshold in red wine. • The first use of sensory panel analysis to detect a change in astringency threshold. Wine astringency is thought to be due to salivary protein precipitation; however, the actual mechanism is not well-defined. This study aimed understand the relationship between whole polysaccharide extracts, produced with and without enzyme maceration, and the saliva protein-tannin precipitation reaction. Polysaccharides were analyzed in the context of salivary protein–tannin interactions using gel electrophoresis, quantitative 1H proton nuclear magnetic resonance (qHNMR), size separation chromatography, immunochemistry, and sensory analysis. Polysaccharide addition reduced saliva protein concentration in tannin-saliva protein-polysaccharide mixtures, indicating that native-wine polysaccharides compete with condensed tannins for salivary protein as ligand partners. qHNMR showed that tannin levels were increased by adding polysaccharides, suggesting that in these conditions, polysaccharides interact with saliva proteins via competitive protein-polysaccharide complex formation. Polysaccharides from non-enzyme-treated wines had threshold concentration of 121 mg/mL versus 86 mg/ml for enzyme-treated as detected by a sensory panel. Enzyme-treated polysaccharides changed astringency perception at a lower concentration than non-enzyme-treated polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FS145, a protein containing a WGD motif, was previously described from the salivary transcriptome of the flea Xenopsylla cheopis. Nevertheless, its biological function and complete structure are still uncertain. Herein, FS145 was confirmed to adopt a common αββ structure with the WGD motif exposed on its surface and located right at the top of a loop composed of residues 72–81. Furthermore, FS145 dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation, adhesion, migration, and tube formation of HUVECs by not only binding to integrin α v β 3 but also by subsequently inactivating the FAK/Src/MAPK pathway along with the reduction of the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGFA, bFGF, Ang2, Tie2, HIF-1α, and FAK. Moreover, FS145 also inhibited aortic vessel sprout and showed strong anti-angiogenic activities as assessed ex vivo, by employing the rat aortic ring assay, chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane, and zebrafish embryo models. Altogether, our results suggest that FS145 suppresses angiogenesis ex vivo and in vitro by blocking integrin α v β 3. The current study reveals the first anti-angiogenesis disintegrin with WGD motif from invertebrates and provides a beneficial pharmacological activity to inhibit abnormal angiogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Phenolic profile and astringency of seven varietal wines were characterized. • Physicochemical reactivities at low v/v wine/saliva ratios differed among wines. • Wines differed from each other in their ability to precipitate salivary proteins. • No single phenolic compounds could be associated to wine-evoked astringency. • Wine matrices as a whole could be the trigger of wine-evoked astringency. Astringency corresponds to the sensation of dryness and roughness that is experienced in the oral cavity in association with the interaction between salivary proteins and food polyphenols. In this study, the phenolic composition of seven varietal wines, the intensity of astringency they evoke and the physicochemical reactivity of these wines with whole human saliva were evaluated. Phenolic composition of wines was characterized by spectrophotometry and HPLC chromatography. Intensity of astringency was evaluated by trained sensory panels. Saliva from a single volunteer subject was used to assess wine-saliva interactions. To this end, binary mixtures were produced at different v/v wine/saliva ratios and each of them assayed for the ability of the salivary protein to diffuse on a cellulose membrane (diffusion test) and to remain in solution (precipitation test). Physicochemical reactivities between wine components and the protein fraction of saliva were contrasted against the astringency and the phenolic profile of each varietal wine. The study supports the view that astringency depends on physicochemical interactions between two complex matrices -wine and saliva- and not between some of their particular components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α-Amylase activity differs between individuals and is influenced by dietary behavior and salivary constituents, but limited information is available on the relationship between α-amylase activity and saliva components. This study investigated the impact of salivary proteins on α-amylase activity, their various correlations, the effect of mucin (MUC5B and MUC7) and lactoferrin on the enzymatic kinetics of α-amylase, and the mechanisms of these interactions using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) technique and molecular docking. The results showed that α-amylase activity was significantly correlated with the concentrations of MUC5B (R2 = 0.42, p < 0.05), MUC7 (R2 = 0.35, p < 0.05), and lactoferrin (R2 = 0.35, p < 0.05). An in vitro study demonstrated that α-amylase activity could be significantly increased by mucins and lactoferrin by decreasing the Michaelis constant (K m) of α-amylase. Moreover, the results from the QCM-D and molecule docking suggested that mucin and lactoferrin could interact with α-amylase to form stable α-amylase-mucin and α-amylase-lactoferrin complexes through hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, Van der Waals forces, and hydrogen bonds. In conclusion, these findings indicated that the salivary α-amylase activity depended not only on the α-amylase content, but also could be enhanced by the interactions of mucin/lactoferrin with α-amylase. [Display omitted] • Mucin and lactoferrin could significantly increase α-amylase activity. • Mucin and lactoferrin decreased the K m of α-amylase. • In saliva, mucin and lactoferrin could interact with α-amylase as stable complexes. • Hydrogen bond was the dominate force for the complexes formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Salivary proteins infused in the gut alter behaviors driven by post-oral feedback. • Salivary proteins attenuate the conditioned avoidance to a quinine-paired Kool-Aid flavor. • Salivary proteins rescue within-session suppressed licking to a quinine infusion. A subset of salivary proteins (SPs) upregulates in response to a quinine-containing diet. The presence of these SPs then results in decreased bitter taste responding and taste nerve signaling. Bitter taste receptors in the oral cavity are also found in the stomach and intestines and contribute to behaviors that are influenced by post-oral signaling. It has been previously demonstrated that after several pairings of post-orally infused bitter stimuli and a neutral flavor, animals learn to avoid the flavor that was paired with gastric bitter, this is referred to as conditioned avoidance. Furthermore, animals will decrease licking of a neutral solution within a test session, when licking is paired with an intragastric bitter infusion; this has been described as within-session suppression. We used these paradigms to test the role of SPs in behaviors influenced by post-oral signaling. In both paradigms, the animal is given a test solution directly into the stomach (with or without quinine, and with or without SPs), and the infusions are self-administered by licking to a neutral solution (Kool-Aid). Quinine successfully conditioned a flavor avoidance, but, in a separate trial, we were unable to detect conditioning in the presence of SPs from donor animals. Likewise, quinine was able to suppress licking within the conditioned suppression paradigm, but the effect of the bitter was blocked in the presence of saliva containing SPs. Together, these data suggest that behaviors driven by post-oral signaling can be altered by SPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aphid salivary proteins mediate the interaction between aphids and their host plants. Moreover, these proteins facilitate digestion, detoxification of secondary metabolites, as well as activation and suppression of plant defenses. The cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora , is an important sucking pest of leguminous crops worldwide. Although aphid saliva plays an important role in aphid plant interactions, knowledge of the cowpea aphid salivary proteins is limited. In this study, we performed transcriptomic and LC-MS/MS analyses to identify the proteins present in the salivary glands and saliva of A. craccivora. A total of 1,08,275 assembled transcripts were identified in the salivary glands of aphids. Of all these assembled transcripts, 53,714 (49.11%) and 53,577 (49.48%) transcripts showed high similarity to known proteins in the Nr and UniProt databases, respectively. A total of 2159 proteins were predicted as secretory proteins from the salivary gland transcriptome dataset, which contain digestive enzymes, detoxification enzymes, previously known effectors and elicitors, and potential proteins whose functions have yet to be determined. The proteomic analysis of aphid saliva resulted in the identification of 171 proteins. Tissue-specific expression of selected genes using RT-PCR showed that three genes were expressed only in the salivary glands. Overall, our results provide a comprehensive repertoire of cowpea aphid salivary proteins from the salivary gland and saliva, which will be a good resource for future effector functional studies and might also be useful for sustainable aphid management. [Display omitted] • Cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora is an important sucking pest of legumes, causing major havoc to farmers in tropical and subtropical regions. • We generated the first salivary gland transcriptome for this aphid species. • Transcriptomic and proteomic studies are the main methods to unravel the salivary components of aphids. • We report an array of proteins that may modulate their host plants with known and unknown biological functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This overview describes a series of studies on the feeding behaviour of goats in the low deciduous forest (LDF) and some of the factors that affect such behaviour. Those multidisciplinary studies included field trials as well as controlled pen trials. Field observations were performed with the direct observation method (DOM) and by establishing a bite code grid adapted to the LDF, and the pen studies used a cafeteria strategy using leaves harvested from different plants of the LDF. Studies exploring the selection of feed resources used different selection indexes. Field observations showed that goats consumed >90 plant species from the heterogeneous vegetation, but only a few (7 - 15 species) represented >90% of the daily intake, and that differed between rainy and dry seasons. Although the LDF vegetation allows goats to match their crude protein requirements in both seasons, dietary energy was the limiting factor, and the condensed tannin (CT) content of the harvested diet was always high. Field and cafeteria studies suggested that goats optimize their diet with the resources available as they prefer to consume leaves with lower fibrous content while plant secondary metabolites (PSM) such as condensed tannins (CT) seemed less influential. Field and pen studies confirmed that CT blocking with polyethylene glycol did not modify the intake and selection of the CT-rich foliage which could be related to tannin-binding salivary proteins which were identified as an innate feature of the local goats. While pen studies showed that browsing experience helped goats select feeds of better digestibility and lower PSM content, helping them optimize their nutrition, field studies showed that adult goats consumed more plant species, performed larger bites, at higher strata than kids, while the proportion of life forms consumed was similar. Most field and pen studies showed that goats generally do not consume CT-rich foliage as a therapeutic self-medication strategy against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), instead, a prophylactic strategy seemed feasible. This behavioural feature could aim at different goals: (i) to avoid excess nitrogen in the rumen, (ii) to maintain the CP:energy balance (reducing energy loss due to urea urinary excretion), and (iii) to avoid exsheathment of GIN L 3 (affecting their life-cycle). The DOM showed that goats consume small quantities of plants containing toxic compounds and they shift from browsing early in the morning to grazing some hours later, and both strategies warrant further research. The DOM also helped to relate plant life forms consumed with the degree of GIN infection, which deepens our understanding of GIN epidemiology in heterogeneous vegetation ecosystems. From these findings on the feeding behaviour of goats in the LDF, new research opportunities were proposed. • In the low deciduous forest (LDF) of México, goats harvest a protein-rich diet. • Goats optimize nutrient harvest according to paddock vegetation, time of day and season. • Goats balance their condensed tannin and protein consumption from the LDF´s legume-rich environment. • Goats' feeding behaviour aims at balancing macronutrients and secondary compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamon is renowned worldwide for its beneficial health-promoting properties. However, its application in the food industry faces significant challenges due to chemical instability, leading to the degradation of its bioactive compounds, as well as the development of undesirable sensory characteristics caused by the precipitation of salivary proteins by the bioactives. To address these issues, encapsulation methods (both micro and nano) have been developed and studied extensively. This review focuses on recent advances in such encapsulation techniques used to safeguard and deliver cinnamon bioactives, with special emphasis on the spray drying method. The methods employed to evaluate the physicochemical, rheological, and sensorial properties of nano and microparticles are also comprehensively reviewed. The review addresses the challenges associated with encapsulation, including encapsulation efficiency, long-term stability, and release kinetics, and proposes potential strategies to overcome these challenges. Furthermore, the paper presents future perspectives and research directions in cinnamon encapsulation, shedding light on novel materials, advanced characterization techniques, and hybrid encapsulation systems. Overall, encapsulation demonstrates the potential to preserve and harness the therapeutic benefits of cinnamon's bioactive compounds for a wide array of food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical applications. With ongoing research and advancements in encapsulation techniques, cinnamon bioactives can be effectively utilized to develop functional and health-enhancing products, catering to the diverse needs of consumers worldwide. Encapsulation techniques for cinnamon bioactive compounds. [Display omitted] • Cinnamon bioactives health benefits are restricted due to its inherent instability. • Encapsulation can enhance stability and bioavailability of cinnamon bioactives. • Encapsulation can safeguard and deliver therapeutic benefits of cinnamon in foods. • Addressing efficiency, stability, and release kinetics hurdles of bioactives is crucial. • Novel materials and advanced characterization drive cinnamon encapsulation progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astringency is a multidimensional perception comprising sensorily distinct sub-qualities. In wine production, attaining balanced astringency is critical to producing premium products. Although tannin has been viewed as the primary cause of wine astringency through colloidal interactions with salivary proteins and the modification of lubricating salivary film, how acids act in similar roles remains underexplored. This study aimed to address this gap by investigating the impact of acids (malic, lactic or tartaric acids) on the wine astringency profile under iso-pH and iso-titratable acidity (TA) conditions. Samples were sensorily evaluated with a progressive profiling method and tribologically tested to determine their impact on saliva lubrication. The results indicated that acids, independent of tannin, can elicit all astringency sub-qualities, and specifically that the pucker sub-quality is closely associated with low pH. pH had a more dominant impact on the temporal sensory scores than TA. At iso-TA, the score of all astringency sub-qualities was solely dependent on pH; at iso-pH, lowering TA increased the score of drying and roughness. The tribology results demonstrated that the rate of saliva friction increase was significantly correlated with pH but not TA. We propose that, during oral processing, pH dominates the process of saliva protein deformation, removal of lubricating pellicle, increased oral friction and astringency perception. However, high TA encourages saliva flow which neutralises oral pH and restores lubrication, counterbalancing the low pH's contribution to astringency. Wine production processes could leverage this knowledge by implementing various acid-modification techniques to achieve the desired level of astringency quality of wines. [Display omitted] • Without tannin, acids in wine alone mainly elicit pucker astringency sub-quality. • The increasing rate of saliva friction significantly correlated with the wine pH. • The increasing rate of saliva friction did not significantly correlate with wine TA. • The intensity of astringency sub-qualities was mainly impacted by pH but not by TA. • TA may moderate the intensity of astringency subqualities by regulating saliva flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds are responsible for food unpleasant taste properties, including astringency, due to their ability to interact with salivary proteins and oral constituents. Astringency is a crucial attribute for consumer's acceptability. To fulfill the demand for both healthy and tasty food, polysaccharides raise as a good alternative to modulate astringency. In this work, a cell-based quaternary system was developed to evaluate the ability of polysaccharides to reduce the interaction between two classes of hydrolysable tannins – gallotannins (tannic acid) and ellagitannins (punicalagin) – and oral constituents (cells, salivary proteins and mucosal pellicle). So, pectic polysaccharide fractions isolated from grape skins, imidazole soluble polysaccharides (ISP) and carbonate soluble polysaccharides (CSP), as well as a commercial pectin, were tested. Results showed that the polysaccharide's effect depends on the structural features of the molecules involved. CSP fraction and pectin were the most effective, reducing the interactions between both tannins and the oral constituents, mainly in the complete oral model. The highest uronic acid content and the presence of methyl esterified groups could explain their high reduction ability. For tannic acid, the reduction effect increased along with the galloylation degree, while the interaction of β-punicalagin with the oral constituents was practically inhibited at 3.0 mg.mL−1. [Display omitted] • Polysaccharides reduce tannin-oral constituent's interactions in a cell-based model. • Polysaccharide's effect increases along with the galloylation degree of tannic acid. • Uronic acid content and methyl esterified groups may explain polysaccharide's effect. • Low-molecular weight polysaccharides, such as CSP and Pect, are more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]