Search

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Milk powder, a nutrient-rich dairy product, lacks comprehensive information summarizing its specific properties when produced by spray- and freeze-dried technologies from different sources. Therefore, this study investigated the differences in physicochemical properties, microstructure, and proteome of spray- and freeze-dried milk powders from bovine, goat, and horse sources. The results revealed that spray-dried milk powder exhibited a smaller particle size, lower air content within the powder particles, inferior reconstitution properties, and lower lactose crystallinity compared with freeze-dried milk powder. Additionally, among the studied varieties, horse milk powder showed the lowest flowability but the most effective reconstitution properties. Proteomic analysis indicated that freeze-dried milk powder exhibited higher levels of immune-related proteins, including complement C3, C7, and complement factor B, and antimicrobial enzymes such as lysozyme and lactoperoxidase compared with spray-dried milk powder. Furthermore, specific milk powders contained more immune-related proteins such as serum amyloid A, myeloid antimicrobial peptide-28, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, and mucin-1 compared with bovine milk powder. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the differences in the physicochemical properties and potential biological functions of spray- and freeze-dried milk powders from various sources, which may help in further optimizing specific milk powder processing technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep infection is the second most common complication of arthroplasty following loosening of the implant. Antibiotic-loaded bone cements (ALBCs) and high concentrations of systemic broad-spectrum antibiotics are commonly used to prevent infections following injury and surgery. However, clinical data fails to show that ALBCs are effective against deep infection, and negative side effects can result following prolonged administration of antibiotics. Additionally, the rise of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria provides an urgent need for alternatives to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Phage therapy, or the use of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to target pathogenic bacteria, might offer a safe alternative to combat MDR bacteria. Application of phage therapy in the setting of deep infections requires formulation strategies that would stabilize bacteriophage against chemical and thermal stress during bone-cement polymerization, that maintain bacteriophage activity for weeks or months at physiological temperatures, and that allow for sustained release of phage to combat slow-growing, persistent bacteria. Here, we demonstrate the formulation of three phages that target diverse bacterial pathogens, which includes spray-drying of the particles for enhanced thermal stability at 37 °C and above. Additionally, we use atomic layer deposition (ALD) to coat spray-dried powders with alumina to allow for delayed release of phage from the dry formulations, and potentially protect phage against chemical damage during bone cement polymerization. Together, these findings present a strategy to formulate phages that possess thermal stability and sustained release properties for use in deep infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of whey protein concentrates (WPC) from camel milk whey represents an effective approach to valorize this processing byproduct. These concentrates harbor active ingredients with significant bioactive properties. Camel WPC were spray-dried at inlet temperature of 170, 185 and 200°C, or ultrasonicated (US) for 5, 10, and 15 min, then freeze-dried to obtain fine powder. The effect of both treatments on protein degradation was studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE and reverse-phase ultraperformance liquid chromatography techniques. Significantly Substantially enhanced protein degradation was observed after US treatment when compared with spray-drying (SPD). Both SPD and US treatments slightly enhanced the WPC samples' antioxidant activities. The US exposure for 15 min exhibited the highest 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging activity (12.12 mmol Trolox equivalent per gram). Moreover, US treatment for 10 min exhibited the highest in vitro antidiabetic properties (α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition), and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitory activity among all samples. In addition, the US for 10 min and SPD at 170°C showed the lowest median inhibitory concentration (IC 50) values for in vitro antihypercholesterolemic activities in terms of pancreatic lipase and cholesteryl esterase inhibition. Conclusively, these green techniques can be adapted in the preservation and processing of camel milk whey into active ingredients with high bioactive properties. The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Activity retention of an enveloped virus through spray drying and lyophilization. • Enhanced thermal stability of an enveloped virus upon drying for vaccine and gene therapy applications. • Characterization of morphology, T g , and crystallinity of spray dried and lyophilized viral preparations. Enveloped viruses are attractive candidates for use as gene- and immunotherapeutic agents due to their efficacy at infecting host cells and delivering genetic information. They have also been used in vaccines as potent antigens to generate strong immune responses, often requiring fewer doses than other vaccine platforms as well as eliminating the need for adjuvants. However, virus instability in liquid formulations may limit their shelf life and require that these products be transported and stored under stringently controlled temperature conditions, contributing to high cost and limiting patient access. In this work, spray-drying and lyophilization were used to embed an infectious enveloped virus within dry, glassy polysaccharide matrices. No loss of viral titer was observed following either spray-drying (at multiple drying gas temperatures) or lyophilization. Furthermore, viruses embedded in the glassy formulations showed enhanced thermal stability, retaining infectivity after exposure to elevated temperatures as high as 85 °C for up to one hour, and for up to 10 weeks at temperatures as high as 30 °C. In comparison, viruses in liquid formulations lost infectivity within an hour at temperatures above 40 °C, or after incubation at 25 °C for longer periods of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revalorization of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) processing wastes, mainly cocoa bean shells, involve some strategies to obtaining maximum benefits of the bioactive compounds and reducing the amounts of waste through its use in new products in the context of the circular bioeconomy. Cocoa bean shells were used to obtain a phenol concentrated and formulate a matrix with isolated whey protein particles. Spray-drying and freeze-drying were used to pulverize the samples. The results indicated that both methods improve the stability of the compounds and the antioxidant capacity of the phenol-protein matrix powder, with significative differences (p<0.05), being the spray-dried matrix the sample with the higher amounts of the total polyphenols. Different amounts of the phenol-protein matrix powder obtained by spray-drying and freeze-drying were used for the formulation of the cookies, and significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in the physicochemical characteristics, proximal analysis, bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity, among the formulations. The cookies with the highest protein content were those to which a 12.5 and 20% of the matrix obtained by freeze-drying was added. While the cookies with the highest content of total phenolic compounds (4118.72±27.43) and highest values of antioxidant capacity (521.33±33.68 mmol Trolox/g and 4249.10±51.24 FeSO4/g, by DPPH and FRAP assay, respectively) were those that were added with 20% matrix obtained by spray drying. Likewise, the discriminating variables identified between the cookie formulations were the results of polyphenols, DPPH, FRAP and proteins. This indicate that the addition of a phenol-protein matrix powder as an ingredient in cookies, as comercial application, exhibited an increasing of proteins and polyphenols content, including higher values of antioxidant capacity, in the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicate-based bioactive glass nano/microspheres hold significant promise for bone substitution by facilitating osteointegration through the release of biologically active ions and the formation of a biomimetic apatite layer. Cu-doping enhances properties such as pro-angiogenic and antibacterial behavior. While sol-gel methods usually yield homogeneous spherical particles for pure silica or binary glasses, synthesizing poorly aggregated Cu-doped ternary glass nano/microparticles without a secondary CuO crystalline phase remains challenging. This article introduces an alternative method for fabricating Cu-doped ternary microparticles using sol-gel chemistry combined with spray-drying. The resulting microspheres exhibit well-defined, poorly aggregated particles with spherical shapes and diameters of a few microns. Copper primarily integrates into the microspheres as Cu0 nanoparticles and as Cu2+ within the amorphous network. This doping affects silica network connectivity, as calcium and phosphorus are preferentially distributed in the glass network (respectively as network modifiers and formers) or involved in amorphous calcium phosphate nano-domains depending on the doping rate. These differences affect the interaction with simulated body fluid. Network depolymerization, ion release (SiO 4 4−, Ca2+, PO 4 3−, Cu2+), and apatite nanocrystal layer formation are impacted, as well as copper release. The latter is mainly provided by the copper involved in the silica network and not from metal nanoparticles, most of which remain in the microspheres after interaction. This understanding holds promising implications for potential therapeutic applications, offering possibilities for both short-term and long-term delivery of a tunable copper dose. A novel methodology, scalable to industrial levels, enables the synthesis of copper-doped ternary bioactive glass microparticles by combining spray-drying and sol-gel chemistry. It provides precise control over the copper percentage in microspheres. This study explores the influence of synthesis conditions on the copper environment, notably Cu0 and Cu2+ ratios, characterized by EPR spectroscopy, an aspect poorly described for copper-doped bioactive glass. Additionally, copper indirectly affects silica network connectivity and calcium/phosphorus distribution, as revealed by SSNMR. Multiscale characterization illustrates how these features impact acellular degradation in simulated body fluid, highlighting the therapeutic potential for customizable copper dosing to address short- and long-term needs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile industry produces harmful effluents that are discharged into the environment, damaging the aquatic and other ecosystems. A yeast-based solution for decolorization of textile industrial wastewater was produced and evaluated. Three yeast strains, Candida parapsilosis (HOMOGS20B), Yarrowia lipolytica (HOMOGST27AB) and Candida pseudoglaebosa (LIIIS36B), isolated from a textile wastewater treatment plant and previously selected for their dye decolorization capacity, were freeze-dried. Additionally, Yarrowia lipolytica (HOMOGST27AB) was also spray-dried. Skim milk powder and maltodextrin were used as cell protectors, and the freeze-dried products were stored at cold (4 °C) and room temperature for 210 days. The viability of the yeast cells and their decolorization capacity over time were assessed. Dried yeast cells maintained their viability, and decolorization capacity for at least 90 days of storage after spray- and freeze-drying with both cell-protecting agents. The dried yeast-based solution for decolorizing textile industrial wastewater combines stability, efficiency, and convenience of production for application in real industrial facilities. [Display omitted] • Freeze- and spray-dried yeasts with skim milk and maltodextrin as cell protectors. • Yeast cells maintained viability using spray-dryer and freeze-drying processes. • Decolorization capacity was maintained after 90 days of storage. • New dried yeast-based solution for decolorization tested in simulated effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Intranasal administration has attracted increasing attention as a drug delivery approach based on nose-to-brain drug delivery from the nasal cavity to brain tissue directly, bypassing the blood–brain barrier. However, application of the method to poorly water-soluble drugs is potentially limited due to low aqueous solubility and dissolution, which can hinder drug transfer to brain tissue. In the present study, we focused on an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) technique to improve drug dissolution. A carbamazepine-loaded ASD model drug was prepared using the solvent evaporation method (ASD-1). After screening six water-soluble polymer carriers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based ASD-1 formulation exhibited the most rapid and highest drug dissolution under experimental conditions in the nasal cavity (pH 6.0). A carbamazepine suspension dispersed with a PVA-ASD-1 formulation exhibited enhanced drug delivery into plasma and brain tissue of rats in vivo. A spray-dried powder formulation of PVA-ASD (PVA-ASD-2) exhibited improved drug dissolution and in vivo drug transfer. Our key finding is that the spray-dried PVA-ASD-2 formulation exhibited higher brain/plasma ratios than the PVA-ASD-1 suspension formulation. Our physical characterization data and demonstration of improved drug transfer suggest that ASD-based intranasal formulations hold promise for drug delivery to the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Firethorn fruit is a selenium-rich food item. • Higher maltodextrin and encapsulation rate is the most influential parameter for powder properties setting. • The encapsulation with spray and freeze drying method was successful and freeze drying was a more effective drying technique. Pyracantha coccinea var. lalandi is a valuable herb containing abundant polyphenols with powerful antioxidant properties that contribute significantly to health and medicinal benefits. Some physicochemical properties of this plant, about which there are few studies, have been investigated. It was concluded that the fruit could be a good source of selenium. Firethorn fruit was extracted using a sonicator at 60% ethanol, 60 Amplitude power and a constant temperature of 25±2 ˚C for 20 min. Using the obtained extract, it was determined that the spray drying conditions (encapsulation concentration, maltodextrin:gum arabic ratio and inlet air temperature) of firethorn fruit powder total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, %DPPH, FRAP, water activity, %moisture, wettability, solubility, free bulk density, packed bulk density, % yield properties were investigated using a central composite rotatable design. The concentration of the feed solution and the maltodextrin:gum arabic ratio had a significant effect on the overall assessed responses, while the air inlet temperature had a slight effect on these variables. According to the desirability function, the optimum conditions were determined as 15% encapsulation concentration, 3:2 maltodextrin: gum arabic ratio, and 145 ˚C inlet air temperature. Microcapsule was obtained by freeze drying the feed solution prepared with encapsulation concentration of 15% and maltodextrin: gum arabic 3:2. The physicochemical, microstructure and antioxidant properties of microcapsules produced by two different methods were investigated. The TPC and TFC of the freeze-dried firethorn microencapsulates were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of the spray dried firethorn microencapsulate. Routine was the most dominant bioactive component in firethorn microcapsules. Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, rutin were found to be higher in freeze-dried firethorn capsules compared to spray-dried microcapsules. The spray-dried powder was lighter in color than the freeze-dried powder. The a* and b* values of the freeze-dried powders were higher than those of the spray-dried powders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the protein structures, powder characteristics, as well as rehydration and emulsifying properties of spray-dried egg yolk powder after short-time lactic acid fermentation (3.5 h). Results indicate that fermentation improved the rehydration and emulsifying properties of yolk powder. Limosilactobacillus reuteri -fermented yolk powder exhibited better wettability due to the porous structure of particles and higher hydrophilicity. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus -fermented yolk powder had an enhanced coefficient of stability due to its smaller particles and higher surface charge. The higher water solubility of fermented yolk powder samples is mainly attributed to their lower hydrophobicity and higher zeta potential. The enhanced emulsifying activity of fermented yolk powder samples is primarily related to their increased β-turn structure and better solubility. Furthermore, fermentation treatment altered powder moisture content and bulk densities, while not affecting its flow behavior and thermal stability. This study provides an effective approach to improving the quality of yolk powder. [Display omitted] • Fermentation improved rehydration and emulsifying properties of egg yolk powder. • Fermentation increased free amino group contents of egg yolk powder. • Fermentation modified secondary structures of egg yolk proteins. • Fermentation enhanced surface hydrophobicity and zeta potential of egg yolk powder. • Fermentation by L. rhamnosus decreased the particle size of egg yolk powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of chitosan-coating on maintaining the integrity and stability of the membrane, structural, and morphological changes, and the release of loaded peptides inside nanoliposomes during various in vitro release, thermal, freeze-thaw, shear, and dehydration (spray-drying) tensions were evaluated. Among different peptidic fractions (100, 30, and 10 kDa), the Arthrospira derived PF-30 kDa showed a higher nutritional and biological value. PF-30kDa was loaded successfully (EE ~ 90 %) inside nanoliposomes (NLs) and its stabilization was done with chitosan coating (0.1–0.8 %). Nanochitosomes (NCs-0.4 %) had more structural stability (size, EE, and biological activity) at different temperatures, freeze-thaw tension, and digestive system. The placement of peptides in the vesicle structure was confirmed by FTIR analysis. Also, the changes in the morphological states, agglomeration, or destruction of the liposome membrane (SEM, AFM, and TEM) were evaluated before and after the tensions. Membrane coating led to the transformation of freeze-dried liposomes (FD-NLs) from thin, porous, and fragile layers to thick plates, rough and resistant structures (FD-NCs). These characteristics led to maintaining physical stability, homogeneity, zeta potential, and EE of nanoparticles (freeze and spray-dried) after reconstitution. The results of this study will effectively contribute to the production of solidified delivery systems with long-term durability, bioavailability, and biological activity of loaded nutrients and drugs. [Display omitted] • Peptide fractions were loaded into nanoliposomes and their structural characteristics were investigated. • Temperature stresses, freezing and gastrointestinal digestion led to structural destruction and unwanted release. • Chitosan increased membrane resistance to shear and dehydration tensions during spray-drying. • The polymer-coating preserved membrane structure and loaded peptides during reconstitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Processing is an indispensable technology in the preparation of Spirulina platensis (S. platensis). The key odorants in liquids, muds, and powders from S. platensis (NM and GZ) were characterized. A total of 90 odorants were identified and 41 odorants were sniffed with the flavor dilution (FD) factors ranging from 1 to 729. Among them, nonanal, decanal, d -limonene, β -cyclocitral, and β -ionone with FD factors ≥1 were detected in S. platensis during the whole processing stages. In addition, heptanal, (E , E)-2,4-nonadienal, trans -4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal, 1-hepten-3-one, isophorone, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, and α -ionone exhibited higher odor activity values in powders; β -myrcene, methional, and S -methyl methanethiosulphonate were key odorants in muds; while trans -3-penten-2-ol was key odorant in liquids. Besides, the GZ-mud presented stronger earthy and fishy odor than NM - mud. S. platensis powders have the stronger grassy odor, roasted odor, and marine odor than S. platensis muds. Overall, drying process promotes the formation of aldehydes, heterocyclic compounds, and terpenoids. [Display omitted] • Aldehydes, pyrazines, and terpenoids in S. platensis powders increased during drying process. • S. platensis powders have the stronger grassy odor, roasted odor, and marine odor. • Acid and sulfides mainly imparted rancid and fishy odor to S. platensis muds. • GC-IMS distinguished S. platensis odor differences at different processing stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Inhalable formulations of medicines intended to act locally in the lung are therapeutically effective at lower doses with targeted delivery, compared to parenteral or oral administration. Meanwhile, different APIs, including biologics, have proven to be challenging regarding formulation and final bioavailability. This study focuses on the production, improved stability performance, and delivery of spray-dried, inhalable protein powders to the lungs. By spray-drying 11 aqueous formulations of proteinX with varying L-leucine content and by employing a Design of Experiment (DoE), two formulations have been selected for stability studies based on the highest fine particle fraction (FPF), highest monomer content, and lowest particle size. We found that 5 %w/w L-leucine (based on protein content) resulted in similar or higher FPF at 2–8 °C and 25 °C/60 %RH (67.12 % and 48.50 %) stored for six months than 10 %w/w L-leucine (68.49 % and 35.04 %). This indicates that less leucine may be sufficient to produce stable, spray-dried inhalable particles with an improved FPF, and by doubling the leucine content, the aerosolization stability can deteriorate. We have discussed the postulated hypothesis underlying the observed stability behavior based on solid-state and morphological analysis. Our results suggest that spray-dried proteinX-leu-powders can be delivered to the lung at a lower dose than for intravenous administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the extraction efficiency of mucilage from Cordia dichotoma fruits using various aqueous extraction methods, including microwave-assisted water extraction (MWE), hot-water extraction (HWE), and cold-water extraction (CWE). Different analytical techniques were employed to characterize the Cordia dichotoma mucilage (CDM). Additionally, the functional properties, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and dye reduction potential of CDM were assessed. The results indicated a significantly (p < 0.05) higher yield of CDM (13.44 ± 0.94 %) using MWE compared to HWE (12.08 ± 0.82 %) and CWE (7.59 ± 0.73 %). The optimal extraction condition was utilized for the spray-drying process, yielding a spray-dried mucilage powder (SDMP) with a yield of 9.52 ± 1.27 %. The presence of galactose and arabinose as major sugar and functional groups such as OH, COOH, CH, and NH from proteins, uronic acids, and sugars were identified. CDM particles exhibited an irregular morphology and demonstrated thermal stability, with maximum weight loss occurring between 221.83 and 478.66 °C. The particle size of CDM was 681.16 ± 2.18 nm with a zeta potential of −21.46 ± 1.72 mV. Rheological analysis revealed that CDM exhibited shear-thinning behavior. Furthermore, CDM displayed inherent biological activities, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The dye reduction potential of CDM was evidenced by an 88.67 % degradation of indigo carmine dye. In summary, this study provides insights into the cost-effective extraction methods for CDM and its potential utilization as an eco-friendly material for dye reduction. [Display omitted] • Microwave-assisted extraction contributed to higher mucilage yield in less time. • Cordia dichotoma fruit mucilage (CDM) is composed of galactose and arabinose. • Particles of spray-dried Cordia dichotoma mucilage powder was under nano-scale. • CDM exhibited shear-thinning behavior with excellent techno-functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, many fast drying techniques such as spray-drying are being explored as alternatives to biopharmaceutical freeze-drying. Thus, it is essential to understand how the processability of commonly used excipients will be affected when these new techniques are employed. This study reports a series of observations outlining how the thermally-induced oxidative degradation of polysorbates (PS) evolves in liquid to solid transitions, such as those expected in spray-drying. Firstly, the impact of different evaporation rates on the oxidative degradation of aqueous solutions of two different PS types namely, PS20 and PS80, were screened via evaporative solvent casting. The latter revealed that the evaporation rate could critically impact the rate-limiting steps of PS thermal oxidation. In addition, the potential of saccharides as excipients to mitigate the thermal oxidation of PS80 under slow and fast evaporation conditions was investigated. Five different saccharide excipients were screened, i.e., trehalose dihydrate, maltodextrin, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, and Dextran 40. Under slow evaporation conditions, only trehalose dihydrate seemed to be beneficial in avoiding the thermal oxidation of PS80. For fast evaporation conditions, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin prevented the oxidative degradation of PS80. This implies that distinct strategies to mitigate PS oxidative degradation might be necessary depending on the drying process and rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) are a commonly used enabling formulation technology to drive oral absorption of poorly soluble drugs. To ensure adequate solid-state stability and dissolution characteristics, the ASD formulation design typically has ≤ 25% drug loading. Exposed to aqueous media, ASD formulations can produce drug-rich colloidal dispersion with particle size < 500 nm. This in situ formation of colloidal particles requires incorporation of excess excipients in the formulation. The concept of using engineered drug-rich particles having comparable size as those generated by ASDs in aqueous media is explored with the goal of increasing drug loading in the solid dosage form. Utilizing ABT-530 as model compound, a controlled solvent-antisolvent precipitation method resulted in a dilute suspension that contained drug-rich (90% (w/w)) amorphous nanoparticles (ANP). The precipitation process was optimized to yield a suspension containing < 300 nm ANP. A systematic evaluation of formulation properties and process variables resulted in the generation of dry powders composed of 1–8 µm agglomerates of nanoparticles which in contact with water regenerated the colloidal suspension having particle size comparable to primary particles. Thus, this work demonstrates an approach to designing a re-dispersible ANP based powder containing ≥90% w/w ABT-530 that could be used in preparation of a high drug load solid dosage form. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-encapsulation of retinoic acid (RA), curcumin and/or resveratrol into microparticles composed by alginic acid sodium and the ethyl cellulose + polyethylene glycol (EC + PEG) blend was proposed for the protection and co-delivery of these bioactive compounds. The final aim is to take benefit of combined therapeutic potential related to these molecules and use loaded microparticles obtained by spray-drying to improve the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Alginic acid sodium-based emulsions were characterized regarding rheological properties (i.e. viscosity), stability and droplet size distribution. Biopolymer- and synthetic polymer-based microparticles loaded with RA, RA + curcumin, RA + resveratrol and RA + curcumin + resveratrol were produced with a product yield between 10 and 35 %. The obtained microparticles exhibited a variable form, a morphology that varied between a slightly and high rough surface and a mean diameter that ranged from 2.97 ± 0.04 and 88 ± 3 μm. Encapsulation efficiency was significantly influenced by the encapsulating agent(s) used in the microparticles formulations. The bioactive compounds that were co-encapsulated showed a similar release profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common worldwide. Its treatment includes adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) administered intravenously. 5FU is an antineoplastic drug of the fluoropyrimidines group, widely used in the treatment of solid tumors, mainly CRC. Nevertheless, it causes several adverse effects and poor effectiveness due to its short half-life. This work aimed to employ bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) as an encapsulation material for the oral administration of 5FU. First, the adsorption phenomena were analyzed by isotherms, thermodynamic parameters, and kinetic models. Then, encapsulation was carried out using spray-drying, and encapsulated 5FU desorption profiles were assessed in simulated fluids. The biological behavior was evaluated on colon cancer SW480 and SW620 cell lines. As result, it was found that at 25 °C a monolayer of 5FU was formed and the process showed to be the most spontaneous one. In the characterization of the nanocapsules, important changes were detected by the presence of 5FU. The delivery in the colon corresponded to a controlled release behavior. The in vitro assay indicated an improvement in the toxicity effect of the drug and its mechanism of action. Accordingly, BNC is a promising biomaterial for the development of a colon drug delivery platform of 5FU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant protein-stabilized Pickering nanoemulsions show potential as plant-based milk substitutes; however, their stability is challenged by mechanical stress during transportation and oxidative deterioration during storage. Herein, soybean isolate protein-curcumin composite nanoparticle (SPI-Cur-NPs)-stabilized Pickering nanoemulsions were converted into microcapsule powders via spray-drying with maltodextrin (MD), trehalose anhydrous (TA), and inulin (IN) as wall materials. Robust intermolecular hydrogen bonds and an amorphous structure were formed using composite wall materials, reducing microcapsule surface fissures while improving encapsulation rate (92.7 %) and solubility (>95 %). Moisture sorption isotherms indicated that the composite wall microcapsules demonstrated moisture resistance at a low-water activity (a w < 0.43) and superior hygroscopicity at a high-water activity (a w > 0.67). Accelerated oxidation tests revealed that the presence of curcumin and composite wall materials enhanced oxidative stability, demonstrating a low peroxide value (2.21 mmol/kg [34.4 %]) and TBARS content (97.8 μg/g [18.7 %]). Consequently, microencapsulated powders prepared with SPI-Cur-NPs and MD-TA-IN could potentially improve the limitation of plant-based milk substitutes. • MD-TA-IN with SPI-Cur-NPs formed amorphous structure, achieving 92.7 % encapsulation rate. • Microcapsules showed 34.4 % lower PV (2.21 mmol/kg) and 1030-day storage at 20 °C. • Capsules showed moisture resistance at a w < 0.43 and high hygroscopicity at a w > 0.67. • GAB model best described hygroscopic behavior with highest Adj.R2(0.9472). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pomegranate peel extract (PPE) is rich in polyphenols, notably punicalagin and ellagic acid, but is sensitive to environmental degradation and has low bioavailability. Microencapsulation can enhance PPE stability and bioaccessibility, making it suitable for functional foods like jelly gummies (JG). JG containing microencapsulated PPE (MPPE) have not been studied. Objective: To characterize a JG prototype incorporating PPE or MPPE and compare the bioaccessibility of total polyphenols (TP), punicalagin, and ellagic acid after a simulated in vitro digestion. Methods: PPE-JG and MPPE-JG prototypes were evaluated for physical, sensory, and chemical properties. The bioaccessibility of the main bioactive compounds was analyzed using the INFOGEST digestion protocol. Results: Bioaccessibility was significantly higher for MPPE-JG compared to PPE-JG for TP (164.1 ± 6.0 vs. 100.0 ± 5.8 %, respectively) and punicalagin (173.4 ± 4.4 vs. 106.5 ± 4.2 %, respectively). MPPE-JG exhibited enhanced bioaccessibility, suggesting MPPE as a viable, functional ingredient in healthy gummies. [Display omitted] • Punicalagin was the dominant polyphenol in PPE (312.1 mg/g) and MPPE (20.5 mg/g). • Microencapsulation increased bioaccessibility for total polyphenols and punicalagin. • MPPE-JG exhibited 164.1 % TP bioaccessibility post-digestion, surpassing PPE-JG. • MPPE-JG improved punicalagin bioaccessibility (173.4 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of spraying air pressure and outlet air temperature on the physicochemical and functional properties of skimmed milk powder. Experimental design methodology showed that higher outlet air temperatures improved dry matter content, gelation ability, and flowability, but strengthened colour, moisture sensitivity, and favoured protein denaturation. Spraying air pressure primarily influenced particle size, affecting powder rheological properties and colour. This study highlights the importance of controlling drying parameters to optimize powder properties. The use of a genetic evolutionary algorithm in the optimization process allowed the simultaneous improvement of several functionalities of skimmed milk powder. The findings of this study can contribute to the development of enhanced powders with tailored properties for specific industrial applications. • Outlet air temperature directly affects shelf life, protein integrity and colour of the powder. • Adjusting spray air pressure modifies particle size, shaping powder behaviour and appearance. • Genetic algorithms optimize multifunctional optimization but are challenged by milk seasonality. • Lower whey protein content speeds gelation, improving firmness and water retention. • Better gelling is linked to a regular gel structure with smaller pores, as shown by SEM analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Long-term consumption of Capsicum oleoresin particles reduced liver oxidative stress. • Capsaicinoids in the high-fat diet mitigated hepatic steatosis. • Capsicum oleoresin microparticles influenced lipid metabolism. • Capsicum oleoresin microparticles protected against insulin resistance. • Mice on a high-fat diet with Capsicum oleoresin microparticles did not develop hyperleptinemia. Capsicum oleoresin has potential health benefits, particularly against obesity markers. Due to its high pungency, few studies have been done to explore the intake of this ingredient. The objective of this study was to use the Capsicum oleoresin (CO) microencapsulated into a high-fat diet to evaluate its metabolic effect on mice. Two formulation containing 15 % solids were prepared: the first (F1) with 5% CO and 95% emulsifier, and the second (F2) with 2.5% corn oil, 2.5% CO, and 95% emulsifier. These formulation were atomized in a spray dryer. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography determined the capsaicin content for both formulations. Mice were divided into two groups: lean control (normocaloric AIN diet, n = 10) and high fat (HF diet: hypercaloric, n = 30), which were subdivided into three subgroups: HF control diet (n = 10); diet F1: HF + 20 % CO oleoresin microparticles (n = 10); and diet F2: HF + 20 % CO microparticles containing corn oil (n = 10). The animals treated with the microparticles showed lower glucose levels than the HF control. Mice fed with HF-containing CO microparticles had cholesterol blood levels similar to that of the lean group and lower (<100 mg/dL) than that of the HF control group (150 mg/dL). Capsicum oleoresin microparticles added to high-fat diets promoted lower weight gain and protected the liver against hepatic steatosis. Leptin levels for mice fed with HF diet plus CO microparticles averaged between 2 and 5 ng/ml, whereas the fat control group developed leptin resistance. Capsicum microparticles evidenced a protective effect against dyslipidemia compared to the fat control group, which suggests their use as a potential ingredient for the control of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The manufacturing of tablets containing biologics exposes the biologics to thermal and shear stresses, which are likely to induce structural changes (e.g., aggregation and denaturation), leading to the loss of their activity. Saccharides often act as stabilizers of proteins in formulations, yet their stabilizing ability throughout solid oral dosage processing, such as tableting, has been barely studied. This work aimed to investigate the effects of formulation and process (tableting and spray-drying) variables on catalase tablets containing dextran, mannitol, and trehalose as potential stabilizers. Non-spray-dried and spray-dried formulations were prepared and tableted (100, 200, and 400 MPa). The enzymatic activity, number of aggregates, reflecting protein aggregation and structure modifications were studied. A principal component analysis was performed to reveal underlying correlations. It was found that tableting and spray-drying had a notable negative effect on the activity and number of aggregates formed in catalase formulations. Overall, dextran and mannitol failed to preserve the catalase activity in any unit operation studied. On the other hand, trehalose was found to preserve the activity during spray-drying but not necessarily during tableting. The study demonstrated that formulation and process variables must be considered and optimized together to preserve the characteristics of catalase throughout processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Micro-encapsuled composite spheres were fabricated by spray-drying. • The influence of composition on structure and property was studied. • Anisotropic conduction was demonstrated and mechanism was disclosed. A novel micro-encapsuled composite spheres was fabricated by multi-step process combining with chemical modification, physical deposition as well as spray-drying technique. The microstructure, morphology and compositions were comprehensively investigated. The optimized micro-encapsuled spheres were applied to construct epoxy resin-based anisotropic conductive film (ACF). The dielectric shell of the micro spheres was capable of disintegration under pressure, resulting into electric pathways. The transition from dielectric state to anisotropic conductive state was demonstrated for the microsphere-containing ACF epoxy resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Biopharmaceuticals are labile biomolecules that must be safeguarded to ensure the safety, quality, and efficacy of the product. Batch freeze-drying is an established means of manufacturing solid biopharmaceuticals but alternative technologies such as spray-drying may be more suitable for continuous manufacturing of inhalable biopharmaceuticals. Here we assessed the feasibility of spray-drying Olipudase alfa, a novel parenteral therapeutic enzyme, by evaluating some of its critical quality attributes (CQAs) in a range of excipients, namely, trehalose, arginine (Arg), and arginine hydrochloride (Arg-HCl) in the sucrose/methionine base formulation. The Arg-HCl excipient produced the best gain in CQAs of spray-dried Olipudase with a 63% reduction in reconstitution time and 83% reduction in the optical density of the solution. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the atomic-scale mechanism of the protein–excipient interactions, substantiating the experimental results. The Arg-HCl effect was explained by the calculated thermal stability and structural order of the protein wherein Arg-HCl acted as a crowding agent to suppress protein aggregation and promote stabilization of Olipudase post-spray-drying. Therefore, by rational selection of appropriate excipients, our experimental and modelling dataset confirms spray-drying is a promising technology for the manufacture of Olipudase and demonstrates the potential to accelerate development of continuous manufacturing of parenteral biopharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of oral solid dosage forms containing biologics has attracted intense interests recently due to the high patient convenience and the commercial potential of related products. The aim of this study was to understand how the difference in the particle properties prepared using two different drying principles, i.e. freeze-drying and spray-drying, may influence the compaction behavior of particulate protein systems. Here, trypsin was used as a model protein drug and lactose as a filler. The raw freeze-dried (FD) powder composed mostly of trypsin and lactose was dissolved in Milli-Q water and processed by spray-drying to produce spray-dried (SD) powder. Meanwhile, the raw FD powder was micronized by a ball mill into fine ball-milled (BM) powder with a comparable particle size to that of SD powder. Next, the FD, BM and SD powders were characterized with regard to morphology, residual moisture content (RMC), solid form, and surface chemistry using scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Subsequently, a compaction simulator was employed to prepare tablets within the compaction pressure range of 25 to 400 MPa. The results showed that FD and BM powders could be compressed into tablets within the investigated compaction pressure range. In contrast, tablets compacted from SD powder displayed capping/lamination tendency under high compaction pressures and thus had poor tabletability. XPS analyses revealed that there were more surface enrichments of trypsin in the SD powder compared to that of FD powder. It implies that there would be more hydrophobic inter-particulate trypsin-trypsin interactions and less hydrophilic lactose-lactose interactions during the compression of SD powder compared to the compaction of FD powder. The weak hydrophobic inter-particulate trypsin-trypsin interactions may not be maintained during the decompression phase especially when compacted at high compaction pressure ranges, resulting in capping/lamination of the SD tablets. This study demonstrates that the two drying principles, i.e. freeze-drying and spray-drying, can result in different particle properties of biologics, which can in turn influence the tabletability of the resulting solid materials. [Display omitted] • Spray-dried trypsin/lactose powder displayed poor tabletability compared to freeze-dried trypsin/lactose powder • The residual moisture content, bulk density, particle size, and surface morphology are not the primary factors responsible for the poor tabletability of the SD powder, but the surface chemistry • More hydrophobic trypsin-trypsin interactions, rather than lactose-lactose hydrophilic interactions between spray-dried trypsin/lactose particles, contributed to the poor tabletability of the SD powder [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape canes (Vitis vinifera L.) are an important source of bioactive stilbenes, but they are considered a pruning residue. Despite the potential advantages for human health, the low aqueous solubility and stability limits their usage in commercial goods. This research aimed to improve knowledge about the solubility and stability of the main stilbenes present in important residues of the wine industry, such as grape canes (V. vinifera L. cv. Pinot Noir), through the formation of inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins (CDs) and subsequent polymeric microencapsulation. The formation of inclusion complexes between stilbenes presents in grape cane extracts and 15 mM hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) increased the aqueous solubility of (E)-resveratrol, (E)-ε-viniferin and (E)-piceatannol by 2.8, 5.4 and 1.9 times, respectively. The microencapsulation (by spray drying) of the inclusion complexes using maltodextrin (MD) (10% w/v) allowed us to improve the stability of the stilbenes, obtaining a retention percentage of 81.9 ± 2.2% after 60 min of UV irradiation (254 nm). The lower size microparticles (MPs) formulation was 10.9 ± 0.9 µm and had a stilbene loading of 0.61 ± 0.01 mg/100 mg of MPs. The prototype tablets and capsules made from the MPs presented suitable characteristics for their eventual use. The microencapsulation of inclusion complexes between stilbenes presents in grape cane extracts and HP-β-CD, using MD as a matrix component, is useful to increase the solubility and stability of stilbenes. The prepared MPs can be used for the development of nutraceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray drying produces spherical agglomerates to obtain powders with good flowability. Three alumina powders of different size and/or specific surface area were spray-dried without any binder using either two-fluid or ultrasonic nozzle technology. Compared to the two-fluid nozzle, the ultrasonic one shows a better ability to form agglomerates from a coarse powder and increases the size of the agglomerates when spray drying is carried out under the same operating conditions. The redispersion of spray-dried agglomerates in solution was analysed by applying variable ultrasound durations during size measurement by wet laser diffraction. The initial state of the powder plays a predominant role in relation to the spray drying operating conditions both in terms of size characteristics and redispersion properties. Regardless of the alumina powders and spray drying conditions, a similar trend in deagglomeration behaviour was observed with first-order kinetics and a characteristic kinetic time depending on the initial powder properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive polyphenolic compounds, recovered by nanofiltration of Cabernet Sauvignon wine lees were encapsulated with maltodextrin to obtain a spray dried micro powder with enhanced nutritional value. A Central Composite Design allowed setting up optimal spray‒drying conditions using a commercial grape extract‒polyphenol as the reference polyphenolic source and considering maltodextrin concentration and the inlet temperature as independent variables. The optimized spray‒drying conditions were: maltodextrin 7 g/100 mL, inlet temperature 110 °C. These conditions were then applied to lees nanofiltrates and retentate. The obtained microcapsules were characterized according to the drying yield (62.9–82.0%), moisture (0.81–1.52%), total bioactive compounds (0.08‒0.57 mg GAE/100 mg dw), surface bioactive compounds (5.8–34.5%), microencapsulation efficiency (65.5–94.2%), polyphenols recovery (57.4–82.7%), and antioxidant activity (0.27‒0.36%). The microcapsules showed high stability and durability when subjected to accelerated aging using the stress‒heat test, as evaluated by calculating first-order rate constants of degradation of the encapsulated polyphenols and the reduction of radical scavenging capacity; stability over time was further confirmed by the reduced water activity of the micro powders (ranged 0.27–0.36). Lastly, an in‒vitro simulated digestion was performed under physiological conditions evidencing a different bioaccessibility of polyphenols among samples (ranged 50–78%) and suggesting potential for the encapsulated polyphenols to be absorbed at gastrointestinal level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surfactants used for emulsion is one of the best techniques for microencapsulation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) since it is economical. The biosurfactants have many advantages such as lower toxicity, higher biodegradability. In this study, microcapsules were prepared via spray drying using Bifidobacterium adolescentis species cultured in soy milk extract with biosurfactant prepared using Alcaligenes piechaudii CC-ESB2 to improve their powder properties. The soy milk was used to increase the health benefits instead of the milk. The optimum bacterial strain viability, water activity, and moisture content of the microcapsules were achieved at a spray dryer inlet/outlet temperature of 120/60°C. The composition of the carrier affects the particle size of the microcapsules. Using 90% maltodextrin (MD), 5% isomalto-oligosaccharide syrup (IMOS) and 5% biosurfactant as a carrier increased the viability of the LAB. Scanning electron microscope observations showed that the LAB microcapsules were able to effectively retain their completeness. Furthermore, microcapsules added with a biosurfactant prepared using A. piechaudii CC-ESB2 displayed significantly better flow properties than those without the surfactant and biosurfactant, which indicates that the biosurfactant assists in enhancing the powder properties of the microcapsules. It also has sufficient biological activity as a LAB product because the probiotics exceed 106 CFU/mL The spray-dried abandoned supernatant with biosurfactant exhibited superior bacteriostasis, which suggests that the supernatant of B. adolescentis during microencapsulation not only retains its bacteriostatic effect under high spray drying temperatures, but also provides additional antibacterial effects for the microcapsules. • The microcapsules of Bifidobacterium adolescentis were prepared via spray drying. • Biosurfactant fermented by Alcaligenes piechaudii could improve the powder properties. • To produce LAB microcapsules using non-toxic biosurfactant as the carrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a highly prevalent respiratory disease that affects approximately a quarter of the world's population. The drug treatment protocol for tuberculosis is complex because the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) invades macrophages and begins to infect. Thus treatment usually includes combination therapy with several drugs such as rifampicin, pyrazinamide, isoniazid, and ethambutol over a long dosing period. Therefore, drug-delivery technologies have been developed to improve patient compliance with medication, reduce adverse effects, and increase effectiveness of the treatment. In the present review, we have discussed recent inhalable nanopharmaceutical systems for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis and investigated their design and effectiveness. We examined the underlying processes and characteristics of spray-drying technology and studied the formulation of a dry carrier using spray-drying method. Moreover, we reviewed various research articles on pulmonary delivery of nanoparticles using these carriers, and studied their alveolar macrophage targeting ability and therapeutic effects. Further, we appraised the effectiveness of nanoparticle inhalation therapy for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis and its potential as a treatment strategy for lung diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that, due to its exceptional therapeutic properties, has been the focus of several research fields. However, when exposed to adverse environmental conditions, this compound degrades, which makes its direct consumption or application into functional products impossible. In this context, techniques like microencapsulation emerged, being spray-drying one of the most widely used encapsulation techniques, due to its economical, flexible and continuous operation process and to the well stablished and readily available equipment. During the current work, vitamin E was encapsulated by spray-drying, using different biopolymers as wall materials, in order to evaluate which formulation would lead to the most suitable results. Particles with sizes between 4.3 and 25.1 μm and surface structures with more or less pronounced wrinkles were obtained, depending on the encapsulating agent used. These vitamin E particles were produced with a product yield between 15 and 55%, and with an efficiency of encapsulation that ranged between 70.1 and 99.4%. The release results revealed that, if the final application of the particles requires a fast release, formulations of vitamin E with sodium alginate, inulin and maltodextrin should be applied. On the other hand, the use of wall materials like Arabic gum, modified chitosan, starch and modified starch, will lead to long vitamin E release times, which is the most suitable option when slow and continuous releases are desired. All the results obtained proved that vitamin E could be efficiently protected through the encapsulation by spray-drying, with microparticles with different morphologies, sizes and release behaviours according to the encapsulating agent used in the initial formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Spray drying of interleukins • Direct comparison of a FD and SD process • Spray drying without any excipients such as stabilizers or (cryo-) protectants • Broad analysis of influence on proteins • Nano spray drying is a useful method with 30 °C outlet temperature for aqueous solutions Spray-dried products, such as synthetic peptides and hormones, have already been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Agency and the European Medicines Agency, while spray-dried antibodies or interleukins, are not yet available on the market. Concerning the latter group, knowledge on whether and how spray-drying (SD) can be performed without adversely affecting their biological activity is lacking. Accordingly, this study aimed at establishing a SD process (Büchi B-90 spray dryer) using three Interleukin-8 based proteins (7–74 kDa) that were dispersed in phosphate buffered saline to maintain their stability. A Box-Behnken Design of Experiments was conducted to identify the appropriate process parameters taking into account the thermal stability of interleukin-8. In parallel, a FD process was developed. Both powders were stored for up to 12 weeks. Powder characterization included residual moisture evaluation and the mean particle size of the SD powder was investigated with Laser Diffraction Analysis. The hydrodynamic volume was measured via size exclusion chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The secondary structure of the model proteins in the solid state was assessed with Fourier-transformation infrared spectroscopy for detecting the protein folding patterns and reconstituted with Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy. Finally, the binding affinity was studied with Surface Plasmon Resonance and Isothermal Fluorescence Titration, the protein stability with Chaotropic Unfolding, and the activity studies were carried out with the chemotaxis assay. The results showed that SD and FD powders with a residual moisture of less than 5 wt% were obtained. The interleukins showed no unfolding upon processing, neither in solid state nor reconstituted. Oligomerization was observed for FD, but not for SD interleukins. However, the unfolding, binding affinity and activity of all interleukins examined did not decrease in neither SD nor FD powders, even after 12 weeks of storage. Thus, it can be concluded that SD of interleukin formulations at outlet temperatures close to ambient temperature is a promising process for transferring them into a stable powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the impact of the whey protein/casein ratio (100/0, 79/21, 57/43, 35/65, and 12/88) on the physicochemical and functional characteristics of dairy protein powders. Spray-drying was performed in the following conditions: 200 °C inlet air temperature and 85 °C outlet air temperature. Physicochemical properties (particle size distribution, shape factors, moisture content, and water activity) of spray-dried powders were characterized to explain their reconstitutability, on the basis of the wettability, dispersibility, solubility indices, and their flowability, evaluated with the FT4 powder rheometer. Reconstitutability analyses revealed that solubility of dairy protein powders linearly varied with the whey protein/casein ratio. It was also highlighted that wettability and dispersibility determined with the standard methods were not relevant to evaluate the reconstitutability of investigated powders: in fact, all studied powders were non-wettable and non-dispersible according to the milk powder standards. This was likely to result from the low median particle size (between 10 and 30 μm) of powders produced by spray-drying at pilot-scale. The flowability of powders was evaluated as poor due to a high level of interparticular cohesion, which mainly derived from their small median particle size. The impact of protein composition on flowability was not statistically significant, despite a shape modification reflected by a decrease in particle sphericity upon casein proportion increase. The small particle size, leading to poor flow properties, overwhelmed the impact the whey protein/casein ratio, but a slight improvement of the flowability and a reduction of cohesion was induced by higher proportions of whey proteins. [Display omitted] • Whey protein/casein ratio impacts on dairy protein powder characteristics. • Dairy protein powder solubility linearly varied with the whey protein/casein ratio. • Standard reconstitution tests were irrelevant for powders spray-dried at pilot scale. • Particle size eclipses the impact of the whey protein/casein ratio on flowability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During agglomeration in the nozzle zone of spray dryers, dry particles are forced to collide with drying droplets. These collisions ideally form agglomerates with improved flowability and reconstitution properties. However, the interactions of feed parameters on the collision outcomes are unclear. This study examines the influence of a varied total solid content of the feed solution on agglomerate formation in a pilot plant spray dryer. An increase in total solid content (TS) from 30 to 50% TS (w /w) resulted in an increase in porosity of the primary particles, whereby particle size development was reasoned by this effect. Agglomerate porosity increased but agglomerate size increased more due to a changed particle viscosity. By adding a marker powder, it was found that higher total solid contents resulted in less coalescence of the agglomerates. The counter-current air classification in the drying chamber affected the agglomerate properties such as size, density and shape. To investigate the fast micro processes during agglomeration in spray dryers, a marker powder stream was added into the spray zone. Total solid content of the feed solution and amount of marker powder influenced agglomerate properties. [Display omitted] • Increased total solid content caused increased primary particle porosity. • Effect on agglomerates' size caused by stickiness is more pronounced. • Marker powder enables variation of agglomerate properties. • Agglomerate properties result from air classification effect in the drying chamber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of developing zirconia ceramic coatings with the incorporation of silica aerogel particles, which exhibit outstanding insulating properties. Thus, the research aims to find a suitable methodology to disperse aerogel particles, which are strongly hydrophobic, in an aqueous medium. In the study, a double rheological characterisation was carried out, firstly, to adapt the dispersion of the aerogel particles and, secondly, to characterise the different suspensions made up of silica aerogel and zirconia to be atomised. Aerogel additions ranging from 2% to 98% in volume were addressed. Spray-dried powders were characterised in terms of flowability. Finally, coatings microstructure was examined, and their thermal conductivity determined. The results showed that it is possible to disperse aerogel particles in an aqueous medium and to obtain stable suspensions together with the addition of zirconia. Suitable spray-dried powders were then produced in all the cases. On the other hand, coatings obtained by atmospheric plasma spraying showed appreciable microstructural differences with the addition of aerogel particles and their insulating effect is evident in the thermal tests, with their improved (decreased) thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of studies on the surface composition of microparticles obtained by spray drying has increased due to the interest in understanding the relationship between the characteristics of these microparticles and the oxidation stability of encapsulated bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of emulsification techniques on the distribution of components on the surface, microstructure, and physicochemical properties of encapsulated 13-carotene microparticles obtained by spray drying. Emulsions created by microfiuidization and observed by XPS showed a greater presence (11.35-16.82%) of hydrophilic amino acids (histidine, glycine, serine, threonine) on the surface. Emulsions obtained by rotor/stator system exhibited low encapsulation efficiency (9.1-46.0%), and the microparticles presented a high number of surface irregularities (shrinkage and dents) com- pared to the microfluidization samples. In contrast, emulsions obtained by microfluidization showed shorter wetting (12.37-14.47 min) and solubility times (25.66-30.22 min), attributed to the percentage of protein on the surface of microparticles. The characteristics of the microparticles provided by the microfluidizer could help in the design of fast-hydration and dispersion powder products by spray drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microencapsulation has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the stability and protection of bioactive compounds. In this work, roasted mate tea was microencapsulated using 15 % maltodextrin and lasiodiplodan (0.5–1.25 %) as wall coating materials. The microcapsules were characterized for encapsulation efficiency, hygroscopicity, moisture, water activity, water solubility, dissolubility, scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, colorimetry, antioxidant activity, as well as quantification of phenolic compounds and caffeine. Microencapsulation yields ranged from 44.92 to 56.39 %, and encapsulation efficiency varied from 66.54 to 70.16 by increasing the lasiodiplodan concentration. FT-IR revealed phenolic acids, flavonoids, and polyphenolics. Minor color variations were observed among the samples. Thermal analysis demonstrated the microencapsulates exhibited good thermal stability with no degradation below 250 °C. Encapsulated samples showed high levels of bioactive compounds, suggesting that microencapsulation by spray-drying was a favorable process, where maltodextrin, a low-cost protective agent, when combined with the properties of lasiodiplodan, can be a good option for stabilizing mate extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple food-grade Pickering emulsions are currently being developed to protect bioactive compounds during gastrointestinal digestion, ensuring their efficient delivery. Moreover, microencapsulation of Pickering emulsions by spray-drying can extend their shelf life. However, there are currently no reviews focusing on the effects of microencapsulation on the properties, morphology and efficiency before and after rehydration of Pickering emulsions. This article focuses on the recent progress in the development of food-grade Pickering emulsions, including detailed information of multiple stabilizers and principles and mechanisms for the formation of these emulsions, effects of spray-drying for the generation of microcapsules, and the stability of these delivery systems before and after rehydration, including also final remarks on the future prospects for their industrial widespread use. Key findings and conclusions : Food-grade particles (polysaccharides, proteins, polyphenols, fat crystals, agri-food by-products, composites etc.) extracted from multiple biomass can be used as stabilizers of Pickering emulsions. Microencapsulation process facilitates transportation and storage of Pickering emulsions, although spray-drying conditions (i.e. equipment, processing parameters, wall materials) significantly affect the properties of these microcapsules and their prospect applications. Future research must explore the use of emerging technologies to improve the formation and microencapsulation of Pickering emulsions that could be produced at industrial scale, while ensuring the bioavailability and protection of the encapsulated bioactive compounds. This will ensure an increased market uptake for the delivery of bioactive compounds and the development of nutraceuticals or functional foods. [Display omitted] • The latest developments in food grade Pickering emulsions are summarized. • Spray-drying of Pickering emulsion benefits its transportation and storage. • Pickering emulsion microcapsules can be rehydrated and added to food matrices. • Future development trends of Pickering emulsion microcapsules are explored. • This review expands the application of Pickering emulsions in microcapsules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the probiotic potential of Enterococcus durans F21 and its microencapsulation. Two microencapsulation methods, spray-drying (SD) and freeze-drying (FD), were employed using sodium caseinate (Cas) as a cell protectant at concentrations of 0.035% and 1% and at two pHs, 3 and 7. Maltodextrins (MD) served as wall material (10%). Microcapsules were analysed for cell viability and membrane damage after drying, survival under simulated gastro-intestinal conditions, antimicrobial activity, stability during storage, and physicochemical characterization. Results showed that E. durans F21 exhibited promising probiotic properties, including moderate auto-aggregation, high co-aggregation with pathogens, moderate biofilm formation, and resistance to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The encapsulation pH showed to be a crucial factor affecting the viability of microencapsulated cells. Microencapsulation at pH 3 adversely affected cell viability during drying. However, microencapsulation at pH 7 using Cas (at 0.035 and 1%) was found to be most effective in maintaining higher cell viability under similar conditions. No significant difference was detected between both Cas formulations, suggesting that 0.035% Cas concentration might be sufficient for the microencapsulation process at pH 7. Moreover, FD proved to be the most effective method to produce E. durans F21 microcapsules with high viability (cell viability of 93%) and stability during storage (cell viability of 99%). Conclusively, microencapsulation of E. durans F21 using Cas, at pH 7, and employing FD method could be a promising strategy for producing highly viable microcapsules containing E. durans F21 cells with high probiotic and bio-preservative potentials in foods. [Display omitted] • Enterococcus durans F21, a bacteriocin-producing LAB, is remarkably endowed with promising probiotic properties. • The encapsulation pH is a crucial factor affecting the viability of microencapsulated E. durans F21. • At pH 7, sodium caseinate at pH 7 significantly enhanced the viability of microencapsulated E. durans F21 to reach 99%. • Freeze-drying allowed to the production of highly viable E. durans F21 microcapsules (viability higher than 93%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• OER catalyst NiCoO x @CB was prepared successful through a spray-drying method. • The method is simple, environmentally friendly and easily scaled up. • NiCoO x particles exhibited average size <8 nm, offering numerous active site. • Wrapped structure could prevent active component from agglomerating during OER. • NiCoO x nanoparticles exist as an alloy oxide, promoting interatomic synergies. The search for the simple and convenient design method of a non-precious metal oxygen evolution catalyst is still an emerging strategy today. Usually, nano-alloy oxide can enhance the catalytic activity for large specific surface area and active site, which have been widely studied for the purpose of developing active electrocatalysts for water splitting, while, nanoparticles are fundamentally less stable and prone to substantial size growth in long-term operations. Therefore, a framework of hierarchical porous composite microsphere with NiCoO x nanoparticles wrapped by Carbon Black (NiCoO x @CB) was fabricated successfully through spray-drying in this paper. Benefitting from the porous nanostructure and 0 D nano-alloy oxide active site, a remarkable OER performance with a low overpotential for 241 mV at 10 mA·cm−2 in alkaline media was exhibited. And, from the support of wrapped structure, NiCoO x @CB showed a superior durability with 90 h for nanoparticles were prevented to reunion during the reaction. Also, the heterogeneous interfaces with strong charge transfers between CB and NiCoO x nanoparticles could enhance OER performance (NiCoO x showed 265 mV at 10 mA·cm−2). The proposed method in this paper work provide a facile route to construct the porous composite microsphere with excellent OER electrocatalytic activity based on non-noble metal oxide wrapped by CB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colored corn pericarp contains unusually high amounts of industrially valuable phytochemicals, such as anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Polyphenols were extracted in an aqueous solution and spray-dried to produce microencapsulates using four carrier materials, namely, maltodextrin (MD), gum arabic (GA), methylcellulose (MC), and skim milk powder (SMP) at three concentrations (1, 2, and 3 %, respectively). The encapsulates were evaluated for their polyphenolic contents using spectrophotometric techniques and HPLC analyses, and their antioxidant properties were evaluated using four different assays. The physicochemical properties of encapsulates were analyzed by measuring the zeta potential (ZP), particle size distribution, water solubility index (WSI), water absorption index (WAI), and color parameters. Structural and thermal properties were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical profilometry, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. Comparative analysis of structural characteristics, particle size distribution, zeta potential, WSI, WAI, and a w of the samples confirmed the successful formulation of encapsulates. The microencapsulates embedded with 1 % concentrations of MD, MC, GA, or SMP retained polyphenolic compounds and exhibited noteworthy antioxidant properties. The samples encapsulated with GA or MD (1 %) demonstrated superior physicochemical, color, and thermal properties. Comprehensive metabolomic analysis confirmed the presence of 38 phytochemicals in extracts validating the spray-drying process. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]