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Abstract: Microbial deterioration is a common problem in photographic collections, and has been considered a major cause of deterioration. However, few studies have been carried out on this topic, and most of the literature concerns biodeterioration of archival documents in general, including both micro- and macroorganisms. There have been no detailed studies on the interactions between microorganisms, environment, and the composition of photographic material. This study focuses on fungal deterioration of gelatin emulsion photographs. It was part of a study of three collections in Lisbon, Portugal. The first part is quantitative research on the fungal contamination of the Horácio Novais collection, and the second involves induced contamination of experiments on gelatin emulsion photographs. At the end these data are analysed, taking into account the hypothesis that colour materials are more susceptible to fungal deterioration than are black and white ones. This hypothesis is based on the observations of professionals working with photograph collections who report that, at least in plastic base supports (negatives and slides), colour materials are frequently more contaminated than the black and white ones. An overall look at the results seems to indicate a higher susceptibility of the colour chromogenic photographic materials to fungal colonization compared to the black and white materials. However, this hypothesis could not be absolutely confirmed by this study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Yeasts are unicellular fungi that do not form fruiting bodies. Although the yeast lifestyle has evolved multiple times, most known species belong to the subphylum Saccharomycotina (syn. Hemiascomycota, hereafter yeasts). This diverse group includes the premier eukaryotic model system, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; the common human commensal and opportunistic pathogen, Candida albicans ; and over 1000 other known species (with more continuing to be discovered). Yeasts are found in every biome and continent and are more genetically diverse than angiosperms or chordates. Ease of culture, simple life cycles, and small genomes (∼10–20 Mbp) have made yeasts exceptional models for molecular genetics, biotechnology, and evolutionary genomics. Here we discuss recent developments in understanding the genomic underpinnings of the making of yeast biodiversity, comparing and contrasting natural and human-associated evolutionary processes. Only a tiny fraction of yeast biodiversity and metabolic capabilities has been tapped by industry and science. Expanding the taxonomic breadth of deep genomic investigations will further illuminate how genome function evolves to encode their diverse metabolisms and ecologies. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 2015, 35 :100–109 This review comes from a themed issue on Genomes and evolution Edited by Antonis Rokas and Pamela S Soltis For a complete overview see the Issue and the Editorial Available online 30th November 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2015.10.008 0959-437X/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]